12 Chief Directorate
Encyclopedia
The 12th Chief Directorate of the Ministry of Defense (12 GU MO) of the former USSR and of the modern Russian Federation (Russian
: 12 Главное Управление Министерства Обороны СССР/РФ (Ядерно-техническое обеспечение и Безопасность) is a department within the Russian (ex-Soviet) Ministry of Defense responsible for safe-keeping, technical maintenance, transportation, delivery, issuance, disposal, etc. of the nuclear arsenal of the state. The agency is also responsible for testing of nuclear charges, for ecological safety of such testing, and for maintenance of Soviet/Russian testing grounds, known in Russian as “polygons” – in Semipalatinsk (Semipalatinsk Test Site
, now Kazakhstan
) and on Novaya Zemlya
Archipelago.
Unlike the GRU
(Chief Directorate of Intelligence), the 12th GU MO is not a chief directorate of the General Staff
, but a chief directorate of the Ministry of Defense. As such it is not subordinated to the Chief of the General Staff
of the Soviet
/Russian Armed Forces
, but directly to the Minister of Defense, which makes it higher in status compared to the GRU. Position of the Chief of the 12th GU MO is equal to that of the commander of a military district, and supposed to be occupied by a 4-star General or by a Marshal of Artillery. However, in practice, out of seven chiefs of this Organization, only one (E.V. Boichuk) has held such a high rank – the other six were only three-star Generals.
, near Moscow
, and by a special faculty of the Dzerzhinsky Military Academy. The 12th GU MO maintains also its own training facility for commissioned officers and for warrant-officers at Sharapovo village, near a city of Sergiev Posad, where commissioned officers possessing other military specialties could be educated in nuclear arsenal maintenance skills in 6-month-long courses. Non-essential specialists (those commissioned and non-commissioned officers and soldiers who perform general tasks unrelated to nuclear weapons) could be supplied by other military colleges and academies, but these people can not obtain positions in the 12th GU MO or in either of its subordinated units unless they (as well as their family) could get a special security clearance.
In the USSR only members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
could be appointed to serve in the 12th GU MO or in any of its subordinated units, including its Special Control Service (even young conscripts who served there only two years without actually knowing anything about nuclear weapons must obtain special security clearance and must necessarily be members of the Communist Union of Youth, aka “Komsomol
”).
Each base is typically the size of a regiment
, sometimes the size of a brigade
, but it is usually commanded by a Major-General or sometimes by a Rear Admiral
rather than by a Colonel
because their importance and elevated status makes them technically equal to that of a regular infantry or other division. Many of commanding officers serving at its Moscow head-quarters bear General’s and Admiral’s ranks, since almost all of them are being promoted from among remote arsenal base commanders. That is why percentage of Generals and Admirals among commissioned officers in the 12th GU MO is considerably higher than in any other military organization of the Russian Armed Forces or the Russian Navy. Such nuclear arsenal bases are usually located far enough from big cities (at least 50 kilometres), but close enough to the military units that would use these nuclear warheads in case of war (primarily it is Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
batteries, but also missile batteries with shorter range, theatre and tactical missile units, navy and aviation units armed with nuclear weapons, units of military saboteurs and engineers that were supposed to use portable nuclear munitions, anti-aircraft and anti-ballistic missile defences that use nuclear-tipped missiles, etc.). So the main purpose of the 12th Chief Directorate’s existence is to securely separate “end-users” of nuclear weapons from their actual nuclear weapons during times of peace. Only in case of real necessity those who are supposed to have nuclear weapons would get them and it could only happen when authorized by the top political leadership. Presently only some small number of nuclear warheads are always issued to end-users, such as warheads attached to ballistic missiles currently at service, but most of the Russian nuclear arsenal is being securely kept by the 12th Chief Directorate units and could only be issued to others in case of emergency.
