China Railway High-speed
Encyclopedia
China Railway High-speed (abbrev. CRH); ) is the high-speed rail
system operated by China Railways
.
Hexie Hao (Literally: Harmony) is the designation for high-speed trains running on this rail system. At the middle of the run, all trains were marked "CRH" on the centre of the head vehicle and the side of the walls of each vehicle. Soon however, it was changed to the Chinese characters "和谐号" on all of the trains. CRH1/2A/2B/2E/5 are expected to have a maximum speed of 250 km/h (155.3 mph), and CRH2C/3 have a maximum speed of 350 km/h (217.5 mph). CRH was a major part of the sixth national railway speedup which was implemented on April 18, 2007. However, not all high-speed trains in China are named CRH.
Each train is formed of eight coaches with a capacity of between 588 to 568 people for 8-car train or 1100–1200 people for 16-car train, depending on the formation of the train. CRH1 are built by a joint venture, Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation in Qingdao
, Shandong Province. China Northern Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry (CNR), China, is supplying 60 CRH5 200 km/h eight-car trains based on Alstom
technology. These trains are designed to meet UIC
and EN
international standards and each vehicle utilises a high-strength aluminium
alloy
bodyshell weighing just 8.5 tonnes.
trains. These run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) and on dedicated high speed track up to 350 km/h (217.5 mph).
runs different electric multiple unit
(trainsets), the designs of which all are imported from other nations and given the designations CRH-1 through CRH-5. CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole could be called Chinese. China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these train sets since they have re-designed major components so the trains can run at a much higher speed than the original foreign train design.
CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of 200 km/h and can reach up to 250 km/h. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, with a top testing speed more than 380 km/h. However, in practical terms, issues such as cost of maintenance, comfort, cost and safety make the maximum design speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors.
All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012. All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014.
train, also made a lot of results (for example, China Star
), but China AC drive and other core technologies are not mature, high-speed EMU's nine core technologies, including assembly, body, bogie, traction, traction control, traction transformers, traction motors, the train network control and braking system, not the hands of the Chinese domestic enterprises, domestic high-speed EMU in technology and reliability were unable to train today, compared with foreign countries. On the other hand the research process also requires a lot of time. Republic of China Ministry of Railways spokesman Zhang Shuguang
said that due to historical reasons, China's overall level of railway technology and equipment is equivalent to developed countries 1970 1980 level, high-speed EMU technology is still in development stage, if on their own, you may need a decade or longer to catch up, can not adapt to the current economic. In 2004, the Republic of China State Council and the Ministry of Railways have defined a modern railway technology and equipment, "the introduction of advanced technology, the joint design and production, to build China brand" policy. The realization of the railway "leapfrog development" is the key tasks of more than 200 kilometers per hour high speed train technology to introduce a whole, the "absorption and innovation", and in the law
made independent intellectual property
. In other words, the Ministry of Railways adopted a "market for technology" strategy.
June 17, 2004: Ministry of Railways launched for use in China Railway Sixth Speed, 200 km per hour the first round of high-level EMU
technology the introduction of bidding
, "People Railway" and the Chinese Procurement and Bidding tender notice issued at the same time, "speed of 200 km of railways EMU project invitation to tender," the tender notice clearly the main domestic businesses, but it must obtain advanced technical support: "legally registered in the PRC, with rail EMU manufacturing capacity, and access to 200 kilometers per hour has a mature group of railway motor car design and manufacturing technology partner technical support of foreign enterprises in China (including joint ventures). " Tender documents which clearly sets out three principles: First, the transfer of key technologies must be comprehensive, the second is the price to be lowest in the world and the third is to use the Chinese brand
. Master mature over the world, high-speed EMU design and manufacturing technology companies, including Siemens, Alstom, France, Japan, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Bombardier, etc., initially had hoped to use the joint venture in China in EMU tender but was explicitly rejected the Chinese Ministry of Railways. China insists the direction of a comprehensive transfer of technology to Chinese enterprises, especially in systems integration, AC drive, and other core technologies, to allow domestic enterprises to master the core technology; and requests for domestic enterprises to foreign partners to provide technical services and training to improve the domestic enterprises to design, manufacture and technical level of quality control personnel, and ultimately to realize the localization. Railway equipment manufacturers in China are free to choose foreign partners, foreign firms must be pre-bid and China's domestic manufacturers improve the technology transfer agreement signed, so the Chinese rolling stock manufacturer to comprehensively and systematically learn advanced foreign technology, which accelerate the pace of modernization of China's railways.
