David Sharp (entomologist)
Encyclopedia
David Sharp FRS
(15 August 1840 – 27 August 1922) was an English
physician
and entomologist who worked mainly on Coleoptera.
David Sharp was born at Towcester
on 18 October, 1840. Some twelve years later his parents removed to London, where therefore, as a boy he received his education. After attending one or two preparatory schools, in 1853 he entered St. John's Foundation School which was then at Kilburn. At the age of seventeen he commenced to help his father, a leather merchant, and about the same time he began collecting beetles, some of his favourite haunts being Ken Wood and Hammersmith Marshes, as well as the sandy shores about Deal and Dover. As it was found that he had a great distaste for a business life, it was decided that he should qualify as a doctor. He accordingly, after studying for two years at St. Bartholomew's Hospital
, went to the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in 1866. After graduation he assisted a friend with his practice in London for a year or two. He had at first some thought of seeking an appointment in connection with entomology at the British Museum, but abandoned the idea; and about ten years later he went so far as to apply for the post of Curator of the City of Glasgow Industrial Museum, being recommended by H.W. Bates and Frederick Smith
amongst others. However, after his short residence in London he was offered a post as medical officer in the Crichton Asylum at Dumfries, which led to his taking charge of a case at Thornhill in the neighbourhood, where he joined the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Scientific, Natural History, and Antiquarian Society upon its reconstruction in 1876. This engagement gave him the leisure he desired for prosecuting the studies on which his heart was set, and it was during this period that he published some of his earlier papers. Here also his marriage took place. On the death of his patient about 1882 he returned to England and went to live at Southampton, but, finding it too far from London, after about two years he removed to Dartford. In 1885 he was invited to go to Cambridge as Curator of the University Museum. There he spent the next nineteen years of his life, till in 1904 he retired to Brockenhurst, where he had built a residence, Lawnside, on the very edge of the New Forest, facing the extensive heath of Black Knowl. Here he resided till his death on 27 August 1922.
In 1862 Sharp became a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London
and he was its President in 1887 and 1888, his presidential address being at the end of the former year on the subject of entomological collections, and of the latter on the senses of insects with special reference to that of sight. Between 1889 and 1903 he was on several occasions a vice-president, and he was on the Council from 1893–1895 and from 1902-1904. While living in London he was Secretary to the Society during 1867. In 1886 he became a Fellow of the Zoological Society, and he was on the Council from 1901-1905. The Linnean Society
is also able to claim him as a Fellow since 1888 ; and he was connected by membership or correspondence with the chief entomological societies throughout the world. The high distinction of being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society fell to his lot in 1890, and the next year the University of Cambridge conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts, honoris caima.
David Sharp was the author of a very great number of papers and larger works. Being connected with the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
and the Entomologist, in either an editorial or a reference capacity, many of his numerous shorter papers appear in these magazines, and others in similar ones. Yet others, as well as some of his more pretentious papers, will be found in the transactions of societies with which he was connected. Perhaps his earliest contribution to entomological literature was a paper on the British species of Agathidium (Coleoptera) read before the Entomological Society of London on 6 November 1865. An interesting discussion on heredity and kindred subjects between Sharp and Wallace, arising in connection with Westwood's introduction of the subject of "mimicry" at the Entom. Soc. of London in November 1866, was reported in the Athenaeum of 1, 8, and 15 December 1866, and gives Sharp's views at the time on this subject. A Revision of the British Species of Homalota (Coleoptera) was published by the Entom. Soc. of London soon after his graduation at Edinburgh. In November 1873 appeared a paper in Spanish — Especies nuevas de Coleópteros por Don David Sharp. This refers to insects collected by his friend G.E. Crotch, whose obituary notice Sharp contributed to volume xi of the Entom. Monthly Magazine. The Object and Method of Zoological Nomenclature appeared in November 1873. This is an important and well thought out paper on a debatable subject, the argument of which is perhaps summed up in the sentence, "Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerum," which appears on the cover. A short paper on the Coleoptera of the Scotch Fir came out in the Scottish Naturalist about this time. The Dascillidae of New Zealand was published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in July 1878 ; while work on the water-beetles was taken in hand for publication by the Royal Society of Dublin. Sharp and Fowler's Catalogue of the British Coleoptera appeared in 1893 ; the Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan in 1896 ; the articles Insecta and Termites in the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1902 ; and an article on the Orders of Insects, a subject in which Sharp was much interested, in the Entomologist for 1909. The Distribution of Plants and Animals on the Globe (a paper read before the Dumfries Nat. Hist. Society in 1883) ; Stridulation in Ants, 1893 ; an Account of the Phasmidae, 1898 ; and the Grouse-fly, 1907, are away from his special order — Coleoptera; while A Scheme for a Natioiial System of Rest-Funds (or Pensions) for Working People (1892) shows that Sharp could detach himself from entomology when he wished to do so.