Moreover, this organization is tasked to collect currently issued nuclear warheads back from their end-users for a reason of replacement or upgrading, and to conduct technical maintenance on nuclear weapons currently issued to end-users at their territories. For this reason each military unit that armed with nuclear warheads currently in service also has some permanently attached representatives of the 12th GU MO nearest arsenal bases whose main duty is to supervise prescribed handling and to conduct required technical maintenance of these issued nuclear warheads. The 12th GU MO nuclear arsenal bases’ staff is additionally trained for being able to attach nuclear warheads to their carriers, ballistic and other missiles, to strategic bombers and to other kind of aircraft, a task which usually assigned to special units of end-users. Such additional training is conducted for a reason that 12th GU MO specialists could replace specialists of the end-users in this capacity in case of emergency.
Another task of the 12th GU MO is to prevent so-called "nuclear terrorism
," but this is a relatively modern task, which did not exist formerly.
Besides these nuclear arsenal bases, the 12th Chief Directorate maintains several nuclear weapons research institutes in Moscow and in Sergiev Posad, near Moscow, with their subsidiaries located at nuclear testing grounds in Semipalatinsk-21 and on Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, and in several other cities (Saint Petersburg
, for example). It also maintains a separate research institute tasked with developing nuclear explosions detection technology.
Another function of the 12th GU MO is to serve as a link between the Armed Forces and those branches of Soviet/Russian industry and science related to nuclear weapons developing and manufacturing. It is actually the 12th Chief Directorate that develops detailed plans for required nuclear armament and its improvements and places orders for nuclear weapons production before civilian manufacturers.
or the Strategic Rocket Forces
. Even though today Russia has become more open and even some articles appear in its mass-media openly describing the “Nuclear Technical Service” Directorate, this organization remains off-limits. However, during Soviet times the most of commissioned officers, even though highly educated ones, had little or no knowledge that the 12th Chief Directorate existed. In the Soviet times it was considered taboo to talk about it outside of secured premises. When talking to strangers, even to other commissioned officers of the Armed Forces, one could only refer to their unit by its coded number. For example you could say that “I serve as a tank platoon commander at the military unit 31600,” but nothing more than that.
Most of officials of the 12th GU MO headquarters wear gunnery uniforms and bear military ranks typical to Artillery
, since this organization is considered being primarily an “arsenal.” However, when it comes to its personnel serving in its remote nuclear arsenal bases, it could wear various military uniforms, ranging from aviation and navy to even tank-crews and marines, because it is a long-time policy of the 12th GU MO to disguise its remote units. All service personnel of the 12th GU MO are explicitly forbidden to reveal to anyone, even to their spouses, that they serve in the Nuclear Technical Service, in the 12th Chief Directorate, or that they have anything to do with nuclear weapons. Moreover, a majority of non-essential staff of nuclear arsenal bases do not know that they actually maintain nuclear weapons. Every unit of this organization has its own cover story based on its location and its currently worn uniform and all its personnel must strictly adhere to this story when dealing with strangers. Some bases also use “civilian legends.” For example, nuclear arsenal base unit number 62047 in Krasnokamianka
, Kizil-Tash, Crimea
, was masquerading as a “wine-making enterprise”.
Active disinformation
measures to this effect are meticulously planned and are regularly conducted not only in order to create a wrong impression among local population and neighbouring military units, but even to misinform conscripts and other unrelated staff serving at actual arsenal bases. For example, tanks and artillery pieces that are maintained as a part of the cover story could be seen by neighbours on daily “routine” exercises in corresponding bogus “tank“ or “artillery“ regiments. In order to minimize spreading of information about these bases, their commissioned staff was encouraged to serve at one location for as long as possible and not to seek promotions outside their bases (while it was typical for Soviet military in general to move officers every 3–5 years to various places and to promote them exclusively outside of their former military units).
The 12th Chief Directorate maintains its own secure communication system, independent of others, that links its peace-time and war-time headquarters with all its bases and with other subordinated units. Additional local communication systems of each arsenal base securely link its main command post with its multiple mobile STGs. The main communication system of the 12th GU MO has its own unique coded commands that could be used to instantly transmit orders to elevate readiness and to begin loading, delivering, and issuing nuclear warheads and other nuclear munitions to their end-users. Such commands must be transmitted via at least three different communication channels simultaneously to guarantee their delivery. Delivery of such commands must be practiced at least once a day.