In this round of bidding, EMU 140 orders were divided into seven packages, each package 20. Through competition and representatives from the procurement, purchasing agent, and from scientific research institutions on behalf of economic, technological, legal experts, the evaluation committee based on evaluation methods of the comprehensive review. Ultimately by the Northern China Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Group-owned Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd. and France
Alstom
co South China Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Group belongs to Sifang Locomotive Co., Ltd. and Japan
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
cooperation, Canada
Bombardier
in Qingdao
joint venture Qingdao Quartet Bombardier Railway Transportation Equipment Co., Ltd. (BSP) three companies won the bid, were given three packets (60), 3 packages (60) and 1 package (20) in order. Germany
Siemens
a result of an expensive technology transfer, cost of vehicle cost (prototype 350 million yuan each column, technology transfer fee 390 million euros) in the first round of bidding can not get any orders. EMU in the first tender in payment of technology transfer payments totaling 22.7 billion yuan, accounting for the amount in the tender up to 51%.
November 2005: The Chinese Ministry of Railways and the German Siemens in the "market for technology" principle agreement, Siemens and thus access to 60 300 kilometers per hour high speed train orders.
, Tsinghua University
, Zhejiang University
, Southwest Jiaotong University
, Beijing Jiaotong University
and so a large number of academicians and researchers from basic research, demonstration program, to scientific experiments, the combination of China's most outstanding scientific and industrial resources, and establish a production and research with a combination of innovation system, developing the world's highest level of high-speed trains.
Under the agreement, China's independent innovation and high-speed train joint action plan has four main aspects of the target:
Republic of China Ministry of Science and started the total investment for this nearly 10 billion yuan in science and technology plan, which is by far the Chinese Ministry of Science and the largest investment program supported by a project. Project has set up dozens of issues, brought together a total of 25 key universities in China, top 11 research institutes, national laboratories and 51 engineering research centers, including 68 academicians, professors more than 500 people, more than 200 researchers, project technical staff on the people. In addition, the Ministry of Science and also with the speed of 400 km of high-speed detection vehicles and deployment of 500 km per hour of high-speed trains were arranged based rehearsal "863 Project" and "973 Project", to form a series of key technologies from basic research to develop and then important equipment developed systems engineering.
High-speed rail
High-speed rail is a type of passenger rail transport that operates significantly faster than the normal speed of rail traffic. Specific definitions by the European Union include for upgraded track and or faster for new track, whilst in the United States, the U.S...
system operated by China Railways
China Railways
China Railways is the national railway operator of the People's Republic of China, under the Chinese Ministry of Railways.China Railways operates rail commuter and freight transport via several smaller companies....
.
Hexie Hao (Literally: Harmony) is the designation for high-speed trains running on this rail system. At the middle of the run, all trains were marked "CRH" on the centre of the head vehicle and the side of the walls of each vehicle. Soon however, it was changed to the Chinese characters "和谐号" on all of the trains. CRH1/2A/2B/2E/5 are expected to have a maximum speed of 250 km/h (155.3 mph), and CRH2C/3 have a maximum speed of 350 km/h (217.5 mph). CRH was a major part of the sixth national railway speedup which was implemented on April 18, 2007. However, not all high-speed trains in China are named CRH.
Each train is formed of eight coaches with a capacity of between 588 to 568 people for 8-car train or 1100–1200 people for 16-car train, depending on the formation of the train. CRH1 are built by a joint venture, Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation in Qingdao
Qingdao
' also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.It borders Yantai to the...
, Shandong Province. China Northern Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry (CNR), China, is supplying 60 CRH5 200 km/h eight-car trains based on Alstom
Alstom
Alstom is a large multinational conglomerate which holds interests in the power generation and transport markets. According to the company website, in the years 2010-2011 Alstom had annual sales of over €20.9 billion, and employed more than 85,000 people in 70 countries. Alstom's headquarters are...
technology. These trains are designed to meet UIC
International Union of Railways
The UIC , or International Union of Railways, is an international rail transport industry body.- Brief history :The railways of Europe originated as separate concerns. There were many border changes after World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. Colonial railways were the responsibility of the...
and EN
European Committee for Standardization
The European Committee for Standardization or Comité Européen de Normalisation , is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to foster the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European citizens and the environment by providing an efficient infrastructure to interested parties for...
international standards and each vehicle utilises a high-strength aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances....
alloy
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may or may not be homogeneous in distribution, depending on thermal history...
bodyshell weighing just 8.5 tonnes.
