Kirana Hill
Encyclopedia
The Kirana Hills is a small mountain range in Pakistan's Punjab province
. It spans approximately 40 miles across the districts of Sargodha
and Jhang
.
Kirana Hills were the location of "cold tests" carried out by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
during the 1980s.
The work building the weapon laboratories at this region was initiated by Munir Ahmad Khan
, as technical director, and Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar
, as Military director of the Civil engineers Corps. Started in 1979, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and Corps of Engineers finished the construction of the weapon-testing laboratories in 1983, and it was named as Kirana Atomic Test Site (KATS). The tunnels and weapon-testing laboratories were reported as have been bored after the Chagai Nuclear Test Site
(CNTS). As CNTS, the tunnels and weapons-testing laboratories at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by SDW.
s and engineers founded by Brigadier-General Muhammad Sarfaraz in 1977. The SDW was responsible for the construction of the nuclear test sites and the military scientists of the SDW had closely worked with the PAEC's DTD scientists in the development of nuclear device. The SDW was later commanded by Air Vice-Marshal
(Major-General) Michael John O'Brian
who was designated as Director-General. Meanwhile, Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar
, director of Engineering Research Laboratories, went on to build the weapon-testing infrastructure under the guidance of Munir Ahmad Khan
. The SDW consisted of small but highly intelligence military scientists and engineers who took this daring task under Major-General O'Brian to built the weapon-testing facility in the region that is generally closed to public due to its high-rate of human disappearance and wild-life.
satellites to pick up the advancement and to avoid alerting the civil population inhabitant in the area. Prior to the first test being carried out, the PAEC sent its scientists from Radiation Physics Division (RPD) under dr. Hameed Ahmad Khan, and Army sent its medical staff members, who specialized in nuclear medicines, under the command of female officer Major Laila Ahsan Dani from Army Medical Corps
(AMC). Later, the Naval Medical Branch, under Lieutanent
John Edres and Air Force Medical Response (AFMR) under Captain Shahid Ahmad also joined this clandestine operation directly reporting the AMC's Commanding officer Major Laila Ahsan Dani. The teams were sent to de-seal, open and clean the tunnels and to make sure the tunnels were clear of the wild boars that are found in abundance in the Sargodha region. The damage which these wild boars could do to men and equipment, computer facilities, and laboratories.
The device was tested using the push-button technique set in vintage style. The first test was to see whether the triggering mechanism created the necessary neutron
s which would start a fission chain-reaction
in the actual device. However, when the button was pushed, most of the wires connecting the device to the oscillators were severed due to errors committed in the preparation of the cables. At first, it was thought that the device had malfunctioned but closer scrutiny of two of the oscillators confirmed that the neutrons had indeed come out and a chain-reaction had taken place.
led by Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan
. This secret nuclear operation was called Kirana-I, and was conducted under extreme secrecy. The test team included Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad
, the Member (Technical), PAEC
, Mr. Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi
, head of the Directorate of Technical Development, PAEC
, Dr. Zaman Sheikh, head of the Wah Group (PAEC), Dr. Naeem Ahmad Khan
- Head of Radiation and Isotope Applications Division (PAEC), Dr. Masud Ahmad
- head of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG). and Dr. Samar Mubarakmand
, the Diagnostic Group (PAEC).
The tunnels at Kirana Hills, Sargodha, are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites, it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983. As in Chagai, the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC's DTD.
As a result, between 1983 and 1990, the PAEC's Wah Group and DTD conducted more than 24 cold tests of the nuclear device at Kirana Hills with the help of mobile diagnostic equipment. These tests were carried out in 24 tunnels measuring 100–150 feet in length which were bored inside the Kirana.
The Wah Group had indigenously developed the explosive HMX
(His Majesty’s Explosive), which was used to trigger the device. The HMX nuclear device was successfully developed and tested by DTD led by Hafeez Qureshi. The successful cold fission test
was led and supervised by renowned physicist dr. Ishfaq Ahmad
, and it was witnessed by PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan
, Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan, Air-Vice Marshal (Major-General) Michael John O'Brian
, General Khalid Mahmud Arif, and then-Chairman of Senate of Pakistan
, Ghulam Ishaq Khan
.