We have still to notice the larger works, on which the author's claim to distinction chiefly rests. Papers on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands had been published by the Entom. Soc. of London in 1878, 1879 and 1880. These were followed in 1899 and 1908 by the Fauna Hawaiiensis
brought out by the Royal Society. Of even more importance is the Beetles of Central America, prepared chiefly from material collected by Godman and Salvin, and published in 1894 and later years in that monumental work known as the "Fauna Centrali-Americana
". In 1895 appeared the first volume of the Insecta in the Cambridge Natural History, this being followed by the second volume in 1899. Of their influence on the advancement of entomology, and especially of our knowledge of insects as living things, too much cannot be said. Their enormous sale has prevented the appearance of a new edition, which their author would have liked to bring out. One point especially which he wished to emend was the classification of insects into Natural Orders, his views and suggestions on which will be found in the paper in the Entomologist to which reference has already been made. In 1910 the Insecta was translated into Russian. In 1912 the Entom. Soc. of London, with the assistance of the Royal Society, brought out as Part III of the Transactions The Comparative Anatomy of the Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera by Sharp & Muir, an exhaustive treatise of 166 pages, and 37 plates. All the families were examined, and the results of the multitudinous dissections are given in detail. This work is of first-rate importance.
Perhaps, however, the annual volume of the Zoological Record, published by the Zoological Society, is the work for which most credit should be given. This is a list of the publications for the year in all branches of Zoology, British and foreign, classified under the headings of author and subject. Sharp was editor for the whole and recorder also for insects. No one, unless he has seen something of the work involved, can imagine the amount of detail to be sifted, and the care and knowledge required to prevent errors. He entered on this work, which was to some extent a labour of love, in 1892, and his methodical treatment of the publication greatly improved it in every way. This work he continued till the year of his death, even completing the reading of the final proofs of records for 1920 during his last illness.
When quite young — about seventeen or eighteen — Sharp went with his father to Switzerland, and greatly enjoyed the trip. More than once in later days he went to stay with Oberthur in France. The loss of his friend G.R. Crotch
, Librarian to the University of Cambridge, was a great grief to him. They had been closely associated in entomological work, and had made several excursions together — to the New Forest, to Rannoch, and to Spain. Sharp often spoke of the primitive conditions in years gone by to be found in the New Forest and in Scotland, and told amusing stories of their difficulties in the way of procuring food and lodgings. With another friend, Bishop, he visited Sherwood Forest, and the last letter he wrote during his illness was to this friend, who died only so recently as 26 August last.
Sharp knew most of the British naturalists of his time — Huxley, Bates
, Wallace
, Buchanan White
, etc. He was a great friend of Spencer
, and in 1904 wrote an article in the Zoologist, entitled The Place of Herbert Spencer in Biology, having particular reference to him in connection with the teachings of Charles Darwin
.
In Brockenhurst Sharp worked assiduously with one of his daughters (now Mrs. Muir) in his entomological laboratory elucidating the life-story or the anatomy of numberless insects, chiefly Coleoptera, or adding to his extremely valuable collection of British beetles, which we understand passes to Mrs. Muir. His interest, however, seemed to grow less when working alone, especially during the last year or two of his life. To the last Nature, whether exhibited on the animal or vegetable side, attracted him, and until a few months of his death he might be recognised by his rapid stride, slight stoop, and long white beard, as he took his almost daily walk into the Forest he loved so well.
Sharp's extensive collection, including several thousand type specimens, is housed at the Natural History Museum
, London.
Sharp also contributed to two Catalogues of British Coleoptera (with Oliver Erichson Janson
, in 1871, and with William Weekes Fowler
, in 1893.
Royal Society
The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science, and is possibly the oldest such society in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a Royal Charter by King Charles II as the "Royal Society of London"...
(15 August 1840 – 27 August 1922) was an English
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
physician
Physician
A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments...
and entomologist who worked mainly on Coleoptera.
