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Flavoprotein

 

 
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Flavoprotein
 
 
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Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid
Nucleic acid

A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within Cell ....
 derivative of riboflavin
Riboflavin

Riboflavin , also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals....
: the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide , or riboflavin-5'-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase....
 (FMN).

Flavoproteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, including, but by no means limited to, bioluminescence
Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy....
, removal of radicals
Radical (chemistry)

In chemistry, radicals are atoms, molecules or ions with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. These unpaired electrons are usually highly chemical reaction, so radicals are likely to take part in chemical reactions....
 contributing to oxidative stress, photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
, DNA repair
DNA repair

DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolism activities and environmental factors such as UV light and Radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell pe...
, and apoptosis
Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Programmed Cell death involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell Morphology and death, in more specific terms, a series of biochemical events that lead to a variety of morphological changes, including Bleb , changes...
. The spectroscopic properties of the flavin
Flavin

Flavin is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the Heterocycle isoalloxazine. The biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin....
 cofactor make it a natural reporter for changes occurring within the active site
Active site

The active site of an enzyme contains the catalysis and binding sites. The structure and chemical properties of the active site allow the recognition and binding of the substrate ....
; this makes flavoproteins one of the most-studied enzyme families.

Discovery
The first mention of a flavoprotein in the scientific literature dates back to 1879, when the work on the composition of cow’s milk resulted in the isolation of a bright-yellow pigment
Pigment

A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it Reflection as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light....
, that we now know as flavin
Flavin

Flavin is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the Heterocycle isoalloxazine. The biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin....
, but termed lactochrome at the time.






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Encyclopedia


Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid
Nucleic acid

A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within Cell ....
 derivative of riboflavin
Riboflavin

Riboflavin , also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals....
: the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide , or riboflavin-5'-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase....
 (FMN).

Flavoproteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, including, but by no means limited to, bioluminescence
Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy....
, removal of radicals
Radical (chemistry)

In chemistry, radicals are atoms, molecules or ions with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. These unpaired electrons are usually highly chemical reaction, so radicals are likely to take part in chemical reactions....
 contributing to oxidative stress, photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
, DNA repair
DNA repair

DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolism activities and environmental factors such as UV light and Radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell pe...
, and apoptosis
Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Programmed Cell death involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell Morphology and death, in more specific terms, a series of biochemical events that lead to a variety of morphological changes, including Bleb , changes...
. The spectroscopic properties of the flavin
Flavin

Flavin is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the Heterocycle isoalloxazine. The biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin....
 cofactor make it a natural reporter for changes occurring within the active site
Active site

The active site of an enzyme contains the catalysis and binding sites. The structure and chemical properties of the active site allow the recognition and binding of the substrate ....
; this makes flavoproteins one of the most-studied enzyme families.

Discovery


The first mention of a flavoprotein in the scientific literature dates back to 1879, when the work on the composition of cow’s milk resulted in the isolation of a bright-yellow pigment
Pigment

A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it Reflection as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light....
, that we now know as flavin
Flavin

Flavin is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the Heterocycle isoalloxazine. The biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin....
, but termed lactochrome at the time. By the early 1930s, this same pigment
Pigment

A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it Reflection as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light....
 had been isolated from a range of sources, and recognised as a component of the vitamin B complex. Its structure was determined almost simultaneously by two groups in 1934, and given the name riboflavin
Riboflavin

Riboflavin , also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals....
, derived from the ribityl side chain and yellow colour of the conjugated ring system.

The first evidence for the requirement of flavin
Flavin

Flavin is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the Heterocycle isoalloxazine. The biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin....
 as an enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 cofactor
Cofactor

Cofactor may refer to any of the following:* Cofactor The signed minor of a matrix* Minor as an alternative name for the determinant of a smaller Matrix than that which it describes...
 came in 1935. Hugo Theorell and coworkers showed that a bright-yellow-coloured yeast
Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryote microorganisms classified in the Kingdom fungus, with about 1,500 species currently described; they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans....
 protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
, identified previously as essential for cellular respiration
Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolism reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cell s to convert Energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate , and then release waste products....
, could be separated into apoprotein
Apoprotein

Apoprotein can refer to:*Apoenzyme, the protein part of an enzyme without its characteristic prosthetic group.*Apolipoprotein, a lipid-binding protein that is a constituent of the plasma lipoprotein....
 and a bright-yellow pigment. Neither apoprotein
Apoprotein

Apoprotein can refer to:*Apoenzyme, the protein part of an enzyme without its characteristic prosthetic group.*Apolipoprotein, a lipid-binding protein that is a constituent of the plasma lipoprotein....
 nor pigment
Pigment

A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it Reflection as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light....
 alone could catalyse the oxidation of NADH, but mixing of the two restored the enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 activity. However, replacing the isolated pigment
Pigment

A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it Reflection as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light....
 with riboflavin
Riboflavin

Riboflavin , also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals....
 did not restore enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 activity, despite their being indistinguishable under spectroscopy
Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a function of wavelength . In fact, historically, spectroscopy referred to the use of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, e.g....
. This led to the discovery that the protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
 studied required not riboflavin
Riboflavin

Riboflavin , also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals....
 but flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide , or riboflavin-5'-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase....
 to be catalytically active

Similar experiments with D-amino acid oxidase
D-amino acid oxidase

D-amino acid oxidase is a peroxisomal enzyme containing FAD as cofactor spread from yeasts to human. It is not present in bacteria or in plants....
 led to the identification of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a second form of flavin
Flavin

Flavin is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the Heterocycle isoalloxazine. The biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin....
 utilised by enzymes.

See also

Phototropin
Phototropin

Phototropins are photoreceptor proteins that mediate phototropism responses in higher plants. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light environment....

Cryptochrome
Cryptochrome

File:RDB 2IJG.pngCryptochromes are a class of blue light photoreceptors of plants and animals. They form a family of flavoproteins that regulate germination, elongation, photoperiodism, and other responses in higher plants....


External links

  • The menu "science" of the program http://3d-alignment.eu/ STRAP provides A comprehensive collection of all flavo-proteins with known 3D-structure. It compares the protein structures to elucidate phylogenetic relationships.