Punjab (Pakistan)
Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 45% of the country's total population. Forming most of the Punjab region, the province is bordered by Kashmir to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the...
. It spans approximately 40 miles across the districts of Sargodha
Sargodha District
Sargodha District is a district of Punjab province, Pakistan, the capital of the district is Sargodha. It is an agricultural district, wheat, rice, and sugarcane being its main crops. The Sargodha district and region are also famous for citrus fruit; kino is a newly developed variety...
and Jhang
Jhang District
Jhang District is a district of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Jhang is the district's capital. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the district's population was 2.8 million, of which 23 percent lived in urban areas. By 2008, according to estimates, the population had...
.
Topography
The highest peak in the Kirana Hills is Koh-e-Kirana, which is about 980 feet high. The region is also known as "Black Mountains" by locals because of the dark brown colours of the range. The Kirana Hills and its environs are heavily infested with wild boar.Cold Test Site
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
during the 1980s.
The work building the weapon laboratories at this region was initiated by Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
, as technical director, and Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar
Zahid Ali Akbar
Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan , TKdt, was an engineering officer of Pakistan Army who oversaw the construction of the Generals Combatant Army Headquarter and is well-known as the director of the Kahuta Project as part of the Pakistan's acquisition of integrated atomic bomb project...
, as Military director of the Civil engineers Corps. Started in 1979, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and Corps of Engineers finished the construction of the weapon-testing laboratories in 1983, and it was named as Kirana Atomic Test Site (KATS). The tunnels and weapon-testing laboratories were reported as have been bored after the Chagai Nuclear Test Site
Chagai Hills
The Chagai Hills is a range of granite hills in the Chagai District in Pakistan's Balochistan province.-Location:The Chagai Hills lie in a desert area in the northernmost part of Chagai District north of Pakistan's Ras Koh Hills and south of Afghanistan's Helmand and Nimruz provinces.- Topography...
(CNTS). As CNTS, the tunnels and weapons-testing laboratories at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by SDW.
Special Development Works
The "Special Development Works", codename SDW, was a special military unit of renowned Pakistan military scientistMilitary science
Military science is the process of translating national defence policy to produce military capability by employing military scientists, including theorists, researchers, experimental scientists, applied scientists, designers, engineers, test technicians, and military personnel responsible for...
s and engineers founded by Brigadier-General Muhammad Sarfaraz in 1977. The SDW was responsible for the construction of the nuclear test sites and the military scientists of the SDW had closely worked with the PAEC's DTD scientists in the development of nuclear device. The SDW was later commanded by Air Vice-Marshal
Air Vice-Marshal
Air vice-marshal is a two-star air-officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force. The rank is also used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence and it is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in...
(Major-General) Michael John O'Brian
Michael John O'Brian
Air Vice-Marshal Michael John O'Brian, , was a retired air force officer and two-star general in the Pakistan Air Force who served as the Commandant of National Defence University, Islamabad. O'Brian was the first Pakistan Air Force general to serve as the Commandant of the university...
who was designated as Director-General. Meanwhile, Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar
Zahid Ali Akbar
Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan , TKdt, was an engineering officer of Pakistan Army who oversaw the construction of the Generals Combatant Army Headquarter and is well-known as the director of the Kahuta Project as part of the Pakistan's acquisition of integrated atomic bomb project...
, director of Engineering Research Laboratories, went on to build the weapon-testing infrastructure under the guidance of Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
. The SDW consisted of small but highly intelligence military scientists and engineers who took this daring task under Major-General O'Brian to built the weapon-testing facility in the region that is generally closed to public due to its high-rate of human disappearance and wild-life.
Preparations
The weapon-testing laboratories were carefully prepared and established by SDW and PAEC. Because of the sensitivity, the construction would be started at night and continued until dawn. The guards would be heavily armed and highly alert while performing their duties. This was done to avoid the AmericanUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
satellites to pick up the advancement and to avoid alerting the civil population inhabitant in the area. Prior to the first test being carried out, the PAEC sent its scientists from Radiation Physics Division (RPD) under dr. Hameed Ahmad Khan, and Army sent its medical staff members, who specialized in nuclear medicines, under the command of female officer Major Laila Ahsan Dani from Army Medical Corps
Pakistan Army Medical Corps
The Pakistan Army Medical Corps, Urdu: ﺁرمى مڈيكل كور; Army medical Core, abbreviated as the AMC, is a military administrative non-combatant staff corps, and a primary military medical command of the Pakistan Army. Initially part of the Indian Army Medical Corps, it was born in 1947 and served...