More extended exercises that include execution of alerts of a “higher readiness” and “combat readiness,” with actual loading of warheads into transport and dispatching the STGs towards the end-users, must be conducted at least several times per year. All nuclear arsenal bases are linked by their own railways to the vast Russian railways
system (nuclear warheads/munitions are being moved from production plants to the 12th Chief Directorate units and between these units usually by railway).
, and some to the 12th Chief Directorate itself. This arrangement is made so that guards could not make any sinister agreements among themselves. Moreover, guards from the 12th GU MO are organized into a separate battalion which makes them independent from those dealing with nuclear weapons inside. Each arsenal base is encircled by barbed wire carrying current, by various electronic and laser movement detection devices, by border furrow, and sometimes even by mine fields in between. Guard dogs are also used in some cases. In addition to an outer guarding perimeter there is also an inner guarding perimeter, which encircles the nuclear depot (its “technical zone”), where only authorized officers could have access. Even when it is needed to bring in some truck to load or to unload, the truck’s driver has to get out and then some authorized officer would replace the driver to drive the truck into the technical zone.
The technical zone itself is also separated into several restricted zones of various levels of access in accordance with actual levels of security clearance of staff admitted there. Inside such an inner perimeter all technical premises where nuclear warheads are being kept and maintained, are normally buried deep underground and usually equipped with full anti-atomic protection; for example, typical weight of steel safe-like hermetic doors to the inner premises is over 40 tons. These premises, as well as command posts, could likely survive a thermo-nuclear explosion and the officers there could still be able to deliver their warheads in such conditions.
"); its first chief was Major-General-Engineer (later – full General) Viktor A. Boliatko.
The first curator of this organization was Lavrentiy Beria
, the then mighty chief of the Soviet NKVD
. It is widely believed until today that if not for Beria’s personal efforts, neither the Nuclear Technical Service, nor actual nuclear weapons would ever be created in the Soviet Union. In fact, it was Beria who spearheaded the campaign for creating the USSR's own nuclear weapons program and who contributed to it, including supplying some nuclear technology stolen by his intelligence service from the United States
researchers. For this reason, Beria is considered to the god-father of this organization. Even though for the rest of the Soviet Union Beria was declared an “enemy of the people
”, relegated to “unperson” status and excluded from the 30-volumed Great Soviet Encyclopedia
, he remains a highly revered figure within the off-limits structure of the 12th GU MO, and especially within its scientific research institutions. Beria’s portraits and statues are still maintained in some premises and flowers are laid to his statures on his birthdays and on some other occasions. Even in the post-Soviet times when the entire communist past was declared criminal, the alleged “top of the top communist criminal” Lavrentiy Beria
continued to enjoy similar reverence among nuclear weapons specialists. For example, the 6-volumes collective work named “Nuclear Testing in the USSR” published few years after the USSR disappearance still features seditious Beria’s portrait first in this book, before any other photos.
The 12th Chief Directorate in its current capacity was formed in February 1959. Three years later the Organization managed to effectively and secretly delivered numerous combat-ready nuclear warheads of six different types to Cuba
during an infamous strategic Operation Anadyr
, a move that resulted in the most dangerous nuclear stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union. On the next stage of its development the Nuclear Technical Service was headed by General N.P. Egorov. The next and the most well-known chief was Marshal of Artillery E.V. Boichuk, who held this position from February 1974 until November 1985 and was credited with transforming the organization into the most effective nuclear weapons protection, delivery, and maintenance system. During his command the 12th GU MO lost its initial “warehouse image” and became a real effective branch of the Soviet Armed Forces, in some respects surpassing by its effectiveness of well-known Soviet special purpose forces such as “Spetsnaz
” and the “VDV” (Russian Airborne Troops). The last chief of this organization during the Soviet Union was General V.I. Gerasimov.
