The
4000 series (originally: CD4000 series, but now includes HEF4000 series, etc.) is a family of industry standard integrated circuits which implement a variety of
logicA logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits...
functions using
Complementary Metal–Oxide–SemiconductorComplementary metal–oxide–semiconductor is a technology for making integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data...
technology. They were introduced by
RCARCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. Currently, the RCA trademark is owned by the French conglomerate Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson...
as
CD4000 COS/MOS in 1968, as a lower power and more versatile alternative to the
7400 seriesThe 7400 series of Transistor-transistor logic integrated circuits are historically important as the first widespread family of TTL integrated circuit logic . It was used to build the mini and mainframe computers of the 1960s and 1970s...
of
TTLTransistor–transistor logic is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors and resistors. It is called transistor–transistor logic because both the logic gating function and the amplifying function are performed by transistors .TTL is notable for being a widespread...
logic chips. Almost all IC manufacturers active during the era fabricated chips from this series. RCA sometimes advertised the line as COSMOS, standing for COmplementary Symmetry Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. The naming system followed the RCA convention of CA for analog, CD for digital, but did not relate to the
Texas InstrumentsTexas Instruments , widely known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, renowned for developing and commercializing semiconductor and computer technology. TI is the No. 4 manufacturer of semiconductors worldwide after Intel, Samsung and Toshiba, and is the top supplier...
SN
7400 seriesThe 7400 series of Transistor-transistor logic integrated circuits are historically important as the first widespread family of TTL integrated circuit logic . It was used to build the mini and mainframe computers of the 1960s and 1970s...
numbering scheme.
Initially, the 4000 series devices could not operate at speeds as fast as the popular 7400 TTL chips, but had the advantage of much lower
powerElectric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt.When electric current flows in a circuit, it can transfer energy to do mechanical or thermodynamic work...
consumption, the ability to operate over a much wider range of supply
voltageVoltage is commonly used as a short name for electrical potential difference. Its corresponding SI unit is the volt...
s (3V to 15V), and simpler
circuitAn electronic circuit is a closed path or paths formed by the interconnection of electronic components through which an electric current can flow....
design due to the vastly increased
fanoutFan-out is a measure of the ability of a logic gate output, implemented electronically, to drive a number of inputs of other logic gates of the same type. In most designs, logic gates are connected together to form more complex circuits, and it is common for one logic gate output to be connected to...
. However their slower speed (initially only capable of about 1 MHz operation, compared with TTL's 10 MHz) limited their applications to static or slow speed designs. Later, new fabrication technology largely overcame the speed problems, while retaining backward compatibility with most circuit designs. Although all semiconductors can be damaged by
electrostatic dischargeElectrostatic discharge is the sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field...
, the high
impedanceElectrical impedance, or simply impedance, describes a measure of opposition to a sinusoidal alternating current . Electrical impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, describing not only the relative amplitudes of the voltage and current, but also the relative phases...
of CMOS inputs makes them more susceptible than
bipolar transistor-basedA bipolar transistor is a three-terminal electronic device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes...
, TTL, devices. Eventually, the advantages of CMOS (especially the later series such as 74HC) edged out the older TTL chips, but at the same time ever increasing LSI techniques edged out the modular chip approach to design. The 4000 series is still widely available, but perhaps less important than it was two decades ago.
The series was extended in the late 1970s and 1980s to include new types which implemented new or more greatly integrated functions, or were better versions of existing chips in the 4000 series. Most of these newer chips were given 45xx and 45xxx designations, but are usually still regarded by engineers as part of the 4000 series.
In the 1990s, some manufacturers (e.g.
Texas InstrumentsTexas Instruments , widely known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, renowned for developing and commercializing semiconductor and computer technology. TI is the No. 4 manufacturer of semiconductors worldwide after Intel, Samsung and Toshiba, and is the top supplier...
) ported the 4000 series to their newer
HCMOSHCMOS, high-speed CMOS, is the set of specifications for electrical ratings and characteristics, forming the 74HC00 family, a part of the 7400 series of integrated circuits....
technology with devices such as the 74HCT4060 providing equivalent functionality to a 4060 IC but with greater speed.
Design considerations
The original 4000 series was available in two versions: The A series was unbuffered, while the B series featured buffered inputs and outputs (in the form of additional, simple logic gates). The buffered outputs are able to source or sink more current than the unbuffered outputs, thus eliminating the need for discrete switching transistors in some designs. The buffered versions also have faster output switching times, as the
signal riseIn electronics, the slew rate represents the maximum rate of change of a signal at any point in a circuit.Limitations in slew rate capability can give rise to non linear effects in electronic amplifiers...
time of the buffered output stage is faster than that of an unbuffered device, however the overall
propagation delayPropagation delay is a technical term that can have a different meaning depending on the context. It can relate to networking, electronics or physics. In general it is the length of time taken for the quantity of interest to reach its destination.- Networking :...
through the buffered versions is higher due to the additional circuitry. The buffered devices are less susceptible to output
oscillationOscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value or between two or more different states. Familiar examples include a swinging pendulum and AC power...
with slow-changing inputs so designers have to weigh up the pros and cons of using buffered or unbuffered parts according to the nature of the circuit in which the devices are being used. The additional input and output gates on the buffered parts also make them marginally less susceptible to damage by
electrostatic dischargeElectrostatic discharge is the sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field...