(AMC). Later, the Naval Medical Branch, under Lieutanent
Lieutenant (naval)
LieutenantThe pronunciation of lieutenant is generally split between or , generally in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Commonwealth countries, and or , generally associated with the United States. See lieutenant. is a commissioned officer rank in many nations' navies...
John Edres and Air Force Medical Response (AFMR) under Captain Shahid Ahmad also joined this clandestine operation directly reporting the AMC's Commanding officer Major Laila Ahsan Dani. The teams were sent to de-seal, open and clean the tunnels and to make sure the tunnels were clear of the wild boars that are found in abundance in the Sargodha region. The damage which these wild boars could do to men and equipment, computer facilities, and laboratories.
The Tests
After the preparations were done and tunnels were cleared out, the RPD along with their Military units joined the PAEC's Diagnostic Team, under dr. Samar Mubarakmand who arrived on the scene with trailers fitted with computers and diagnostic equipment. They were followed by Wah Group Scientists under dr. Zaman Shaikh and DTD under Hafeez Qureshi, with the nuclear device in sub assembly form. The device was placed in the weapon-testing laboratory-I (WTL-I). monitoring system was set up with around 20 cables linking various parts of the device with oscillators in diagnostic vans parked near the Kirana Hills. The Wah Group, under chemical engineer Dr. Shaikh, indigenously developed the explosive under codename HMX (His Majesty’s Explosive) which was used to trigger the device.The device was tested using the push-button technique set in vintage style. The first test was to see whether the triggering mechanism created the necessary neutron
Neutron
The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of...
s which would start a fission chain-reaction
Nuclear chain reaction
A nuclear chain reaction occurs when one nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more nuclear reactions, thus leading to a self-propagating number of these reactions. The specific nuclear reaction may be the fission of heavy isotopes or the fusion of light isotopes...
in the actual device. However, when the button was pushed, most of the wires connecting the device to the oscillators were severed due to errors committed in the preparation of the cables. At first, it was thought that the device had malfunctioned but closer scrutiny of two of the oscillators confirmed that the neutrons had indeed come out and a chain-reaction had taken place.
Test teams and development
The series of 24 different cold tests were conducted by Pakistan Atomic Energy CommissionPakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
led by Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
. This secret nuclear operation was called Kirana-I, and was conducted under extreme secrecy. The test team included Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad , D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, and well-known educationist and academic from Pakistan...
, the Member (Technical), PAEC
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
, Mr. Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi
Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi
Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi , Neuclear Physics. SI, HI, , also known as Hafeez Qureshi, was a Pakistani Nuclear Scientist...
, head of the Directorate of Technical Development, PAEC
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
, Dr. Zaman Sheikh, head of the Wah Group (PAEC), Dr. Naeem Ahmad Khan
Naeem Ahmad Khan
Naeem Ahmad Khan , is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and meteorologist, known for his work to the fields of Solid-state nuclear track detector and Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance...
- Head of Radiation and Isotope Applications Division (PAEC), Dr. Masud Ahmad
Masud Ahmad
Muhammad Masud Ahmad, Born: 1942, known as Masood Ahmad, D.Phil, Sc.D, SI, HI , is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and ICTP laureate who is renowned for his work in Neutron t scattering...
- head of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG). and Dr. Samar Mubarakmand
Samar Mubarakmand
Samar Mubarakmand , , is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served as the founding chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission from 2001 till 2007. Samar Mubarak-Mand launched the Missile Integration Programme in 1987 which was successfully completed in 2005...
, the Diagnostic Group (PAEC).
The tunnels at Kirana Hills, Sargodha, are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites, it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983. As in Chagai, the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC's DTD.
