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Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 philosopher
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
 and psychologist
Psychology

Psychology is an academic and applied science discipline involving the science study of human mental functions and behavior. Occasionally it also relies on symbolic hermeneutics and critical theory, although these traditions are less pronounced than in other social sciences such as sociology....
.

Born in Wiesentheid
Wiesentheid

Wiesentheid is a Municipalities of Germany in the district of Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany....
, he studied with Franz Brentano
Franz Brentano

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano was an influential Germany philosophy and psychology whose influence was felt by other such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski and Alexius Meinong, who followed and adapted his views....
 and Rudolf Hermann Lotze
Rudolf Hermann Lotze

Rudolf Hermann Lotze , was a Germany philosopher and logician. He also had a medical degree and was unusually well versed in biology. He argued that if the physical world is governed by mechanical laws, relations and developments in the universe could be explained as the functioning of a world mind....
. He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl
Edmund Husserl

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl was a philosophy who is deemed the founder of phenomenology . He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his day, believing that experience is the source of all knowledge, while at the same time he elaborated critiques of psychologism and historicism....
, the founder of modern phenomenology, Max Wertheimer
Max Wertheimer

Max Wertheimer was a Czechs-born Jewish teacher who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang K?hler....
, Wolfgang Köhler
Wolfgang Köhler

Wolfgang K?hler was a German psychologist who, with Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka, founded Gestalt psychology....
 and Kurt Koffka
Kurt Koffka

Kurt Koffka was born and educated in Berlin and earned his PhD there in 1909 as a student of Carl Stumpf. In addition to his studies in Berlin, Koffka also spent one year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where he developed his strong fluency in English, a skill that later served him well in his efforts to spread Gestalt psycholo...
, co-founders of Gestalt psychology
Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology or gestaltism is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holism, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is different from the sum of its parts....
, as well as the renowned Austrian novelist Robert Musil
Robert Musil

Robert Musil was an Austrian writer. His unfinished long novel The Man Without Qualities is generally considered to be one of the most important modernist literature novels....
 who was his doctoral student. Stumpf is also credited with the introduction in current philosophy of the concept of state of affairs
State of affairs

The state of affairs is that combination of circumstances applying within a society or group at a particular time. The current state of affairs may be considered acceptable by many observers, but not necessarily by all....
 (Sachverhalt), which was later popularised through Husserl's works.






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Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 philosopher
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
 and psychologist
Psychology

Psychology is an academic and applied science discipline involving the science study of human mental functions and behavior. Occasionally it also relies on symbolic hermeneutics and critical theory, although these traditions are less pronounced than in other social sciences such as sociology....
.

Born in Wiesentheid
Wiesentheid

Wiesentheid is a Municipalities of Germany in the district of Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany....
, he studied with Franz Brentano
Franz Brentano

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano was an influential Germany philosophy and psychology whose influence was felt by other such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski and Alexius Meinong, who followed and adapted his views....
 and Rudolf Hermann Lotze
Rudolf Hermann Lotze

Rudolf Hermann Lotze , was a Germany philosopher and logician. He also had a medical degree and was unusually well versed in biology. He argued that if the physical world is governed by mechanical laws, relations and developments in the universe could be explained as the functioning of a world mind....
. He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl
Edmund Husserl

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl was a philosophy who is deemed the founder of phenomenology . He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his day, believing that experience is the source of all knowledge, while at the same time he elaborated critiques of psychologism and historicism....
, the founder of modern phenomenology, Max Wertheimer
Max Wertheimer

Max Wertheimer was a Czechs-born Jewish teacher who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang K?hler....
, Wolfgang Köhler
Wolfgang Köhler

Wolfgang K?hler was a German psychologist who, with Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka, founded Gestalt psychology....
 and Kurt Koffka
Kurt Koffka

Kurt Koffka was born and educated in Berlin and earned his PhD there in 1909 as a student of Carl Stumpf. In addition to his studies in Berlin, Koffka also spent one year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where he developed his strong fluency in English, a skill that later served him well in his efforts to spread Gestalt psycholo...
, co-founders of Gestalt psychology
Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology or gestaltism is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holism, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is different from the sum of its parts....
, as well as the renowned Austrian novelist Robert Musil
Robert Musil

Robert Musil was an Austrian writer. His unfinished long novel The Man Without Qualities is generally considered to be one of the most important modernist literature novels....
 who was his doctoral student. Stumpf is also credited with the introduction in current philosophy of the concept of state of affairs
State of affairs