David Sharp was born at Towcester
Towcester
Towcester , the Roman town of Lactodorum, is a small town in south Northamptonshire, England.-Etymology:Towcester comes from the Old English Tófe-ceaster. Tófe refers to the River Tove; Bosworth and Toller compare it to the "Scandinavian proper names" Tófi and Tófa...
on 18 October, 1840. Some twelve years later his parents removed to London, where therefore, as a boy he received his education. After attending one or two preparatory schools, in 1853 he entered St. John's Foundation School which was then at Kilburn. At the age of seventeen he commenced to help his father, a leather merchant, and about the same time he began collecting beetles, some of his favourite haunts being Ken Wood and Hammersmith Marshes, as well as the sandy shores about Deal and Dover. As it was found that he had a great distaste for a business life, it was decided that he should qualify as a doctor. He accordingly, after studying for two years at St. Bartholomew's Hospital
St Bartholomew's Hospital
St Bartholomew's Hospital, also known as Barts, is a hospital in Smithfield in the City of London, England.-Early history:It was founded in 1123 by Raherus or Rahere , a favourite courtier of King Henry I...
, went to the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in 1866. After graduation he assisted a friend with his practice in London for a year or two. He had at first some thought of seeking an appointment in connection with entomology at the British Museum, but abandoned the idea; and about ten years later he went so far as to apply for the post of Curator of the City of Glasgow Industrial Museum, being recommended by H.W. Bates and Frederick Smith
Frederick Smith (entomologist)
Frederick Smith was a British entomologist.Smith worked in the zoology department of the British Museum from 1849, specialising in the Hymenoptera. In 1875 he was promoted to Assistant Keeper of Zoology...
amongst others. However, after his short residence in London he was offered a post as medical officer in the Crichton Asylum at Dumfries, which led to his taking charge of a case at Thornhill in the neighbourhood, where he joined the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Scientific, Natural History, and Antiquarian Society upon its reconstruction in 1876. This engagement gave him the leisure he desired for prosecuting the studies on which his heart was set, and it was during this period that he published some of his earlier papers. Here also his marriage took place. On the death of his patient about 1882 he returned to England and went to live at Southampton, but, finding it too far from London, after about two years he removed to Dartford. In 1885 he was invited to go to Cambridge as Curator of the University Museum. There he spent the next nineteen years of his life, till in 1904 he retired to Brockenhurst, where he had built a residence, Lawnside, on the very edge of the New Forest, facing the extensive heath of Black Knowl. Here he resided till his death on 27 August 1922.
In 1862 Sharp became a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London
Royal Entomological Society of London
The Royal Entomological Society of London is devoted to insect study. It has a major national and international role in disseminating information about insects and improving communication between entomologists....
and he was its President in 1887 and 1888, his presidential address being at the end of the former year on the subject of entomological collections, and of the latter on the senses of insects with special reference to that of sight. Between 1889 and 1903 he was on several occasions a vice-president, and he was on the Council from 1893–1895 and from 1902-1904. While living in London he was Secretary to the Society during 1867. In 1886 he became a Fellow of the Zoological Society, and he was on the Council from 1901-1905. The Linnean Society
Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is the world's premier society for the study and dissemination of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a zoological journal, as well as botanical and biological journals...
is also able to claim him as a Fellow since 1888 ; and he was connected by membership or correspondence with the chief entomological societies throughout the world. The high distinction of being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society fell to his lot in 1890, and the next year the University of Cambridge conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts, honoris caima.
David Sharp was the author of a very great number of papers and larger works. Being connected with the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine is a British entomological journal, first published in 1864. The journal publishes original papers and notes on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods from any part of the world, specialising in groups other than Lepidoptera.Although its name would...
