Anatoly Pepelyayev

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Anatoly Pepelyayev

Anatoly Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (Russian

Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
: ???????? ?????????? ????????, 15 August, 1891 - 14 January, 1938) was a White Russian

White Russian

The term White Russian may refer to:* White Russian , an alcoholic beverage* Members of the White Movement whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the R...
general who led the Siberia

Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
n armies of Admiral Kolchak during the Russian Civil War

Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
. His elder brother Viktor Pepelyayev

Viktor Pepelyayev

Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev was a Russian politician associated with the White movement.Viktor and his brother Anatoly Pepelyayev were born in Tomsk, Siberia into a family of a Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army....
served as Prime Minister in Kolchak's government.

Transsiberian March
A graduate of the Paul Military School (1910), Pepelyayev took part in World War I

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the army and most Marine and air forces of the world, typically ranking above a major and below a colonel....
and distinguished himself at Przasnysz

Przasnysz

Przasnysz [] is a town in Poland. Located in the Masovian Voivodship, about 110 km north of Warsaw and about 115 km south of Olsztyn, it's the capital of Przasnysz County....
and Soldau.

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Anatoly Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (Russian

Russian language

White Russian

Siberia

Russian Civil War

Viktor Pepelyayev

Transsiberian March

A graduate of the Paul Military School (1910), Pepelyayev took part in World War I

World War I

Lieutenant Colonel

Przasnysz

Przasnysz [] is a town in Poland. Located in the Masovian Voivodship, about 110 km north of Warsaw and about 115 km south of Olsztyn, it's the capital of Przasnysz County....
and Soldau. After the Russian Revolution, he took the helm of the White movement

White movement

The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
in his native Siberia

Siberia

Tomsk

Tomsk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Tom River in the southwest of Siberian Federal District, Russia, the administrative centre of Tomsk Oblast....
, joining forces with the White Czechs.

In summer 1918 Pepelyayev's corps was involved in a remarkable expedition to the east along the Trans-Siberian Railway

Trans-Siberian Railway

The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a network of railways connecting Moscow and European Russia with the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan....
. It was as a consequence of this expedition that the Whites managed to bring Siberia

Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
under their direct control. On 18 June Pepelyayev entered Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk is the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai of Russia, and the third largest types of inhabited localities in Russia in Siberia....
; on 26 August he advanced as far east as Chita

Chita

Chita may refer to one of the following:...
. Having crossed Transbaikalia, Pepelyayev's forces linked up with the Amur Cossacks

Amur Cossacks

The Amur Cossack Host , a Cossack host created in the Amur region and Primorye in the 1850s on the basis of the Cossacks relocated from the Transbaikal region and freed miners of Nerchinsk region....
of Grigory Semyonov

Grigory Semyonov

Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov , was a Japanese-supported leader of the White movement in Transbaikal and beyond from December 1917 to November 1920, Lieutenant General and Ataman of Baikal Cossacks ....
in early September.

At the conclusion of his Transsiberian march, Pepelyayev gained from the Ufa Directory promotion to the rank of Major General, becoming the youngest general in Siberia. He was also one of the first generals to recognize the authority of Alexander Kolchak, who grabbed power in a coup d'état two months later.

Service under Kolchak

In December Pepelyayev's forces resumed their high tempo advance, this time to the west. His greatest coup was the capture of Perm

Perm

Perm is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia. It is situated on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains....
, where about 20,000 Red Army

Red Army

The Red Army was the armed force first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and, in 1922, became the army of the Soviet Union....
soldiers were taken prisoner on 24 December 1918. Further advance on Vyatka

Vyatka

Vyatka may refer to:*Vyatka River, a river in Russia*Vyatka, former name of the city of Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Russia*Vyatka Region, an informal name of Kirov Oblast of Russia...
was impeded by heavy frost. As the spring rasputitsa

Rasputitsa

The rasputitsa is the biannual season when roads become impassable in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The word may be translated as "quagmire season" because during this period the large flatlands become extremely muddy and marshy, and all non-paved roads are affected too....
arrived Pepelyayev's position deteriorated. His armies had outrun their supply lines and were exhausted from many months of incessant warfare, while the Red Army was pouring newly raised troops into the area.

Pepelyayev's taking of Glazov

Glazov

Glazov is a city located in the north of the Udmurtia, Russia. It is located along the Trans-Siberian Railway, at . Population: 100,894 .The town was founded in the 16th century as a village; town status was granted to it in 1780....
on 2 June, 1919 was his last signal success. During the following months, his First Siberian Army suffered a range of setbacks and fell back on Tobolsk

Tobolsk

Tobolsk is a historic capital of Siberia, now an ordinary town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. It is located at the confluence of rivers Tobol River and Irtysh River....
, where they were forced to make a last stand against the Bolsheviks. By the end of the year, the White Army had collapsed in panic and abandoned Omsk

Omsk

Omsk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. It is the second-largest city in Russia beyond the Urals....
, followed by Tomsk.