As a result, between 1983 and 1990, the PAEC's Wah Group and DTD conducted more than 24 cold tests of the nuclear device at Kirana Hills with the help of mobile diagnostic equipment. These tests were carried out in 24 tunnels measuring 100–150 feet in length which were bored inside the Kirana.
The Wah Group had indigenously developed the explosive HMX
HMX
HMX, also called octogen, is a powerful and relatively insensitive nitroamine high explosive, chemically related to RDX. Like RDX, the name has been variously listed as High Melting eXplosive, Her Majesty's eXplosive, High-velocity Military eXplosive, or High-Molecular-weight rdX.The molecular...
(His Majesty’s Explosive), which was used to trigger the device. The HMX nuclear device was successfully developed and tested by DTD led by Hafeez Qureshi. The successful cold fission test
Cold fission
Cold fission or cold nuclear fission is defined as involving fission events for which fission fragments have such low excitation energy that no neutrons or gammas are emitted....
was led and supervised by renowned physicist dr. Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad , D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, and well-known educationist and academic from Pakistan...
, and it was witnessed by PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
, Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan, Air-Vice Marshal (Major-General) Michael John O'Brian
Michael John O'Brian
Air Vice-Marshal Michael John O'Brian, , was a retired air force officer and two-star general in the Pakistan Air Force who served as the Commandant of National Defence University, Islamabad. O'Brian was the first Pakistan Air Force general to serve as the Commandant of the university...
, General Khalid Mahmud Arif, and then-Chairman of Senate of Pakistan
Senate of Pakistan
The Senate of Pakistan is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Elections are held every three years for one half of the senate and each senator has a term of six years...
, Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Ghulam Ishaq Khan , abbreviated as GIK, was the seventh President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993 and a career statesman from the start to the end of cold war...
.
Aftermath
The need to improve and perfect the design of first nuclear device required constant testing. As a result, between 1983 and 1990, the Wah Group conducted more than 24 cold tests of the nuclear device at Kirana Hills with the help of mobile diagnostic equipment. These tests were carried out in 24 horizontal-shaft designated weapon-testing laboratories measuring 100-150 feet in length which were bored inside the Kirana Hills. Later due to excessive US intelligence and satellite focus on the Kirana Hills site, it was abandoned and the WTL-I was shifted to the Kala-Chitta Range.Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
- Mr. Munir Ahmed Khan - Chairman, Pakistan Atomic Energy CommissionPakistan Atomic Energy CommissionThe Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
(PAEC) - Dr. Ishfaq AhmadIshfaq AhmadIshfaq Ahmad , D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, and well-known educationist and academic from Pakistan...
- Member (Technical)Chief technical officerA chief technology officer is an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupant is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization....
of PAEC. - Dr. Samar MubarakmandSamar MubarakmandSamar Mubarakmand , , is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served as the founding chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission from 2001 till 2007. Samar Mubarak-Mand launched the Missile Integration Programme in 1987 which was successfully completed in 2005...
- Director-General of the Diagnostics Group of PAEC (DG) - Mr. Hafeez QureshiMuhammad Hafeez QureshiMuhammad Hafeez Qureshi , Neuclear Physics. SI, HI, , also known as Hafeez Qureshi, was a Pakistani Nuclear Scientist...
- Director-General of the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) - Dr. Zaman Sheikh -Directorate-General of the Wah Group of PAEC (WG).
- Dr. Naeem Ahmad KhanNaeem Ahmad KhanNaeem Ahmad Khan , is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and meteorologist, known for his work to the fields of Solid-state nuclear track detector and Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance...
- Director-General of Radiation and Isotope Applications Division (RIAD). - Dr. Hameed Ahmed Khan - Director-General of the Radiation Physics Division (RPD).
- Dr. Masud AhmadMasud AhmadMuhammad Masud Ahmad, Born: 1942, known as Masood Ahmad, D.Phil, Sc.D, SI, HI , is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and ICTP laureate who is renowned for his work in Neutron t scattering...
- Director-General of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG).
Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers
- Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar, PAPakistan ArmyThe Pakistan Army is the branch of the Pakistani Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The Pakistan Army came into existence after the Partition of India and the resulting independence of Pakistan in 1947. It is currently headed by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. The Pakistan...