High-speed rail network
High-speed rail services were introduced in 2007 and are operated using CRHChina Railway High-speed
China Railway High-speed ; ) is the high-speed rail system operated by China Railways.Hexie Hao is the designation for high-speed trains running on this rail system. At the middle of the run, all trains were marked "CRH" on the centre of the head vehicle and the side of the walls of each vehicle...
trains. These run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) and on dedicated high speed track up to 350 km/h (217.5 mph).
CRH Rolling stock
China Railway High-speedChina Railway High-speed
China Railway High-speed ; ) is the high-speed rail system operated by China Railways.Hexie Hao is the designation for high-speed trains running on this rail system. At the middle of the run, all trains were marked "CRH" on the centre of the head vehicle and the side of the walls of each vehicle...
runs different electric multiple unit
Electric multiple unit
An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages, using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a number of the carriages...
(trainsets), the designs of which all are imported from other nations and given the designations CRH-1 through CRH-5. CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole could be called Chinese. China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these train sets since they have re-designed major components so the trains can run at a much higher speed than the original foreign train design.
- CRH1China Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
produced by Bombardier's joint venture Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation (BST), CRH1China Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
A & CRH1China Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
B, nickname "Metro" or "Bread", derived from BombardierBombardier TransportationBombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Canadian firm, Bombardier Inc. Bombardier Transportation is one of the world's largest companies in the rail-equipment manufacturing and servicing industry. Its headquarters are in Berlin, Germany....
ReginaRegina (train)The Regina is a Swedish model of electric multiple unit passenger train, manufactured by Bombardier Transportation . It is used by the national passenger railway SJ along with numerous regional and private operators, in variants designated X50, X51, X52, X53, X54 and X55, and in two- and...
, CRH1China Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
E, nickname "Lizard", is Bombardier's ZEFIRO 250Bombardier ZefiroThe Bombardier Zefiro trains are a family of high speed and very high speed passenger trains with top operating speeds from upwards. The trains are the design of Bombardier Transportation....
design.- CRH1China Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
A; sets consists of 8 cars; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h. - CRH1China Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
B; a modified 16-cars version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h. - CRH1China Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
E; is a 16-car high-speed sleeper version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h.
- CRH1
- CRH2China Railways CRH2The CRH2 is one of the high-speed train models in China. Originally, the CRH2 was a modified E2-1000 Series Shinkansen design from Japan with the license purchased from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, and represents the second...
; nickname "Hairtail" derived from E2 SeriesE2 Series ShinkansenThe is a Japanese high-speed Shinkansen train type operated by East Japan Railway Company on the Tōhoku and Nagano Shinkansen high-speed lines in Japan since 1997. They are formed in 8- and 10-car sets. The 8-car sets are used on the Nagano Shinkansen, and the 10-car sets on Tōhoku Shinkansen...
1000 ShinkansenShinkansenThe , also known as THE BULLET TRAIN, is a network of high-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies. Starting with the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in 1964, the network has expanded to currently consist of of lines with maximum speeds of , of Mini-shinkansen with a...
.- CRH2China Railways CRH2The CRH2 is one of the high-speed train models in China. Originally, the CRH2 was a modified E2-1000 Series Shinkansen design from Japan with the license purchased from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, and represents the second...
A; In 2006, China has unveiled (CRH2), a modified version of the Japanese ShinkansenShinkansenThe , also known as THE BULLET TRAIN, is a network of high-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies. Starting with the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in 1964, the network has expanded to currently consist of of lines with maximum speeds of , of Mini-shinkansen with a...
E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produce by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling StockSifang Locomotive and Rolling StockCSR Sifang Co Ltd. formerly known as CSR Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. is a Chinese rolling stock manufacturer based in Qingdao, Shandong province...
in China. - CRH2China Railways CRH2The CRH2 is one of the high-speed train models in China. Originally, the CRH2 was a modified E2-1000 Series Shinkansen design from Japan with the license purchased from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, and represents the second...
B; a modified 16-cars version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h. - CRH2China Railways CRH2The CRH2 is one of the high-speed train models in China. Originally, the CRH2 was a modified E2-1000 Series Shinkansen design from Japan with the license purchased from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, and represents the second...
