Interaction

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Interaction

Interaction is a kind of action

Action (philosophy)

In philosophy, action has developed into a sub-field called philosophy of action. Action is what an Agency can do.For example, throwing a ball is an instance of action; it involves an intention, a goal, and a bodily movement guided by the agent....
that occurs as two or more objects have an effect

Effect

Effect, from Latin effectus "performance, accomplishment" can be used in various meanings:* Any result of another action or circumstance ;...
upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity

Interconnectivity

Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as cybernetics, biology, ecology, network theory, and non-linear dynamics....
, which deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising emergent

Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory and science, emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a Multiplicity of relatively simple interactions....
phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in various science

Science

In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
s. All systems are related and interdependent.

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Encyclopedia

Interaction is a kind of action

Action (philosophy)

Effect

Interconnectivity

Emergence

Science

communication
Communication

Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs...",, 1: an act or instance of transmitting and 3 a: "a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or beha...
of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other, or communication among group
Group (sociology)

A group can be defined as two or more humans that interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common Identity ....
s, organisations, nation
Nation

A nation is a cultural and social community. In as much as most members never meet each other, yet feel a common bond, it may be considered an imagined community....
s or state
State

A state is a political Social contract with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, State or multinational states....
s: trade
Trade

Tradeis the willing exchange of goods, Service , or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter , the direct exchange of goods and services....
, migration, foreign relations
Foreign relations

Foreign relations may refer to:* Diplomacy, the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or nations* Foreign policy, a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with other countries of the world...
, transport
Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement of passenger and cargo from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes of transport, such as aviation, rail transport, road transport, ship transport, cable transport, pipeline transport and space transport....
ation,
the feedback
Feedback

Feedback describes the situation when output from an event or phenomenon in the past will influence the same event/phenomenon in the present or future....
during the operation of machine
Machine

A machine is any device that uses energy to perform some activity. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work....
s such as a computer or tool, for example the interaction between a driver and the position of his or her car on the road: by steering the driver influences this position, by observation this information returns to the driver.

Chemistry and medicine

In medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, most medication

Medication

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine or medicament, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease....
s can be safely used with other medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
s, but particular combination

Combination

In combinatorics, a combination is an un-ordered collection of distinct elements, usually of a prescribed size and taken from a given set. Given such a Set S, a combination of elements of S is just a subset of S, where as always for sets the order of the elements is not taken into account ....
s of medicines need to be monitored for interactions, often by the pharmacist

Pharmacist

Pharmacists are health professionals who practice the science of pharmacy. In their traditional role, pharmacists typically take a request for medicines from a prescribing health care provider in the form of a medical prescription and dispense the medication to the patient and counsel them on the proper use and adverse effects of that medic...
. In molecular biology

Molecular biology

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecule level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry....
, the knowledge on gene

Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
/protein

Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
interaction among themselves and with their metabolite

Metabolite

Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. The term metabolite is usually restricted to small molecules. A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction....
s is referred to as molecular pathways.

Interactions between medications (drug interaction

Drug interaction

A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a medication, i.e. the effects are increased or decreased, or they produce a new effect that neither produces on its own....
s) fall generally into one of two main categories:

pharmacodynamic : Involving the actions of the two interacting drugs.
pharmacokinetic : Involving the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of one or both of the interacting drugs upon the other.

In terms of efficacy, there can be three types of interactions between medications: additive, synergistic, and antagonistic. Additive interaction means the effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of the two chemicals taken separately. This is usually due to the two chemicals acting on the body in the same way. Examples would be Aspirin and Motrin, Alcohol and Depressant, Tranquilizer and Painkiller. Synergistic interaction means that the effect of two chemicals taken together is greater than the sum of their separate effect at the same doses. An example is Pesticide and Fertilizer, the biological effect is devastating. Antagonistic interaction means that the effect of two chemicals is actually less than the sum of the effect of the two drugs taken independently of each other. This is because the second chemical increases the excretion of the first, or even directly blocks its toxic actions. Antagonism forms the basis for antidotes of poisonings. An example is Asparagus and birth control pills.

Communications

In communication

Communication

Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs...",, 1: an act or instance of transmitting and 3 a: "a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or beha...
s, interactive communication occurs when sources

Communication source

A source or sender is one of the basic concepts of communication and information processing. Sources are objects which encode message data and Transmission the information, via a channel , to one or more observations ....
take turns transmit

Transmission (telecommunications)

In telecommunications, transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium, either wired or wireless....
ting message

Message

A message in its most general meaning is an Object of communication. It is something which provides information; it can also be this information itself....
s between one another. This should be distinguished from transactive communication

Transactive communication

In telecommunication, transactive communication occurs when communication source Transmission messages to one another simultaneously.See also: interaction...
, in which sources transmit messages simultaneously. Included in this category are all new modes of communication such as cable video, teletext, videotext, teleshopping, video on demand, computers, Internet, tele-conferencing etc. Tele-communication also falls under this category. so cell phones, pagers, mobile phones, and electronic mail are interactive communications. these can be classified under three headings:

Interpersonal : Telephone and its allied services.
Group : Tele-conference. video-conference.
Mass : Internet, world wide web

Media art

In media

Mass media

Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a mainstream such as the population of a nation state....
, interactivity

Interactivity

In the fields of information science, communication, and industrial design, there is debate over the meaning of Interactivity. In the "contingency view" of interactivity, there are three levels: Noninteractive, when a message is not related to previous messages; Reactive, when a message is related only to one immediately previous message; an...
is a feature of the media in question and as digital technology becomes more accessible to the masses interest in interactivity is increasing and becoming a cultural trend especially in the arts.

