European emission standards

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European emission standards

European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states.

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European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directive

European Union directive

A directive is a Legislation of the European Union which requires Member State of the European Union to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result....
s staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

Currently, emissions of nitrogen oxide

Nitrogen oxide

The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide...
(NO_x), hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...
s (HC), carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom....
(CO) and particulate matter

Particulate

Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas or liquid....
(PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, including cars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar machinery, barge

Barge

A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be towed by tugboats or pushed by towboats....
s, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle

Emission test cycle

An emission test cycle, also known as a smog check, is a specified procedure for measuring pollutant emissions of engines. For emission measurements to be comparable for different engines in a category, the measurements are performed under a specific operating pattern, or 'test cycle' of alternating high, medium, and low engine load....
. Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines.

In the early 2000s, Australia began homologating Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates.

Also see the EU-mandated European on-board diagnostics.

CO₂ emission

Within the European Union

European Union

The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 European Union member state, located primarily in Europe. It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community....
, road transport is responsible for about 20% of all CO₂ emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.

The target fixed at Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is a Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development , informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3–14 June 1992....
was an 8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the economy compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012.

Relative Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in 2004, but currently there are no standards for CO₂ emission limits for pollution from vehicles.

EU transport emissions of CO₂ currently account for about 3.5% of global CO₂ emissions.

Obligatory labelling

The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO₂ emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy

Fuel economy in automobiles

Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of fuel required to move the automobile over a given distance. While the fuel efficiency of petroleum internal combustion engine has improved markedly in recent decades, , this does not necessarily translate into better fuel economy, if larger and heavier vehicles are used, or if that effici...
and CO₂ emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice.

In the United Kingdom

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in the United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more “consumer-friendly,” colour-coded label displaying CO₂ emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO₂ g/km ) to F ( 186+ CO₂ g/km) . The goal of the new “green label” is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles.

Other EU member countries are also in the process of introducing consumer-friendly labels.

Non-existent obligatory vehicle emission limits

The CO₂ emission limits generated by vehicles are nowadays subject to a voluntary agreement (in this differ from the obligatory limits in the U.S. CAFE

Café

A caf? or coffee shop is an informal restaurant offering a range of hot meals and made-to-order sandwiches. This differs from a coffee house, which is a limited-menu establishment which focuses on coffee sales....
legislation) between the EU and the automanufacturers (see ACEA agreement

ACEA agreement

The ACEA agreement refers to a voluntary agreement between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association and the European Commission to limit the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by passenger cars sold in Europe....
). The ultimate EU target with voluntary agreements are to contribute, is to reach an average CO₂ emission (as measured according to Commission Directive 93/116/EC) of 120 g/km for all new passenger cars by 2012.

However, as it becomes increasingly clear that the agreement will not deliver (having achieved only 160 g/km in 2005, from 186 g/km in 1995) lawmakers have started considering regulation.

In late 2005, the European Parliament

European Parliament

The European Parliament is the only direct election parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union , it forms the bicameral Institutions of the European Union#Legislature of the Institutions of the European Union and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world....
passed a resolution in support for mandatory CO₂ emission standards to replace current voluntary commitments by the auto manufacturers and labelling.

In late 2006, in response to a new report, by the European Federation for Transport and Environment

European Federation for Transport and Environment

The European Federation for Transport and Environment is a European Union umbrella for non-governmental organisations working in the field of transport and the environment, promoting sustainable transport in Europe; which means an approach to transport that is environmentally responsible, economically sound and socially just....
documenting lack of progress on the voluntary targets, the European Commission

European Commission

The European Commission is the executive of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Treaties of the European Union and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
announced that it was working on a proposal for legally-binding limit CO₂ emissions from cars. According to the mentioned European Federation for Transport and Environment

European Federation for Transport and Environment

Fiat

Fiat S.p.A. Fiat based cars are constructed all around the world?the largest concern outside Italy is in Brazil . It also has factories in Argentina and Poland....
is the best performer in Europe.