C (Stage one); a modified version of CRH2 has maximum operating speed up to 300 km/h by replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars. - CRH2China Railways CRH2The CRH2 is one of the high-speed train models in China. Originally, the CRH2 was a modified E2-1000 Series Shinkansen design from Japan with the license purchased from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, and represents the second...
C (Stage two); a modified version of CRH2C (Stage one version) has maximum operating speed up to 350 km/h by replacing motors with more powerful ones. - CRH2China Railways CRH2The CRH2 is one of the high-speed train models in China. Originally, the CRH2 was a modified E2-1000 Series Shinkansen design from Japan with the license purchased from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, and represents the second...
E; a modified 16-cars version of CRH2 with sleeping cars.
- CRH2
- CRH3China Railways CRH3The CRH3 is a version of the Siemens Velaro high-speed train used in China on the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Rail line, Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou-Xi'an Passenger Dedicated Line and the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway...
C; nickname "Rabbit", derived from SiemensSiemensSiemens may refer toSiemens, a German family name carried by generations of telecommunications industrialists, including:* Werner von Siemens , inventor, founder of Siemens AG...
ICE3 (class 403)ICE 3ICE 3 is a family of high-speed EMUs of Deutsche Bahn. It includes classes 403 and 406, which are known as ICE 3 and ICE 3M respectively...
; 8 car sets; maximum operating speed of 350 km/h - CRH5A, derived from AlstomAlstomAlstom is a large multinational conglomerate which holds interests in the power generation and transport markets. According to the company website, in the years 2010-2011 Alstom had annual sales of over €20.9 billion, and employed more than 85,000 people in 70 countries. Alstom's headquarters are...
PendolinoPendolinoPendolino is an Italian family of tilting trains used in Italy, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, Russian Federation, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Slovakia, Switzerland, China and shortly in Romania and Poland...
ETR600; 8 car sets; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h - CRH6China Railways CRH6The China Railways CRH6 is a new generation of intercity high-speed train of the People's Republic of China. It is designed by CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. and will be manufacturer by CSR Nanjing Puzhen Rolling Stock Co...
; Designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen, it is designed to have two versions, top operating speed of 220 km/h version and top operating speed of 160 km/h version, will be used at 200 km/h or 250 km/h Inter-city High Speed Rail lines, planned to enter service by 2011. - CRH380AChina Railways CRH380AThe CRH380A is an electric high-speed train designed by China South Locomotive & Rolling Stock Corporation Limited and manufactured by CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. A continuation of the CRH2-350 program it both replaces foreign technology in the CRH2 with Chinese...
; Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; Manufacturer by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling StockSifang Locomotive and Rolling StockCSR Sifang Co Ltd. formerly known as CSR Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. is a Chinese rolling stock manufacturer based in Qingdao, Shandong province...
; entered service in 2010.- CRH380AChina Railways CRH380AThe CRH380A is an electric high-speed train designed by China South Locomotive & Rolling Stock Corporation Limited and manufactured by CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. A continuation of the CRH2-350 program it both replaces foreign technology in the CRH2 with Chinese...
; 8-car version. - CRH380ALChina Railways CRH380AThe CRH380A is an electric high-speed train designed by China South Locomotive & Rolling Stock Corporation Limited and manufactured by CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. A continuation of the CRH2-350 program it both replaces foreign technology in the CRH2 with Chinese...
; 16-car version.
- CRH380A
- CRH380BChina Railways CRH3The CRH3 is a version of the Siemens Velaro high-speed train used in China on the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Rail line, Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou-Xi'an Passenger Dedicated Line and the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway...
; upgraded version of CRH3; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h, manufactured by Tangshan Railway VehicleTangshan Railway VehicleCNR Tangshan Railway Vehicle Co. Ltd. , formerly known as Tangshan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works, is a manufacturer of locomotives and rolling stock located in Tangshan, Hebei province, People's Republic of China...
& Changchun Railway Vehicles; entered service in 2011.- CRH380BChina Railways CRH3The CRH3 is a version of the Siemens Velaro high-speed train used in China on the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Rail line, Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou-Xi'an Passenger Dedicated Line and the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway...
; 8-cars version. - CRH380BLChina Railways CRH3The CRH3 is a version of the Siemens Velaro high-speed train used in China on the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Rail line, Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou-Xi'an Passenger Dedicated Line and the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway...
; 16-cars version.