Pepelyayev's smouldering conflict with Kolchak came to a head in mid-December when he issued threats to arrest the White dictator. They were reconciled by Viktor Pepelyayev before Anatoly was disabled by typhus

Typhus

Epidemic typhus is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters. The causative organism is Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by the human body louse ....
and transferred for convalescence to Harbin

Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
. The remains of his army joined that of Vladimir Kappel

Vladimir Kappel

Vladimir Oskarovich Kappel was a White Russian military leader.During the First World War he was a Chief of the 347th Infantry Regiment's Staff and an officer in the 1st Army 's Staff....
and crossed the frozen Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is in southern Siberia in Russia, located between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryatia to the southeast, near the city of Irkutsk....
during the Great Siberian Ice March.

"Pepelyayevshchina"

During his stint in Harbin, the former general was employed in menial jobs, including those of carpenter and taxi driver. Still, he harboured the intention of wresting Siberia from the Bolsheviks. On 31 August 1922 Pepelyayev and 553-strong volunteer "druzhina

Druzhina

Druzhina, Dru?yna or Druzyna in the history of early East Slavs was a detachment of select troops in personal service of a tribal chief, later knyaz. Its original functions were bodyguarding, raising tribute from the conquered territories and serving as the core of an army during war campaigns....
" embarked on the last major operation of the Civil War. They sailed into the Sea of Okhotsk

Sea of Okhotsk

The Sea of Okhotsk is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaido to the far south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north....
and disembarked at the port of Okhotsk

Okhotsk

Okhotsk is an urban-type settlement and a seaport at the mouth of the Okhota River on the Sea of Okhotsk, in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia.Located at the eastern end of the Siberian River Routes from the Urals, Okhotsk was the first Russian settlement on the Russian Far East....
, aiming to penetrate westward into the rugged mountainous country.

In September Pepelyayev sailed up the Okhota River

Okhota River

The Okhota River is a river in Khabarovsk Krai, historically it was the easternmost end of the Siberian River Routes.It rises in Suntar-Khayata Range....
into Siberia, with his eyes set on Yakutsk

Yakutsk

kutsk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in the Russian Far East, located about 4? below the Arctic Circle. It is the capital of the Sakha Republic , Russia and a major port on the Lena River....
. His troops swarmed over Yakutia, but were contained by Ivan Strod

Ivan Strod

Ivan Yakovlevich Strod was a hero of the Russian Civil War in the Russian Far East from 1918 to 1923.Ivan Strod was born in Ludza into the medical attendant's family....
's Bolsheviks. Numerically weaker, they were defeated by sheer weight of numbers. After abandoning the key settlement of Amga

Amga

Amga is a Types of inhabited localities in Russia#Rural localities in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is situated on the Amga River, some 200 km south-east of Yakutsk....
, Pepelyayev pressed on towards the Pacific in the hope of making a crossing to Sakhalin

Sakhalin

Sakhalin , also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45?50' and 54?24' N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast....
. This final campaign saw him defeated near Okhotsk on 1-2 May. Pepelyayev surrendered to the Bolsheviks after the siege of the seaside village of Ayan

Ayan

The settlement was founded by the Russian-American Company in 1843 in hopes of establishing a port serving the Amga-Ayan Highway. This was the shortest route from Yakutsk to the Pacific Ocean and was used for shipping furs from the heartland of Yakutia....
on 17 June 1923. This was the last siege of the Russian Civil War.

Imprisonment and death

Lieutenant General Pepelyayev was tried by the Vladivostok

Vladivostok

File:vladivostokrussia.jpgVladivostok is Russia's largest port types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai....
military tribunal and sentenced to execution by firing squad. After he asked Mikhail Kalinin

Mikhail Kalinin

Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was a Bolshevik revolutionary and the titular head of state of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1946. Though only four years older than Joseph Stalin, Kalinin was celebrated as Dedushka by the Young Pioneers....
for pardon, the sentence was commuted to ten years in prison. He served this term in the Yaroslavl

Yaroslavl

Yaroslavl is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located north-east of Moscow....
prison, then in Butyrki. Pepelyayev was finally set at liberty on 6 June 1936 and was employed as a carpenter in Voronezh

Voronezh

Voronezh is a large types of inhabited localities in Russia in southwestern Russia, not far from Ukraine. It is located either side of the Voronezh River, twelve kilometers away from where it flows into the Don River, Russia....
. In August 1937, during The Great Purges, he was again arrested, taken to Novosibirsk

Novosibirsk

Novosibirsk is Russia's third-largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast....
, tried on charges of having created a counter-revolutionary organization, sentenced to death and executed. Pepelyayev was posthumously cleared of these charges and rehabilitated in 1989.