and the Entomologist, in either an editorial or a reference capacity, many of his numerous shorter papers appear in these magazines, and others in similar ones. Yet others, as well as some of his more pretentious papers, will be found in the transactions of societies with which he was connected. Perhaps his earliest contribution to entomological literature was a paper on the British species of Agathidium (Coleoptera) read before the Entomological Society of London on 6 November 1865. An interesting discussion on heredity and kindred subjects between Sharp and Wallace, arising in connection with Westwood's introduction of the subject of "mimicry" at the Entom. Soc. of London in November 1866, was reported in the Athenaeum of 1, 8, and 15 December 1866, and gives Sharp's views at the time on this subject. A Revision of the British Species of Homalota (Coleoptera) was published by the Entom. Soc. of London soon after his graduation at Edinburgh. In November 1873 appeared a paper in Spanish — Especies nuevas de Coleópteros por Don David Sharp. This refers to insects collected by his friend G.E. Crotch, whose obituary notice Sharp contributed to volume xi of the Entom. Monthly Magazine. The Object and Method of Zoological Nomenclature appeared in November 1873. This is an important and well thought out paper on a debatable subject, the argument of which is perhaps summed up in the sentence, "Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerum," which appears on the cover. A short paper on the Coleoptera of the Scotch Fir came out in the Scottish Naturalist about this time. The Dascillidae of New Zealand was published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in July 1878 ; while work on the water-beetles was taken in hand for publication by the Royal Society of Dublin. Sharp and Fowler's Catalogue of the British Coleoptera appeared in 1893 ; the Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan in 1896 ; the articles Insecta and Termites in the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1902 ; and an article on the Orders of Insects, a subject in which Sharp was much interested, in the Entomologist for 1909. The Distribution of Plants and Animals on the Globe (a paper read before the Dumfries Nat. Hist. Society in 1883) ; Stridulation in Ants, 1893 ; an Account of the Phasmidae, 1898 ; and the Grouse-fly, 1907, are away from his special order — Coleoptera; while A Scheme for a Natioiial System of Rest-Funds (or Pensions) for Working People (1892) shows that Sharp could detach himself from entomology when he wished to do so.
We have still to notice the larger works, on which the author's claim to distinction chiefly rests. Papers on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands had been published by the Entom. Soc. of London in 1878, 1879 and 1880. These were followed in 1899 and 1908 by the Fauna Hawaiiensis
Fauna Hawaiiensis
Fauna Hawaiiensis or the Zoology of the Sandwich Isles is a three volume work,published between 1899 and 1913, on the fauna of Hawaii. It was edited by David Sharp.-External links:**...
brought out by the Royal Society. Of even more importance is the Beetles of Central America, prepared chiefly from material collected by Godman and Salvin, and published in 1894 and later years in that monumental work known as the "Fauna Centrali-Americana
Biologia Centrali-Americana
The Biologia Centrali-Americana is an encyclopedia of the natural history of Mexico and Central America, privately issued in 215 parts from 1879 to 1915 by the editors Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin, of the British Museum in London.This work is still fundamental for the study of...
". In 1895 appeared the first volume of the Insecta in the Cambridge Natural History, this being followed by the second volume in 1899. Of their influence on the advancement of entomology, and especially of our knowledge of insects as living things, too much cannot be said. Their enormous sale has prevented the appearance of a new edition, which their author would have liked to bring out. One point especially which he wished to emend was the classification of insects into Natural Orders, his views and suggestions on which will be found in the paper in the Entomologist to which reference has already been made. In 1910 the Insecta was translated into Russian. In 1912 the Entom. Soc. of London, with the assistance of the Royal Society, brought out as Part III of the Transactions The Comparative Anatomy of the Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera by Sharp & Muir, an exhaustive treatise of 166 pages, and 37 plates. All the families were examined, and the results of the multitudinous dissections are given in detail. This work is of first-rate importance.
Perhaps, however, the annual volume of the Zoological Record, published by the Zoological Society, is the work for which most credit should be given. This is a list of the publications for the year in all branches of Zoology, British and foreign, classified under the headings of author and subject. Sharp was editor for the whole and recorder also for insects. No one, unless he has seen something of the work involved, can imagine the amount of detail to be sifted, and the care and knowledge required to prevent errors. He entered on this work, which was to some extent a labour of love, in 1892, and his methodical treatment of the publication greatly improved it in every way. This work he continued till the year of his death, even completing the reading of the final proofs of records for 1920 during his last illness.
When quite young — about seventeen or eighteen — Sharp went with his father to Switzerland, and greatly enjoyed the trip. More than once in later days he went to stay with Oberthur in France. The loss of his friend G.R. Crotch
George Robert Crotch
George Robert Crotch was a British entomologist.Born in Cambridge, England 1842 Crotch became interested in insects, especially Coleoptera, while an undergraduate at Cambridge University. He worked at the University Library, Cambridge...
, Librarian to the University of Cambridge, was a great grief to him. They had been closely associated in entomological work, and had made several excursions together — to the New Forest, to Rannoch, and to Spain. Sharp often spoke of the primitive conditions in years gone by to be found in the New Forest and in Scotland, and told amusing stories of their difficulties in the way of procuring food and lodgings. With another friend, Bishop, he visited Sherwood Forest, and the last letter he wrote during his illness was to this friend, who died only so recently as 26 August last.