- CRH380B
- CRH380CLChina Railways CRH3The CRH3 is a version of the Siemens Velaro high-speed train used in China on the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Rail line, Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou-Xi'an Passenger Dedicated Line and the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway...
; Designed and manufactured by Changchun Railway Vehicles maximum operating speed of 380 km/h, planned to enter service in 2012. - CRH380DChina Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
; also named Zefiro 380; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd. (BST); planned to enter service in 2012.- CRH380DChina Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
; 8-cars version. - CRH380DLChina Railways CRH1The CRH1 EMU is a Chinese high-speed train based on Bombardier technology and built by a Chinese-Canadian joint venture between Bombardier and Sifang at Bombardier Sifang Power Transportation factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China...
; 16-cars version.
- CRH380D
CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of 200 km/h and can reach up to 250 km/h. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, with a top testing speed more than 380 km/h. However, in practical terms, issues such as cost of maintenance, comfort, cost and safety make the maximum design speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors.
| Equipment type | Top speed in test | Designed speed | Seating capacity | Formation | Power (under 25 kV) |
Enter Service |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRH1A | 278 km/h (172.7 mph) | 250 | 668 or 611 or 645 | 5M3T | 5,300 kW | 2007 |
| CRH1B | 292 km/h (181.4 mph) | 250 | 1299 | 10M6T | 11,000 kW | 2009 |
| CRH1E | 250 | 618 or 642 | 10M6T | 11,000 kW | 2009 | |
| CRH2A | 282 km/h (175.2 mph) | 250 | 610 or 588 | 4M4T | 4,800 kW | 2007 |
| CRH2B | 275 km/h (170.9 mph) | 250 | 1230 | 8M8T | 9,600 kW | 2008 |
| CRH2C Stage 1 | 394.2 km/h (244.9 mph) | 300 | 610 | 6M2T | 7,200 kW | 2008 |
| CRH2C Stage 2 | 350 | 610 | 6M2T | 8,760 kW | 2010 | |
| CRH2E | 250 | 630 | 8M8T | 9,600 kW | 2008 | |
| CRH3C | 394.3 km/h (245 mph) | 350 | 600 or 556 | 4M4T | 8,800 kW | 2008 |
| CRH5A | 250 | 622 or 586 or 570 | 5M3T | 5,500 kW | 2007 | |
| CRH380A | 416.6 km/h (258.9 mph) | 380 | 494 | 6M2T | 9,600 kW | 2010 |
| CRH380AL | 486.1 km/h (302 mph) | 380 | 1027 | 14M2T | 20,440 kW | 2010 |
| CRH380B | 380 | unknown | 4M4T | 9,200 kW | 2011 (plan) | |
| CRH380BL | 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph) | 380 | 1004 | 8M8T | 18,400 kW | 2010 (plan) |
| CRH380CL | 380 | 8M8T | 2012 (plan) | |||
| CRH380D | 380 | 495 | 5M3T | 10,000 kW | 2012 (plan) | |
| CRH380DL | 380 | 1013 | 10M6T | 20,000 kW | 2012 (plan) | |
| CRH6 China Railways CRH6 The China Railways CRH6 is a new generation of intercity high-speed train of the People's Republic of China. It is designed by CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. and will be manufacturer by CSR Nanjing Puzhen Rolling Stock Co... |
220 | 586 | 4M4T | unknown | 2011 (plan) |
Chinese MOR CRH trainsets order timetable
| Date | Factory | Speed Level | Type | Quantity (set) |
Quantity (car) |
Amount |
| Oct 10, 2004 | Alstom | 250 km/h | CRH5A | 3 | 24 | 620 million EUR |
| CNR Changchun | 57 | 456 | ||||
| Oct 12, 2004 | BST (Bombardier & CSR) | 250 km/h | CRH1A | 20 | 160 | 350 million USD |
| Oct 20, 2004 | Kawasaki | 250 km/h | CRH2A | 3 | 24 | 9,300 million RMB |