On 7 February 2007 the European Commission published its key draft proposal (COM 2007 0019) EC legislation to limit average CO₂ emissions from the European fleet of cars to 120 g CO₂/km. Some people interpreted this as meaning that all manufacturers would have to average 120 g for their fleet, but this is not the case. Some volume manufacturers of smaller cars such as Fiat, Renault and Peugeot-Citroen are already quite close to the target whilst smaller volume manufacturers of higher emissions cars such as BMW, Mercedes, Audi, Saab and Porsche are a long way from reaching this target. Not surprisingly the French and Italian manufacturers want a blanket target whereas the German manufacturers feel a blanket target would destroy their industries.

The environmental group T&E insists on the need for a longer-term target that doubles fuel efficiency

Fuel efficiency

Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or Mechanical work....
of new cars over the next decade, 80 g/km by 2020. . It says new-car emissions from European producers slipped to 160 grammes per kilometre (g/km) on average last year (reduced only 0.2 percent in 2006), still way off a voluntary goal of 140 g/km by 2008.

Non-CO₂ fuel emission: stages and legal framework

The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 fuels for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.)

The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC . Here is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide the definition of the standard.

Euro 1 (1993):

For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC .
Also for passenger cars and light truck
Light truck

Light truck or light duty truck is a classification for trucks or truck-based vehicles with a Cargo capacity of less than 4,000 pound s ....
s - 93/59/EEC.

Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC
Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
Euro 5 (2008/9) and Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial vehicles - 2007/715/EC

These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.

The classifications for vehicle types are defined by :

Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers
Directive 2002/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheeled motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC

In the area of fuels, the 2001 Biofuels Directive requires that 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and diesel

Diesel

Diesel or diesel fuel in general is any fuel used in diesel engines. The most common is a specific fractional distillation of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid or gas to liquid diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted....
) should be replaced by biofuels by 31 December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005. However, MEPS have since voted to lower this target in the wake of new scientific evidence about the sustainability of biofuels and the impact on food prices. In a vote in Strasbourg, the European parliament’s environment committee supported a plan to curb the EU target for renewable sources in transport to 4% by 2015. They also said that a thorough review would be required in 2015 before the EU could progress to an 8-10% mark by 2020.

Emission standards for passenger cars

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and gasoline vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO_x emissions. Gasoline-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter

Particulate

Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas or liquid....
(PM) standards through the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection

Direct injection

Direct injection may refer to:* A music recording technique more commonly referred to as DI unit* A type of fuel injection#Direct injection as in a Gasoline direct injection engines and most Diesel engines...
engines will be subject to a limit of 0.005 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6.

All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date — one year later — which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models.

European emission standards
European emission standards

European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards....
for passenger cars
Automobile

An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle for transportation passengers, which also carries its own car engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally f...
(Category M₁*), g/km

Tier	Date	CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom....	HC Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...	NO_x Nitrogen oxide The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide...	HC+NO_x	PM
Diesel
Euro 1†	July 1992	2.72 (3.16)	-	-	0.97 (1.13)	0.14 (0.18)
Euro 2	January 1996	1.0	-	-	0.7	0.08
Euro 3	January 2000	0.64	-	0.5	0.56	0.05
Euro 4	January 2005	0.5	-	0.25	0.3	0.025
Euro 5 (future)	September 2009	0.5	-	0.18	0.23	0.005
Euro 6 (future)	September 2014	0.5	-	0.08	0.17	0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1†	July 1992	2.72 (3.16)	-	-	0.97 (1.13)	-
Euro 2	January 1996	2.2	-	-	0.5	-
Euro 3	January 2000	2.3	0.2	0.15	-	-
Euro 4	January 2005	1.0	0.1	0.08	-	-
Euro 5 (future)	September 2009	1.0	0.1	0.06	-	0.005**
Euro 6 (future)	September 2014	1.0	0.1	0.06	-	0.005**
* Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as light commercial vehicle Light commercial vehicle Light commercial vehicles or category N1 is the formal term in the European Union for goods vehicles with a Gross vehicle mass of up to 3.5 tonnes.... N1 - I ** Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines † Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits

Emission standards for light commercial vehicles

European emission standards
European emission standards

European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards....
for light commercial vehicle
Light commercial vehicle

Light commercial vehicles or category N1 is the formal term in the European Union for goods vehicles with a Gross vehicle mass of up to 3.5 tonnes....
s =1305 kg (Category N1 - I), g/km

