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The Freising Manuscripts (also Freising Folia, Freising Fragments, or Freising Monuments; Slovene Brižinski spomeniki, Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 Monumenta Frisingensia) are the first Latin-script
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
 continuous text in a Slavic language
Slavic languages

File:Slavic europe.svgThe Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia....
 and the oldest document in Slovene. The monuments consisting of three texts in the oldest Slovene dialect were discovered bound into a Latin codex
Codex

A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover. It was a Roman invention that replaced the scroll, which was the first form of book in all Eurasian cultures....
 (manuscript book) in Freising
Freising

Freising is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Freising . Total population 48,500.The city is located north of Munich at the Isar river, near the Munich International Airport....
, Bavaria
Bavaria

Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
.






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The Freising Manuscripts (also Freising Folia, Freising Fragments, or Freising Monuments; Slovene Brižinski spomeniki, Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 Monumenta Frisingensia) are the first Latin-script
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
 continuous text in a Slavic language
Slavic languages

File:Slavic europe.svgThe Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia....
 and the oldest document in Slovene.
Freising Manuscript
The monuments consisting of three texts in the oldest Slovene dialect were discovered bound into a Latin codex
Codex

A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover. It was a Roman invention that replaced the scroll, which was the first form of book in all Eurasian cultures....
 (manuscript book) in Freising
Freising

Freising is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Freising . Total population 48,500.The city is located north of Munich at the Isar river, near the Munich International Airport....
, Bavaria
Bavaria

Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
. The Slovene name Brižinski spomeniki, literary meaning "The Brižinj Monuments", was coined by the Carinthian Slovene
Carinthian Slovenes

Carinthian Slovenes are the Slovene language population group in the Austrian State of Carinthia . The Carinthian Slovenes send representatives to the National Ethnic Groups Advisory Council....
 philologist Anton Janežic
Anton Janežic

Anton Jane?ic, also known in German language as Anton Janeschitz was a Carinthian Slovenes linguistics, philologist, author, editor, literary critic....
 who Slovenized the German name Freising to Brižinj. In 1803 the manuscript came to the Bavarian State Library
Bavarian State Library

The Bavarian State Library , located in Munich, is the central library of the German state of Bavaria and one of the largest libraries in the German-speaking world....
 in Munich
Munich

Munich is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Munich is located on the River Isar north of the Northern Limestone Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg....
 and the Freising Manuscripts were discovered there in 1807.

Four parchment
Parchment

Parchment is a thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin or Goatskin . Its most common use is as the pages of a book, codex or manuscript. It is distinct from leather in that parchment is not tanned, but stretched, scraped, and dried under tension, creating a stiff white, yellowish or translucent animal skin....
 leaves and a further quarter of a page have been preserved. Linguistic, stylistic and contextual analyses reveal that these are church texts of careful composition and literary form.

The precise date of the origin of the Freising Manuscripts cannot be exactly determined; the original text was probably written in the 9th century. In this liturgic
Liturgy

A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to their particular traditions. The word may refer to an elaborate formal ritual such as the Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy and Mass , or a daily activity such as the Muslim salat and Jewish Jewish services....
 and homiletic
Homily

A homily is a commentary that follows a reading of scripture. In the Catholic Churches, the Anglican Communion, and in the Eastern Orthodox Church, a homily is usually given during Mass at the end of the Liturgy of the Word....
 manuscript, three Slovene records were found and this miscellany was probably an episcopal manual (pontificals). The Freising Manuscripts in it were created between 972 and 1093, most likely before 1000. The main support for this dating is the writing, which was used in the centuries after Charlemagne
Charlemagne

Charlemagne was List of Frankish kings from 768 to his death. He expanded the Franks kingdoms into a Carolingian Empire that incorporated much of Western Europe and Central Europe....
 and is named Carolingian minuscule
Carolingian minuscule

Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another....
.

In the 8th century the early medieval Slovene state of Carantania joined the union with Bavaria
Bavaria

Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
 and during the time of the writing of the two manuscripts (sermons on sin and repentance, a confessional form), Bishop Abraham was active (from 957 to 994) in Freising and also acquired a large estate of land in the Creina province around Škofja Loka
Škofja Loka

?kofja Loka is a town and a municipality in Slovenia....
 (now central Slovenia
Slovenia

Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north....
) and in Carinthia
Carinthia (state)

Carinthia is the southernmost Austrian States of Austria or Land. Situated within the Eastern alps it is chiefly noted for its mountains and lakes....
 around Lake Wörth (Germ. Wörthersee
Wörthersee

The W?rthersee is an Alps lake in the southern Austrian province of Carinthia ....
).

It is believed that the manuscripts were written in the Möll River Valley in Carinthia. For this reason some linguists (e.g. Jernej Kopitar
Jernej Kopitar

Jernej Kopitar was a Slovenes linguistics and philologian.Kopitar was born in the small Carniolan village of Repnje near Vodice, Slovenia, in what was then the Habsburg Monarchy and is now in Slovenia....
 and Rajko Nahtigal) linked Abraham closely to the origin of the Freising Manuscripts and, without any firm evidence, attributed to him the authorship of one of the texts and suspected that he was of Slovene origin. The texts were translated into modern Slovene in 1854 by the philologist Anton Janežic.

The manuscripts are still kept at the Bavarian State Library in Munich and have left it only twice. In the 1970s they were exhibited in Vatican City
Vatican City

Vatican City , officially the State of the Vatican City , is a Landlocked country sovereignty city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the Capital of Italy....
 and in May and June 2004 they were exhibited at the National and University Library
National and University Library of Slovenia

The National and University Library is one of the most important national educational and cultural institutions of Slovenia. It is located in the center of Ljubljana, in a building designed by the architect Jo?e Plecnik in the years 1930-1931 and constructed between 1936 and 1941....
 in Ljubljana
Ljubljana

Ljubljana is the capital city of Slovenia and its largest town. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270,000 inhabitants....
 (a in Slovene
Slovenian language

Slovene or Slovenian is a South Slavic languages spoken by approximately 2.4 million speakers worldwide, the majority of whom live in Slovenia....
).

Before the Second World War a facsimile
Facsimile

A facsimile is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, old master print or other item of historical value that is as true-to-the-original source as possible using, normally, some form of photographic technique....
 of the Freising Manuscripts was published by Silvester Škerl at Akademska založba in Ljubljana.

See also

  • Carantanians
  • Primary Chronicle
    Primary Chronicle

    The Primary Chronicle , or Russian Primary Chronicle, is a history of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113....


External links


  • - Introduction at the Slovene government site. In English and Slovene. Accessed on 6 March 2006.
  • - F. Kortlandt, The Freising Manuscripts. Accessed on 6 March 2006.