| CSR Sifang | 57 | 456 | ||||
| May 30, 2005 | BST | 250 km/h | CRH1A | 20 | 160 | 350 million USD |
| June 2005 | CSR Sifang | 300 km/h | CRH2C Stage one | 30 | 240 | 8,200 million RMB |
| 350 km/h | CRH2C Stage two | 30 | 240 | |||
| Nov 20, 2005 | Siemens | 350 km/h | CRH3C | 3 | 24 | 13,000 million RMB |
| CNR Tangshan | 57 | 456 | ||||
| Oct 31, 2007 | BST | 250 km/h | CRH1B | 20 | 320 | 1,000 million EUR |
| CRH1E | 20 | 320 | ||||
| Nov 2007 | CSR Sifang | 250 km/h | CRH2B | 10 | 160 | 1,200 million RMB |
| Nov 2007 | CSR Sifang | 250 km/h | CRH2E | 6 | 96 | 900 million RMB |
| Dec 6, 2008 | CSR Sifang | 250 km/h | CRH2E | 14 | 224 | 2,100 million RMB |
| Sep 23, 2009 | CNR Changchun | 250 km/h | CRH5A | 30 | 240 | 4,800 million RMB |
| Mar 16, 2009 | CNR Tangshan | 380 km/h | CRH380BL | 70 | 1,120 | 39,200 million RMB |
| CNR Changchun | 30 | 480 | ||||
| Sep 28, 2009 | CSR Sifang | 380 km/h | CRH380A | 40 | 320 | 45,000 million RMB |
| CRH380AL | 100 | 1,600 | ||||
| Sep 28, 2009 | BST | 380 km/h | CRH380D | 20 | 160 | 27,400 million RMB |
| CRH380DL | 60 | 960 | ||||
| Sep 28, 2009 | CNR Changchun | 380 km/h | CRH380B | 40 | 320 | 23,520 million RMB |
| CRH380BL | 15 | 240 | ||||
| CRH380CL | 25 | 400 | ||||
| Sep 28, 2009 | CNR Tangshan | 350 km/h | CRH3C | 20 | 160 | 3,920 million RMB |
| Dec 30, 2009 | CSR Puzhen | 220 km/h | CRH6 | 24 | 192 | 2,346 million RMB |
| July 16, 2010 | BST | 250 km/h | CRH1A | 40 | 320 | 5,200 million RMB |
| Sep 14, 2010 | CSR Sifang | 250 km/h | CRH2A | 40 | 320 | 3,400 million RMB |
| Oct 13, 2010 | CNR Changchun | 250 km/h | CRH5A | 20 | 160 | 2,700 million RMB |
| Apr 26, 2011 | CNR Changchun | 250 km/h | CRH5A | 30 | 240 | 3,870 million RMB |
| Total | 954 | 10,352 | ||||
Chinese CRH trainsets delivery timetable
Based on data published by Sinolink Securities, some small changes were made according to the most recent news.| Type | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
2010 (plan) |
2011 (plan) |
Future (plan) |
Total |
| CRH1A | 8 | 18 | 12 | 2 | 20 | 20 | 80 | |
| CRH2A | 19 | 41 | 15 | 25 | 100 | |||
| CRH5A | 27 | 29 | 4 | 30 | 20 | 30 | 140 | |
| CRH1B | 4 | 9 | 7 | 20 | ||||
| CRH1E | 3 | 8 | 9 | 20 | ||||
| CRH2B | 10 | 10 | ||||||
| CRH2E | 6 | 14 | 20 | |||||
| CRH2C | 10 | 20 | 30 | 60 | ||||
| CRH3C | 7 | 36 | 37 | 80 | ||||
| CRH380A | 40 | 40 | ||||||
| CRH380AL | 6 | 94 | 100 | |||||
| CRH380B | 20 | 20 | 40 | |||||
| CRH380BL | 11 | 49 | 55 | 115 | ||||
| CRH380CL | 25 | 25 | ||||||
| CRH380D | 20 | 20 | ||||||
| CRH380DL | 60 | 60 | ||||||
| CRH6 | 24 | 24 | ||||||
| Total | 27 | 86 | 78 | 88 | 204 | 261 | 210 | 954 |
| Cumulative | 27 | 113 | 191 | 279 | 483 | 744 | 954 | 954 |
Technology Development
Before the introduction of foreign technology, China has been conducting independent research and development Express Rail LinkExpress Rail Link
The Express Rail Link is a standard gauge and electrified airport rail link in Malaysia that connects the Kuala Lumpur International Airport with the Kuala Lumpur Sentral transportation hub, 57 kilometres apart...
train, also made a lot of results (for example, China Star
China Star
China Star is an indigenously designed experimental high-speed train manufactured in China. It is a push-pull train developed from the DJJ1 "Blue Arrow" high speed train by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works. It consists of 2 locomotives and 9 passenger cars. The prototype rolled out in 2002...