Tier	Date	CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom....	HC Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...	NO_x Nitrogen oxide The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide...	HC+NO_x	PM
Diesel
Euro 1	October 1994	2.72	-	-	0.97	0.14
Euro 2	January 1998	1.0	-	-	0.7	0.08
Euro 3	January 2000	0.64	-	0.5	0.56	0.05
Euro 4	January 2005	0.5	-	0.25	0.3	0.025
Euro 5 (future)	September 2009	0.5	-	0.18	0.23	0.005
Euro 6 (future)	September 2014	0.5	-	0.08	0.17	0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1	October 1994	2.72	-	-	0.97	-
Euro 2	January 1998	2.2	-	-	0.5	-
Euro 3	January 2000	2.3	0.2	0.15	-	-
Euro 4	January 2005	1.0	0.1	0.08	-	-
Euro 5 (future)	September 2009	1.0	0.1	0.06	-	0.005*
Euro 6 (future)	September 2014	1.0	0.1	0.06	-	0.005*
* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

Tier	Date	CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom....	HC Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...	NO_x Nitrogen oxide The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide...	HC+NO_x	PM
Diesel
Euro 1	October 1994	5.17	-	-	1.4	0.19
Euro 2	January 1998	1.25	-	-	1.0	0.12
Euro 3	January 2001	0.8	-	0.65	0.72	0.07
Euro 4	January 2006	0.63	-	0.33	0.39	0.04
Euro 5 (future)	September 2010	0.63	-	0.235	0.295	0.005
Euro 6 (future)	September 2015	0.63	-	0.105	0.195	0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1	October 1994	5.17	-	-	1.4	-
Euro 2	January 1998	4.0	-	-	0.65	-
Euro 3	January 2001	4.17	0.25	0.180	-	-
Euro 4	January 2006	1.81	0.13	0.1	-	-
Euro 5 (future)	September 2010	1.81	0.13	0.075	-	0.005*
Euro 6 (future)	September 2015	1.81	0.13	0.075	-	0.005*
* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

Tier	Date	CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom....	HC Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...	NO_x Nitrogen oxide The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide...	HC+NO_x	PM
Diesel
Euro 1	October 1994	6.9	-	-	4.9	0.25
Euro 2	January 1998	1.5	-	-	0.96	0.17
Euro 3	January 2001	0.95	-	0.780	0.86	0.1
Euro 4	January 2006	0.95	-	0.39	0.46	0.06
Euro 5 (future)	September 2010	0.74	-	0.28	0.35	0.005
Euro 6 (future)	September 2015	0.74	-	0.125	0.215	0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1	October 1994	6.9	-	-	1.7	-
Euro 2	January 1998	5.0	-	-	0.8	-
Euro 3	January 2001	5.22	0.29	0.210	-	-
Euro 4	January 2006	2.27	0.16	0.110	-	-
Euro 5 (future)	September 2010	2.27	0.16	0.082	-	0.005*
Euro 6 (future)	September 2015	2.27	0.16	0.082	-	0.005*
* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

Emission standards for lorries and buses

Whereas for passenger cars, the standards are defined in g/km, for lorries (trucks) they are defined by engine power, g

Gram

The gram , ; symbol g, is a Physical unit of mass.Originally defined as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre, and at the temperature of melting ice" , a gram is now defined as one one-thousandth of the SI base unit, the kilogram, or Scientific notation kg, which itself is...
/kWh, and are therefore in no way comparable. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one year later (EU type approvals are valid longer than one year).

The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.

EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m^-1)

Tier	Date	Test cycle Emission test cycle An emission test cycle, also known as a smog check, is a specified procedure for measuring pollutant emissions of engines. For emission measurements to be comparable for different engines in a category, the measurements are performed under a specific operating pattern, or 'test cycle' of alternating high, medium, and low engine load....	CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom....	HC Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...	NO_x Nitrogen oxide The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide...	PM	Smoke
Euro I	1992, < 85 kW	ECE R-49	4.5	1.1	8.0	0.612
Euro I	1992, > 85 kW		4.5	1.1	8.0	0.36
Euro II	October 1996		4.0	1.1	7.0	0.25
Euro II	October 1998		4.0	1.1	7.0	0.15
Euro III	October 1999 EEVs only	ESC & ELR	1.0	0.25	2.0	0.02	0.15
Euro III	October 2000	ESC & ELR	2.1	0.66	5.0	0.10 0.13*	0.8
Euro IV	October 2005		1.5	0.46	3.5	0.02	0.5
Euro V	October 2008		1.5	0.46	2.0	0.02	0.5
* for engines of less than 0.75 dm Litre The litre or liter is a unit of volume. There are two official symbols: the Latin letter L in lower and upper case . The lower case L is often written as a cursive l to avoid confusion with the number 1 in antiqua fonts.... ³ swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3,000 per minute. EEV is "Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle".