(ESD).
Although the original designation for unbuffered and buffered parts was the addition of an 'A' or 'B' suffix to the part code (eg: 4000A = unbuffered, 4000B = buffered), some manufacturers (eg: Texas Instruments) later changed to using UB (unbuffered) and B (buffered) suffixes (eg: 4000UB and 4000B).
The diagrams below show the construction differences between a simple buffered and unbuffered CMOS
NORThe NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR - it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW . If one or both input is HIGH , a LOW output results. NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator...
logic gate. Note that the logic gate at the core of the buffered part is actually a
NAND gateThe NAND gate is a digital logic gate that behaves in a manner that corresponds to the truth table to the left. A LOW output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH. If one or both inputs are LOW, a HIGH output results...
, but the overall function of the complete circuit is a NOR gate due to the logic inversions performed by the buffers. The clamping
diodeIn electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component which conducts electric current asymmetrically or unidirectionally; that is, it conducts current more easily in one direction than in the opposite direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today,...
s on the inputs are to offer some protection against ESD.
The 4000 series permits the use of "
cookbook designDonald E. Lancaster is a prolific author, inventor, and microcomputer pioneer best known for his magazine columns. He is also known for his "TV Typewriter" dumb terminal project, his book on technical entrepreneurship The Incredible Secret Money Machine, and his work on and advocacy of early...
" at least for slow design, where standard circuit elements can be created, shared, and connected to other circuits with few, if any, connection difficulties. This greatly speeds the design of new hardware by reusing standard approaches to circuit design. In contrast, TTL circuits, while similarly modular, often require much more careful interfacing, since the limited
fanoutFan-out is a measure of the ability of a logic gate output, implemented electronically, to drive a number of inputs of other logic gates of the same type. In most designs, logic gates are connected together to form more complex circuits, and it is common for one logic gate output to be connected to...
(and
fan-inFan-in is the number of inputs of an electronic logic gate. For instance the 'fan-in' for the AND gate shown below is 3. Logic gates with a large fan-in tend to be slower than those with a small fan-in, because the complexity of the input circuitry increases the input capacitance of the device.A...
) require that the loading of each output be carefully considered. Some later TTL families, like 74LS reduce this problem with fanouts of 20. It is also much easier to prototype LSI designs using the 4000 series and get repeatable and transferable results when moving to the more integrated design.
Some care needs to be taken with the design of circuits using CMOS chips. Many parts offer multiple logic gates in a single package and it is common to not need or use all of them. An engineer who forgets to 'tie off' (connect the unused gate inputs to VSS or VDD through pull-down or pull-up
resistor|- align = "center"||width = "25"|| |- align = "center"||| Potentiometer|- align = "center"| || |- align = "top"| Resistor|| Variable
resistor|- align = "center"||width = "25"|| |- align = "center"||| Potentiometer|- align = "center"...
s may find the chip draws excessive current. The problem is caused by
biasingBiasing in electronics is the method of establishing predetermined voltages and/or currents at various points of a circuit to set an appropriate operating point....
in each gate. With the inputs disconnected, the gate will bias itself into a linear mode where the outputs are partially switched; this leaves the output buffer drawing a great deal of current since it isn't fully on or off.
Example common 4000 series chips
- 4000 - Dual 3-Input NOR Gate and Inverter
- 4001 - Quad 2-Input NOR Gate
- 4002 - Dual 4-Input NOR Gate OR Gate
In logic and mathematics, or, also known as logical disjunction or inclusive disjunction, is a logical operator that results in true whenever one or more of its operands are true. E.g. in this context, "A or B" is true if A is true, or if B is true, or if both A and B are true. In grammar, or is a...
- 4008 - 4-Bit Full Adder
In electronics, an adder or summer is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers.In modern computers adders reside in the arithmetic logic unit where other operations are performed....
- 4010 - hex non-inverting buffer
- 4011 - Quad 2-Input NAND Gate
Notable parts
A few parts are notable in the 4000 series because of their level of integration compared to other chips. This list is intentionally incomplete and is meant to provide a sample of the more interesting parts in the series. Devices useful for switching analog signals (such as the 4066, and 4051 to 4053) have continued to enjoy popularity in some audio designs (although non-4000 series chips, often with less distortion, are now available).
4017 decade counter
The
4017 IC is a 16-pin
CMOSComplementary metal–oxide–semiconductor is a technology for making integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data...
decade
counterIn digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal...
from the 4000 series. It takes clock pulses from the clock input, and makes one of the ten outputs come on in sequence each time a clock pulse arrives.