), but China AC drive and other core technologies are not mature, high-speed EMU's nine core technologies, including assembly, body, bogie, traction, traction control, traction transformers, traction motors, the train network control and braking system, not the hands of the Chinese domestic enterprises, domestic high-speed EMU in technology and reliability were unable to train today, compared with foreign countries. On the other hand the research process also requires a lot of time. Republic of China Ministry of Railways spokesman Zhang Shuguang
Zhang Shuguang
Zhang Shuguang born in Shanghai, whose ancestors are native of Liyang, Jiangsu, China. Graduated from Lanzhou Railway University in 1982, he was deputy chief engineer of Ministry of Railways and the deputy chief designer of the Chinese high-speed railway.He has since been sacked for corruption in...
said that due to historical reasons, China's overall level of railway technology and equipment is equivalent to developed countries 1970 1980 level, high-speed EMU technology is still in development stage, if on their own, you may need a decade or longer to catch up, can not adapt to the current economic. In 2004, the Republic of China State Council and the Ministry of Railways have defined a modern railway technology and equipment, "the introduction of advanced technology, the joint design and production, to build China brand" policy. The realization of the railway "leapfrog development" is the key tasks of more than 200 kilometers per hour high speed train technology to introduce a whole, the "absorption and innovation", and in the law
Law
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...
made independent intellectual property
Intellectual property
Intellectual property is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law...
. In other words, the Ministry of Railways adopted a "market for technology" strategy.
Technology introduction
April 9, 2004: State held on the modern conference equipment, railway rolling stock, and issued a "study issues related to railway rolling stock and equipment the minutes", defined a railway technology and equipment modernization, "the introduction of advanced technology, the joint design and production, to build China brand," the general principle of clear modern China, the direction of railway technology and equipment, methods and objectives.June 17, 2004: Ministry of Railways launched for use in China Railway Sixth Speed, 200 km per hour the first round of high-level EMU
Electric multiple unit
An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages, using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a number of the carriages...
technology the introduction of bidding
Bidding
Bidding is an offer of setting a price one is willing to pay for something. A price offer is called a bid. The term may be used in context of auctions, stock exchange, card games, or real estate transactions....
, "People Railway" and the Chinese Procurement and Bidding tender notice issued at the same time, "speed of 200 km of railways EMU project invitation to tender," the tender notice clearly the main domestic businesses, but it must obtain advanced technical support: "legally registered in the PRC, with rail EMU manufacturing capacity, and access to 200 kilometers per hour has a mature group of railway motor car design and manufacturing technology partner technical support of foreign enterprises in China (including joint ventures). " Tender documents which clearly sets out three principles: First, the transfer of key technologies must be comprehensive, the second is the price to be lowest in the world and the third is to use the Chinese brand
Brand
The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a "Name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers."...
. Master mature over the world, high-speed EMU design and manufacturing technology companies, including Siemens, Alstom, France, Japan, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Bombardier, etc., initially had hoped to use the joint venture in China in EMU tender but was explicitly rejected the Chinese Ministry of Railways. China insists the direction of a comprehensive transfer of technology to Chinese enterprises, especially in systems integration, AC drive, and other core technologies, to allow domestic enterprises to master the core technology; and requests for domestic enterprises to foreign partners to provide technical services and training to improve the domestic enterprises to design, manufacture and technical level of quality control personnel, and ultimately to realize the localization. Railway equipment manufacturers in China are free to choose foreign partners, foreign firms must be pre-bid and China's domestic manufacturers improve the technology transfer agreement signed, so the Chinese rolling stock manufacturer to comprehensively and systematically learn advanced foreign technology, which accelerate the pace of modernization of China's railways.
In this round of bidding, EMU 140 orders were divided into seven packages, each package 20. Through competition and representatives from the procurement, purchasing agent, and from scientific research institutions on behalf of economic, technological, legal experts, the evaluation committee based on evaluation methods of the comprehensive review. Ultimately by the Northern China Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Group-owned Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd. and France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
Alstom
Alstom
Alstom is a large multinational conglomerate which holds interests in the power generation and transport markets. According to the company website, in the years 2010-2011 Alstom had annual sales of over €20.9 billion, and employed more than 85,000 people in 70 countries. Alstom's headquarters are...