Physics

In physics

Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a process by which elementary particle

Elementary particle

In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a wiktionary:particle not known to have substructure; that is, it is not known to be made up of smaller particles....
s interact with each other. An interaction is often described as a physical field

Quantum field theory

Quantum field theory or QFT provides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanics models of systems classically described by field or of Many-body problem....
, and is mediated by the exchange of gauge boson

Gauge boson

In particle physics, gauge bosons are bosonic particles that act as carriers of the fundamental interactions of nature. More specifically, elementary particles whose interactions are described by gauge theory exert forces on each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles....
s between particles. For example, the interaction of charge

Electric charge

Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields....
d particles takes place through the mediation of electromagnetic field

Electromagnetic field

The electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electric charge. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field....
s, whereas beta decay

Beta decay

In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted. In the case of electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a positron emission as beta plus ....
occurs by means of the weak interaction

Weak interaction

The weak interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. In the Standard Model of particle physics, it is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons....
. An interaction is fundamental when it cannot be described in terms of other interactions. There are four known fundamental interactions in Nature: The electromagnetic

Quantum electrodynamics

Quantum electrodynamics is a relativity theory quantum field theory of electrodynamics. QED was developed by a number of physicists, beginning in the late 1920s....
, strong

Quantum chromodynamics

Quantum chromodynamics is a theory of the strong interaction , a fundamental force describing the interactions of the quarks and gluons making up hadrons ....
, weak, and gravitational

General relativity

General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the Geometry Theoretical physics of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916....
interactions. The weak and electromagnetic interactions are unified in electroweak theory

Electroweak interaction

In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction....
, which is unified with the strong force in the Standard Model

Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory of three of the four known fundamental interactions and the elementary particles that take part in these interactions....
.

Sociology

In sociology

Sociology

Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that uses systematic methods of Empiricism and critical theory to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, sometimes with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare....
, social interaction

Social interaction

Social interaction is a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals who modify their actions and reactions according to those of their interaction partner....
is a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups) who modify their actions and reactions due to the actions by their interaction partner(s). Social interactions can be differentiated into accidental, repeated, regular, and regulated. Social interactions form the basis for social relation

Social relation

Social relation can refer to a multitude of social interactions, regulated by social norms, between two or more people, with each having a social position and performing a social role....
s.

Statistics

In statistics

Statistics

Statistics is a Mathematics pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. It also provides tools for prediction and forecasting based on data....
, an interaction is a term in a statistical model

Statistical model

A statistical model is a set of mathematical equations which describe the behavior of an object of study in terms of random variables and their associated probability distributions....
in which the effect of two, or more, variables is not simply additive.

An example from statistics applied to health science

If we were examining the effect of two variables, sex and premature birth

Premature birth

In humans, preterm birth refers to the birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks gestational age. Premature birth, commonly used as a synonym for preterm birth, refers to the birth of a premature infant....
, on health outcomes we would describe any difference in health outcome scores between sexes as a main effect

Main effect

In the design of experiments and analysis of variance, a main effect is the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaging across the levels of any other independent variables....
. Similarly any difference in scores of full term/premature birth would be described as a main effect

Main effect

In the design of experiments and analysis of variance, a main effect is the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaging across the levels of any other independent variables....
. The presence of an interaction effect implies that the effect of sex on health outcome varies as a function of premature birth status.

Genetic interactions

Geneticist

A geneticist is a scientist who studies genetics, the science of heredity and genetic variation of organisms. A geneticist can be employed as a researcher or lecturer....
s work with a number of different genetic interaction modes to characterize how the combination of two mutation

Mutation

In biology, mutations are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or virus , or can be induced by the organism, itself, by cellular processes such as s...
s affect (or does not affect) the phenotype

Phenotype

A phenotype is any observable characteristic or trait_ of an organism: such as its morphology , development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behavior....
: noninteractive, synthetic, asynthetic, suppressive, epistatic, conditional, additive, single-nonmonotonic and double-nonmonotonic. Further characterizations is enhancement interaction and nonadditive interaction.

The word epistasis

Epistasis

Epistasis is the interaction between genes. Epistasis takes place when the action of one gene is modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes....
is also used for genetic interaction in some contexts.