Emission standards for Large Goods Vehicle
Large Goods Vehicle

Large Goods Vehicle , or category N2 and N3, is the formal term in the European Union for goods vehicles with a maximum allowed mass over 3.5 tonnes....
s

Euro norm emissions for category N2, EDC
New European Driving Cycle

The New European Driving Cycle is a driving cycle consisting of four repeated ECE-15 driving cycles and an Extra-Urban driving cycle, or *EUDC*. The NEDC is supposed to represent the typical usage of a car in Europe, and is used, among other things, to assess the emission levels of car engines....
, (2000 and up)
Standard	Date	CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom.... (g/kWh)	NO_x Nitrogen oxide The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide... (g/kWh)	HC Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com... (g/kWh)	PM (g/kWh)
Euro 0	1988-1992	12.3	15.8	2.6	none
Euro I	1992-1995	4.9	9.0	1.23	0.40
Euro II	1995-1999	4.0	7.0	1.1	0.15
Euro III	1999-2005	2.1	5.0	0.66	0.1
Euro IV	2005-2008	1.5	3.5	0.46	0.02
Euro V	2008-2012	1.5	2.0	0.46	0.02
Euro VI

Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Standard	Date	CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom.... (g/kWh)	HC Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com... (g/kWh)	NO_x Nitrogen oxide The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds:* Nitric oxide , nitrogen oxide... (g/kWh)	PM (g/kWh)
Euro 0	1988-1992	11.2	14.4	2.4	none
Euro I	1992-1995	4.5	8.0	1.1	0.36
Euro II	1995-1999	4.0	7.0	1.1	0.15

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle or EEV is a term used in the European emission standards for the definition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5 tonne

Tonne

A tonne or metric ton , also referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms, or 2204.6226 pounds....
in the category M2 and M3. The standard lies between the levels of Euro V and Euro VI.

Cycle beating

For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial that the test cycles under which the emissions have to comply as much as possible reflect normal driving situations. It was recently discovered that engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimise emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, recent research from two German technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NO_x reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards .

External links

.
European Environment Agency
European Environment Agency

European Environment Agency , agency of the European Union devoted to establishing a monitoring network for the monitoring of the European environment....

Dieselnet:
The Impact of Euro 5 - Facts and figures.

In the media

2007-07-02, Auto Industry:
Feb 07, 2007, BBC:
Feb 07, 2007, European Commission
European Commission

The European Commission is the executive of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Treaties of the European Union and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
:
Feb 06, 2007, International Herald Tribune
International Herald Tribune

The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper. It combines the resources of its own correspondents with those of The New York Times and is printed at 33 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 180 countries....
:
Jan 31, 2007, Transport & Environment:
Jan 31, 2007, European Commission
European Commission

The European Commission is the executive of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Treaties of the European Union and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
:
Jan 24, 2007, The Guardian
The Guardian

Sorry, no overview for this topic
:
Oct 19, 2004: European Environment Agency
European Environment Agency

European Environment Agency , agency of the European Union devoted to establishing a monitoring network for the monitoring of the European environment....
:

European emission standards

CO2 emission

Obligatory labelling

Non-existent obligatory vehicle emission limits

Non-CO2 fuel emission: stages and legal framework

Emission standards for passenger cars

Emission standards for light commercial vehicles

Emission standards for lorries and buses

Emission standards for Large Goods VehicleLarge Goods VehicleLarge Goods Vehicle , or category N2 and N3, is the formal term in the European Union for goods vehicles with a maximum allowed mass over 3.5 tonnes....s

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle

Cycle beating

See also

External links

In the media

CO₂ emission

Non-CO₂ fuel emission: stages and legal framework

Emission standards for Large Goods Vehicle
Large Goods Vehicle

Large Goods Vehicle , or category N2 and N3, is the formal term in the European Union for goods vehicles with a maximum allowed mass over 3.5 tonnes....
s