co South China Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Group belongs to Sifang Locomotive Co., Ltd. and Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
is an international corporation based in Japan. It has headquarters in both Chūō-ku, Kobe and Minato, Tokyo.The company is named after its founder Shōzō Kawasaki and has no connection with the city of Kawasaki, Kanagawa....
cooperation, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
Bombardier
Bombardier Transportation
Bombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Canadian firm, Bombardier Inc. Bombardier Transportation is one of the world's largest companies in the rail-equipment manufacturing and servicing industry. Its headquarters are in Berlin, Germany....
in Qingdao
Qingdao
' also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.It borders Yantai to the...
joint venture Qingdao Quartet Bombardier Railway Transportation Equipment Co., Ltd. (BSP) three companies won the bid, were given three packets (60), 3 packages (60) and 1 package (20) in order. Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
Siemens
Siemens
Siemens may refer toSiemens, a German family name carried by generations of telecommunications industrialists, including:* Werner von Siemens , inventor, founder of Siemens AG...
a result of an expensive technology transfer, cost of vehicle cost (prototype 350 million yuan each column, technology transfer fee 390 million euros) in the first round of bidding can not get any orders. EMU in the first tender in payment of technology transfer payments totaling 22.7 billion yuan, accounting for the amount in the tender up to 51%.
November 2005: The Chinese Ministry of Railways and the German Siemens in the "market for technology" principle agreement, Siemens and thus access to 60 300 kilometers per hour high speed train orders.
Innovation
The introduction of foreign advanced technology, high-speed train, in order to implement the "Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2020)" the requirements of high-speed rail system in the core technology innovation to meet the needs of China's railway development, in the 2008 February 26, Republic of China Ministry of Science and Republic of China Ministry of Railways signed the "independent innovation of Chinese high-speed train cooperation agreement Joint Action Plan". Liang Buwei deployment led by the United CASChinese Academy of Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Sciences , formerly known as Academia Sinica, is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It is an institution of the State Council of China. It is headquartered in Beijing, with institutes all over the People's Republic of China...
, Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University , colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911 under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang" or "Tsinghua College" and was renamed the "Tsinghua School" one year later...
, Zhejiang University
Zhejiang University
Zhejiang University , sometimes referred to as Zheda, is a national university in China. Founded in 1897, Zhejiang University is one of China's oldest institutions of higher education...
, Southwest Jiaotong University
Southwest Jiaotong University
Southwest Jiaotong University is one of the oldest universities in mainland China.-About SWJTU:The university was originally founded at Shanhaiguan, Hebei in 1896, and it is currently located in Chengdu, Sichuan, a major city in the southwest part of the country...
, Beijing Jiaotong University
Beijing Jiaotong University
Beijing Jiaotong university is one of the oldest universities in Mainland China.-History:It is a component of Jiaotong University....
and so a large number of academicians and researchers from basic research, demonstration program, to scientific experiments, the combination of China's most outstanding scientific and industrial resources, and establish a production and research with a combination of innovation system, developing the world's highest level of high-speed trains.
Under the agreement, China's independent innovation and high-speed train joint action plan has four main aspects of the target:
- In the introduction of technology "absorption and innovation", based on the realization of independent innovation, develop key technologies, development speed of 350 km and over high-speed train;
- Establish and improve the speed with independent intellectual property rights and over 350 km high speed railway technology system, and made a strong international competitiveness;
- Ministry of Science and the Ministry of Railways to play two synergies to build high-speed train technology innovation chain and industry research alliances, enhance independent innovation capability;
- Promotion of innovative technologies into production, the establishment of China's high-speed train chainChainA chain is a sequence of connected links.Chain may also refer to:Chain may refer to:* Necklace - a jewelry which is worn around the neck* Mail , a type of armor made of interlocking chain links...
and industry groups to enhance the China-related material and equipment capacity.
Republic of China Ministry of Science and started the total investment for this nearly 10 billion yuan in science and technology plan, which is by far the Chinese Ministry of Science and the largest investment program supported by a project. Project has set up dozens of issues, brought together a total of 25 key universities in China, top 11 research institutes, national laboratories and 51 engineering research centers, including 68 academicians, professors more than 500 people, more than 200 researchers, project technical staff on the people. In addition, the Ministry of Science and also with the speed of 400 km of high-speed detection vehicles and deployment of 500 km per hour of high-speed trains were arranged based rehearsal "863 Project" and "973 Project", to form a series of key technologies from basic research to develop and then important equipment developed systems engineering.