The state of affairs is that combination of circumstances applying within a society or group at a particular time. The current state of affairs may be considered acceptable by many observers, but not necessarily by all....
 (Sachverhalt), which was later popularised through Husserl's works. He also formed a panel of 13 eminent scientists, known as the Hans Commission, to study the claims that a horse named Clever Hans
Clever Hans

Clever Hans was a horse that was claimed to have been able to perform arithmetic and other intellectual tasks.After formal investigation in 1907, psychologist Oskar Pfungst demonstrated that the horse was not actually performing these mental tasks, but was watching the reaction of his human observers....
 could count. Psychologist Oskar Pfungst
Oskar Pfungst

Oskar Pfungst was a Germany comparative biologist and psychologist. While working as a volunteer assistant in the laboratory of Carl Stumpf in Berlin, Pfungst was asked to investigate the horse known as Clever Hans, who could apparently solved a wide array of arithmetic problems set to it by its owner....
 eventually proved that the horse could not really count.

Stumpf was one of the earliest students of Brentano and always remained quite close to his early teachings. He wrote his dissertation under the supervision of Lotze at the university of Göttingen (1868) and also did his habilitation
Habilitation

Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate , the habilitation requires the candidate to write a postdoctoral thesis based on independent scholarly accomplishments, reviewed by and defended before an academic c...
 there (1870). Later in his life he became more and more interested in empirical methods in experimental psychology and effectively became one of the pioneers in this discipline. He held a teaching position in Göttingen, then became a professor at Würzburg
Würzburg

W?rzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. Located on the Main River, it is the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken....
 and later at Prague
Prague

Prague is the Capital and World's largest cities of the Czech Republic. Its official name is Hlavn? mesto Praha, meaning Prague, the Capital City....
, Halle
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg

The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , also referred to as MLU, is a public, research-orientated university in the cities of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt and Wittenberg within Saxony-Anhalt, Germany....
, Munich
Munich

Munich is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Munich is located on the River Isar north of the Northern Limestone Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg....
 and finally Berlin
Berlin

Berlin is the Capital of Germany city and one of sixteen States of Germany of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city....
, where he founded the Berlin School
Berlin School

The Berlin School of experimental psychology was headed by Carl Stumpf , who became professor at the University of Berlin where he founded the Berlin laboratory of experimental psychology ....
 of experimental psychology, which was later to become the base of operation for Gestalt psychology
Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology or gestaltism is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holism, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is different from the sum of its parts....
. Stumpf famously quarreled with Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a Germany medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology....
, then the most prominent figure in German experimental psychology (and by extension, the world), over the psychology of audio
Sound

Sound is vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a threshold of hearing to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations....
 tones
Pitch (music)

Pitch represents the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. It is one of the three major auditory system attributes of sounds along with loudness and timbre....
 and Comparative musicology. With recording a Siamese theater ensemble that visited Berlin in September 1900, Stumpf founded the Berliner Phonogramm-Archiv
Berliner Phonogramm-Archiv

The term Berliner Phonogramm-Archiv is used to refer to:*A collection of Ethnomusicology recordings or world music, mostly on phonographs assembled since 1900 in Berlin, Germany and...
. Stumpf was a good friend and frequent correspondent with the American psychologist and philosopher William James
William James

William James was a pioneering American psychology and philosophy trained as a medical doctor. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religion experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism....
, who also had issues with Wundt.

See also

  • School of Brentano
    School of Brentano

    The School of Brentano refers to the philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano and were essentially influenced by him. While it was never a school in the traditional sense, Brentano tried to maintain some cohesion in the school....


External links

  • in the Virtual Laboratory
    Virtual Laboratory

    The online project Virtual Laboratory. Essays and Resources on the Experimentalization of Life, 1830-1930, located at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, is dedicated to research in the history of the experimentalization of life....
     of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
    Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

    The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin was established in March 1994. Its research is primarily devoted to a theoretically oriented history of science, principally of the natural sciences, but with methodological perspectives drawn from the cognitive sciences and from cultural history....
  • from History of Psychology in Autobiography Vol. 1 (1930), p. 389-441, at York University
    York University

    York University is a Public university research university located in Toronto, Ontario. It is Canada's third-largest university and has produced several of the country's top leaders across the humanities and in sciences such as chemistry, meteorology and space science....
     "Classics in the History of Psychology"