- Engineer-in-ChiefEngineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)Engineer-in-Chief or E-in-C, is a Colonel Commandant of the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers, Frontier Works Organisation and the Military Engineering Services of Pakistan...
of the Pakistan Army Engineering CorePakistan Army Corps of EngineersThe Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers, , is an active military administrative staff corps, and a major science and technology command of the Pakistan Army...
.
Special Works Development
- Major-General Michael John O'BrianMichael John O'BrianAir Vice-Marshal Michael John O'Brian, , was a retired air force officer and two-star general in the Pakistan Air Force who served as the Commandant of National Defence University, Islamabad. O'Brian was the first Pakistan Air Force general to serve as the Commandant of the university...
, PAFPakistan Air ForceThe Pakistan Air Force is the leading air arm of the Pakistan Armed Forces and is primarily tasked with the aerial defence of Pakistan with a secondary role of providing air support to the Pakistan Army and the Pakistan Navy. The PAF also has a tertiary role of providing strategic air transport...
— Director-General of the Special Works Development - Brigadier-General Muhammad Sarfaraz, PAPakistan ArmyThe Pakistan Army is the branch of the Pakistani Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The Pakistan Army came into existence after the Partition of India and the resulting independence of Pakistan in 1947. It is currently headed by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. The Pakistan...
— Deputy Director of Special Works Development
Government Observants
- GeneralGeneralA general officer is an officer of high military rank, usually in the army, and in some nations, the air force. The term is widely used by many nations of the world, and when a country uses a different term, there is an equivalent title given....
Khalid Mahmud Arif PAPakistan ArmyThe Pakistan Army is the branch of the Pakistani Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The Pakistan Army came into existence after the Partition of India and the resulting independence of Pakistan in 1947. It is currently headed by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. The Pakistan...
— Vice Chief of Army Staff - Ghulam Ishaq KhanGhulam Ishaq KhanGhulam Ishaq Khan , abbreviated as GIK, was the seventh President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993 and a career statesman from the start to the end of cold war...
, SPSenate of PakistanThe Senate of Pakistan is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Elections are held every three years for one half of the senate and each senator has a term of six years...
– Chairman of Senate of PakistanSenate of PakistanThe Senate of Pakistan is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Elections are held every three years for one half of the senate and each senator has a term of six years...
, Ghulam Ishaq KhanGhulam Ishaq KhanGhulam Ishaq Khan , abbreviated as GIK, was the seventh President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993 and a career statesman from the start to the end of cold war... - Vice-Admiral Iftihar Ahmad SiroheyIftikhar Ahmed SiroheyAdmiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey, NI, SBt, HI, , is a now-retired and senior four-star admiral who was the 10th Chief of Naval Staff of Pakistan Navy from 1986 to 1988...
, PNPakistan NavyThe Pakistan Navy is the naval warfare/service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. Pakistan's Navy is responsible for Pakistan's coastline along the Arabian Sea and the defense of important civilian harbors and military bases...
— Directorate-GeneralDirectorate-GeneralA Directorate-General is a branch of an administration dedicated to a specific field of expertise.* The European Commission: Commission Directorates-General are each headed by a European Commissioner;* The European Patent Office: EPO Directorates-General;...
Naval Weapon Engineering Branch (WEB).
See also
- Munir Ahmad KhanMunir Ahmad KhanMunir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
- Ishfaq AhmadIshfaq AhmadIshfaq Ahmad , D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, and well-known educationist and academic from Pakistan...
- Muhammad Hafeez QureshiMuhammad Hafeez QureshiMuhammad Hafeez Qureshi , Neuclear Physics. SI, HI, , also known as Hafeez Qureshi, was a Pakistani Nuclear Scientist...
- Samar MubarakmandSamar MubarakmandSamar Mubarakmand , , is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served as the founding chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission from 2001 till 2007. Samar Mubarak-Mand launched the Missile Integration Programme in 1987 which was successfully completed in 2005...
- Mountain ranges of PakistanMountain ranges of PakistanPakistan is home to many mountains above . Five of the fourteen eight-thousanders are in Pakistan, four of which are in Karakoram near Concordia....
- List of mountain ranges of the world
- List of mountains in Pakistan