Intracellular receptors are receptor

Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule found on the surface of a cell, which receives specific chemical signals from neighbouring cells or the wider environment within an organism...

s located inside the cell

Cell (biology)

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos....

 rather than on its cell membrane

Cell membrane

The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It basically protects the cell...

. Examples are the class of nuclear receptor

Nuclear receptor

In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules...

s located in the cell nucleus

Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these...

 and the IP₃ receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle of cells in eukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae...

. The ligand

Ligand

In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs. The nature of metal-ligand bonding can range from...

s that bind to them are usually intracellular second messengers like inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) and extracellular lipophilic hormone

Hormone

A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one...

s like steroid hormone

Steroid hormone

A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens...

s. Some intracrine

Intracrine

Intracrine refers to a hormone that acts inside a cell. Steroid hormones act through intracellular receptors and, thus, may be considered to be intracrines. In contrast, peptide or protein hormones, in general, act as endocrines, autocrines, or paracrines by binding to their receptors present on...

 peptide hormone

Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.Like other proteins, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to an mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA template inside the...

s also have intracellular receptors.

Transcription factors 

• Steroid hormone receptor
  Steroid hormone receptor
  Steroid hormone receptors are found on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol and also in the nucleus of target cells. They are generally intracellular receptors and initiate signal transduction for steroid hormones which lead to changes in gene expression over a time period of hours to days...
  
  :
  • Sex hormone receptor
    Sex hormone receptor
    Sex hormone receptors belong to the group of steroid hormone receptors and interact with sex hormones. Three sex hormone steroid receptors can be distinguished:* Androgen receptors* Estrogen receptors* Progesterone receptors...
    
    s (sex hormones)
    • Estrogen receptor
      Estrogen receptor
      Estrogen receptor refers to a group of receptors that are activated by the hormone 17β-estradiol . Two types of estrogen receptor exist: ER, which is a member of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, and the estrogen G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 , which is a G protein-coupled...
      
       (α and β)
    • Androgen receptor
      Androgen receptor
      The androgen receptor , also known as NR3C4 , is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding of either of the androgenic hormones testosterone or dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus...
      
       (one type)
  • Vitamin D receptor (vitamin D
    Vitamin D
    Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids. In humans, vitamin D is unique both because it functions as a prohormone and because the body can synthesize it when sun exposure is adequate ....
    
    , one type)
  • Glucocorticoid receptor
    Glucocorticoid receptor
    The glucocorticoid receptor also known as NR3C1 is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind....
    
     (glucocorticoid
    Glucocorticoid
    Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor , which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell...
    
    s, one type)
  • Mineralocorticoid receptor
    Mineralocorticoid receptor
    The mineralocorticoid receptor , also known as the aldosterone receptor or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR3C2 gene that is located on chromosome 4q31.1-31.2.MR is a receptor with high affinity for mineralocorticoids...
    
     (mineralocorticoids, one type)
• Thyroid hormone receptor
  Thyroid hormone receptor
  The thyroid hormone receptor is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone.-Function:Amongst the most important functions of thyroid hormone receptors are regulation of metabolism and heart rate...
  
   (α and β)
• Retinoic acid receptor
  Retinoic acid receptor
  The retinoic acid receptor is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid. There are three retinoic acid receptors , RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RAR-gamma, encoded by the , , genes, respectively...
  
   (vitamin A
  Vitamin A
  Vitamin A is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal, that is necessary for both low-light and color vision...
  
   and related compounds);
• Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
  In the field of molecular biology, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes...
  
  s (PPARs, α, γ and δ)
• Retinoid X receptor
  Retinoid X receptor
  The retinoid X receptor is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by 9-cis retinoic acid. There are three retinoic X receptors : RXR-alpha, RXR-beta, and RXR-gamma, encoded by the , , genes, respectively....
  
  
• Farnesoid X receptor
  Farnesoid X receptor
  The bile acid receptor , also known as farnesoid X receptor or NR1H4 is a nuclear receptor that is encoded by the NR1H4 gene in humans.- Function :...
  
  
• Liver X receptor
  Liver X receptor
  The liver X receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is closely related to nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, FXR and RXR. Liver X receptors are important regulators of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose homeostasis...
  
  
• Pregnane X receptor
  Pregnane X receptor
  In the field of molecular biology, the pregnane X receptor , also known as the steroid and xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptor or nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1I2 gene.PXR is a nuclear receptor whose primary function is to sense...
  
  
• Constitutive androstane receptor
  Constitutive androstane receptor
  The constitutive androstane receptor also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1I3 gene...
  
  

Various

• Sigma1
  Sigma-1 receptor
  The sigma-1 receptor is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmatic reticulum that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor. In humans, the sigma-1 receptor is encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene....
  
   (neurosteroids)
  Neuroactive steroid
  Neuroactive steroids rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. In addition, these steroids may also exert effects on gene expression via intracellular steroid hormone receptors...
  
  )
• IP₃ receptor (inositol triphosphate
  Inositol triphosphate
  Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate , together with diacylglycerol , is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells. While DAG stays inside the membrane, IP3 is soluble and diffuses through the cell...
  
  , IP₃)

this is ligan bind protein receptors.

See also

• Receptor
  Receptor (biochemistry)
  In biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule found on the surface of a cell, which receives specific chemical signals from neighbouring cells or the wider environment within an organism...
  
  
• Steroid hormone
  Steroid hormone
  A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens...
  
  

this receptor is one of main component of cells which carries the signal.

External links

• Nuclear Receptor journal homepage
• Nuclear receptor resource at Georgetown University
• Nuclear receptor signalling atlas (NURSA, open-access journal)