Pinout
| Pin number | Name | Purpose |
|---|
| 1 |
6 |
The 6th sequential output |
| 2 |
2 |
The 2nd sequential output |
| 3 |
1 |
The 1st sequential output |
| 4 |
3 |
The 3th sequential output |
| 5 |
7 |
The 7th sequential output |
| 6 |
8 |
The 8th sequential output |
| 7 |
4 |
The 4th sequential output |
| 8 |
0V, VDD |
The connection to the 0V rail |
| 9 |
9 |
The 9th sequential output |
| 10 |
5 |
The 5th sequential output |
| 11 |
10 |
The 10th sequential output |
| 12 |
CO |
Carry out output - outputs high on counts 0 to 4, outputs low on counts 5 to 9 (thus a transition from low to high occurs when counting from 9 back to 0) |
| 13 |
LE |
Latch enable - latches on the current output when high (i.e. the chip counts when LE is low) |
| 14 |
CLK |
Clock in |
| 15 |
RST |
Reset - sets output 1 high and outputs 2 through 10 low, when taken high |
| 16 |
+9V, VCC |
The connection to the +VCC rail (voltage between +3V and +15V) |
Example: Electronic Roulette
The
circuit diagramA circuit diagram is a simplified conventional graphical representation of an electrical circuit...
on the right shows how to create a game of
rouletteRoulette is a casino and gambling game named after a French diminutive for "little wheel". In the game, players may choose to place bets on either a number, a range of numbers, the colors red or black, or whether the number is odd or even....
using the 4017 decade counter and various other electronic parts. The switch stops the roulette, and the resistor adjusts the spin speed.
4026 counter and display decoder
The
4026 IC is a 16-pin
CMOSComplementary metal–oxide–semiconductor is a technology for making integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data...
seven-segment
counterIn digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal...
from the 4000 series. It counts clock pulses and returns the output in a form which can be displayed on a
seven-segment displayA seven-segment display , less commonly known as a seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays...
. This avoids using a binary-coded decimal to seven-segment decoder, but it can only be used to display the (decimal) digits 0-9.
Pinout
| Pin number | Name | Purpose |
|---|
| 1 |
CLK |
Clock in |
| 2 |
CI |
Clock inhibit - when low, clock pulses increment the seven-segment |
| 3 |
DE |
Display enable - the chip outputs to the seven-segment when this is high (i.e. when it's low, the seven-segment is off) - useful to conserve battery life, for instance |
| 4 |
DEO |
Display enable out - for chaining 4026s |
| 5 |
CO |
Carry out output - Is high when changing from 9 to 0. It provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency, to drive the clock input of another 4026 to provide multi-digit counting. |
| 6 |
F |
Output for the seven-segment's F input |
| 7 |
G |
Output for the seven-segment's G input |
| 8 |
VDD |
The connection to the 0V rail |
| 9 |
D |
Output for the seven-segment's D input |
| 10 |
A |
Output for the seven-segment's A input |
| 11 |
E |
Output for the seven-segment's E input |
| 12 |
B |
Output for the seven-segment's B input |
| 13 |
C |
Output for the seven-segment's C input |
| 14 |
UCS |
Ungated C-segment - an output for the seven-segment's C input which isn't affected by the DE input. This output is high unless the count is 2, when it goes low. |
| 15 |
RST |
Reset - resets all outputs to low when taken high |
| 16 |
VSS |
The connection to the +9V rail |
4511 BCD to seven-segment decoder
The
4511 IC is a 16-pin
CMOSComplementary metal–oxide–semiconductor is a technology for making integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data...
BCD to seven-segment decoder from the 4000 series. It takes the
binary-coded decimalIn computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary sequence. Its main virtue is that it allows easy conversion to decimal digits for printing or display, and allows faster decimal calculations...
from a binary counter and decodes it to drive a
seven-segment displayA seven-segment display , less commonly known as a seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays...
.
Pinout
| Pin number | Name | Purpose |
|---|
| 1 |
2s |
Input for the 2s digit from the binary counter |
| 2 |
4s |
Input for the 4s digit from the binary counter |
| 3 |
LT |
Lamp test - when low, the chip takes all the segments on the display high (to test connections, etc.) |
| 4 |
BI |
Blanking input - when low, the chip doesn't output to the display - to conserve battery life, for instance |
| 5 |
LE |
Latch enable - latches on the current output when high (i.e. the inputs change the output when LE is low) |
| 6 |
8s |
Input for the 8s digit from the binary counter |
| 7 |
1s |
Input for the 1s digit from the binary counter |
| 8 |
0V, VDD |
The connection to the 0V rail |
| 9 |
E |
Output for the seven-segment's E input |
| 10 |
D |
Output for the seven-segment's D input |
| 11 |
C |
Output for the seven-segment's C input |
| 12 |
B |
Output for the seven-segment's B input |
| 13 |
A |
Output for the seven-segment's A input |
| 14 |
G |
Output for the seven-segment's G input |
| 15 |
F |
Output for the seven-segment's F input |
| 16 |
+9V, VCC |
The connection to the +9V rail |
See also
- List of 4000 series integrated circuits
- 7400 series
The 7400 series of Transistor-transistor logic integrated circuits are historically important as the first widespread family of TTL integrated circuit logic . It was used to build the mini and mainframe computers of the 1960s and 1970s...
- List of 7400 series integrated circuits
- Logic gate
A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits...
External links