Sharp knew most of the British naturalists of his time — Huxley, Bates
Henry Walter Bates
Henry Walter Bates FRS FLS FGS was an English naturalist and explorer who gave the first scientific account of mimicry in animals. He was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon with Alfred Russel Wallace in 1848. Wallace returned in 1852, but lost his collection in a shipwreck...
, Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace, OM, FRS was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist...
, Buchanan White
Francis Buchanan White
Francis Buchanan White was a Scottish entomologist and botanist.He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. After doing a Grand Tour in 1866, he settled in Perth where he would remain his entire life. His main area of interest was the Lepidoptera and the taxonomy of the Hemiptera...
, etc. He was a great friend of Spencer
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era....
, and in 1904 wrote an article in the Zoologist, entitled The Place of Herbert Spencer in Biology, having particular reference to him in connection with the teachings of Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin FRS was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.He published his theory...
.
In Brockenhurst Sharp worked assiduously with one of his daughters (now Mrs. Muir) in his entomological laboratory elucidating the life-story or the anatomy of numberless insects, chiefly Coleoptera, or adding to his extremely valuable collection of British beetles, which we understand passes to Mrs. Muir. His interest, however, seemed to grow less when working alone, especially during the last year or two of his life. To the last Nature, whether exhibited on the animal or vegetable side, attracted him, and until a few months of his death he might be recognised by his rapid stride, slight stoop, and long white beard, as he took his almost daily walk into the Forest he loved so well.
Sharp's extensive collection, including several thousand type specimens, is housed at the Natural History Museum
Natural History Museum
The Natural History Museum is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, England . Its main frontage is on Cromwell Road...
, London.
Principal publications
- 1869 A revision of the British species of Homalota. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1869(2-3), 91-272. (PDF available (25.6 Mb))
- 1874 The Staphylinidae of Japan. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874: 1–103. See also 1888
- 1876 Contributions to an insect fauna of the AmazonAmazon BasinThe Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries that drains an area of about , or roughly 40 percent of South America. The basin is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela...
Valley Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1876: 27-424. - 1880-1882 Monograph On Aquatic Carnivorous Coleoptera or DytiscidaeDytiscidaeDytiscidae – based on the Greek dytikos , "able to dive" – are the predaceous diving beetles, a family of water beetles. They are about 25 mm long on average, though there is much variation between species. Dytiscus latissimus, the largest, can grow up to 45 mm long...
Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society 2: 1-800. - 1888 The Staphylinidae of Japan. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6)2,. 277–477. 1876
- 1882- 1886 (1882–1886) Staphylinidae. pp. 145–824. In: 1882-1887. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. 1(2). London: Taylor & Francis, xvi+824 pp., 19 plates.
- 1887 Pselaphidae. pp. 1–46. In: 1887-1905. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. 2(1). London: Taylor & Francis, xii+717 pp., 19 plates.
- 1891 Synteliidae. In: Biologia centrali- americana. Coleoptera, Insecta. Coleoptera. 2(1). London: Taylor & Francis. 438-440. (Biologia centrali- americana is available at Digital Version of Biologia Centrali-Americana)
- 1896 - 1913 With Robert Cyril Layton PerkinsRobert Cyril Layton PerkinsRobert Cyril Layton Perkins FRS was a distinguished British entomologist, ornithologist, and naturalist noted for his work on the fauna of the islands of Hawaii and on Hymenoptera...
and Alfred NewtonAlfred NewtonAlfred Newton FRS was an English zoologist and ornithologist.Newton was Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Cambridge University from 1866 to 1907...
Fauna HawaiiensisFauna HawaiiensisFauna Hawaiiensis or the Zoology of the Sandwich Isles is a three volume work,published between 1899 and 1913, on the fauna of Hawaii. It was edited by David Sharp.-External links:**...
. - 1912 with Frederick Arthur Godfrey Muir. The comparative anatomy of the male genital tube in Coleoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. III: 477-462, 36pls. p. 523, pl. 60, figs. 107-109, male genitalia.
Sharp also contributed to two Catalogues of British Coleoptera (with Oliver Erichson Janson
Oliver Erichson Janson
Oliver Erichson Janson was an English entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera.He was the son of Edward Wesley Janson and took over the family natural history and publishing business....
, in 1871, and with William Weekes Fowler
William Weekes Fowler
William Weekes Fowler was an English clergyman and entomologist mainly interested in beetles.-Biography:Son of the Reverend Hugh Fowler, Vicar of Barnwood, Gloucestershire, Fowler was educated at Rugby School and at Jesus College, Oxford. He became a Master at Repton School in 1873 and was...
, in 1893.