The 12th Chief Directorate was re-created as a part of Russian Armed Forces on September 2, 1993, by a special order No.68 of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. The first post-soviet chief of the 12th GU MO was General E.P. Maslin. In September 1997 he was replaced by General I.N. Valynkin. The current chief (from December 2005) of the 12th Chief Directorate is V.N. Verkhovcev.
The Special Control Service is tasked with gathering intelligence on nuclear weapons and particularly on nuclear testing of various adversaries of the former USSR by all means – ranging from six technical control methods to analyzing radio
-intercepts and periodicals. The Special Control Service was not a part of the 12th GU MO from very beginning, but was formerly a part of the GRU, its 6th Directorate’s department of special observation. However, it was later detached from the GRU and made an independent Special Observation Service of the Defense Ministry. Then it was re-named into a Special Control Service and re-subordinated first to the Directorate of the Commander of the Chemical Troops (the analogue of a standard ABC service in the Soviet Army), and then again re-subordinated to the 12th GU MO.
The Special Control Service has its own network of military units, named “detection laboratories”, each headed by a Colonel, which are situated in many spots inside and outside of the Soviet Union and are all linked to the Service headquarters and to its computation centres by its own secure communication network which is totally independent from the communication network of the 12th GU MO itself.
Note: v/ch here mean 'Military Unit Number.'
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
: 12 Главное Управление Министерства Обороны СССР/РФ (Ядерно-техническое обеспечение и Безопасность) is a department within the Russian (ex-Soviet) Ministry of Defense responsible for safe-keeping, technical maintenance, transportation, delivery, issuance, disposal, etc. of the nuclear arsenal of the state. The agency is also responsible for testing of nuclear charges, for ecological safety of such testing, and for maintenance of Soviet/Russian testing grounds, known in Russian as “polygons” – in Semipalatinsk (Semipalatinsk Test Site
Semipalatinsk Test Site
The Semipalatinsk Test Site was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons. It is located on the steppe in northeast Kazakhstan , south of the valley of the Irtysh River...
, now Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
) and on Novaya Zemlya
Novaya Zemlya
Novaya Zemlya , also known in Dutch as Nova Zembla and in Norwegian as , is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in the north of Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe, the easternmost point of Europe lying at Cape Flissingsky on the northern island...
Archipelago.
Unlike the GRU
GRU
GRU or Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye is the foreign military intelligence directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation...
(Chief Directorate of Intelligence), the 12th GU MO is not a chief directorate of the General Staff
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the military staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is the central organ of the Armed Forces Administration and oversees operational management of the armed forces under the Russian Ministry of Defence.The staff is...
, but a chief directorate of the Ministry of Defense. As such it is not subordinated to the Chief of the General Staff
Chief of the General Staff (Russia)
The Chief of the General Staff is the chief of staff of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. He is appointed by the President of Russia, who is the commander-in-chief. The position dates to the period of the Russian Empire...
of the Soviet
Soviet Armed Forces
The Soviet Armed Forces, also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union refers to the armed forces of the Russian SFSR , and Soviet Union from their beginnings in the...
/Russian Armed Forces
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are the military services of Russia, established after the break-up of the Soviet Union. On 7 May 1992 Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Russian Ministry of Defence and placing all Soviet Armed Forces troops on the territory of the RSFSR...
, but directly to the Minister of Defense, which makes it higher in status compared to the GRU. Position of the Chief of the 12th GU MO is equal to that of the commander of a military district, and supposed to be occupied by a 4-star General or by a Marshal of Artillery. However, in practice, out of seven chiefs of this Organization, only one (E.V. Boichuk) has held such a high rank – the other six were only three-star Generals.
Officers
Officers, or cadres, for the 12th GU MO are supplied mainly by a special nuclear weapons faculty of the Military College of Rocket Forces(:ru:Военная академия РВСН имени Петра Великого) situated in SerpukhovSerpukhov
Serpukhov is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, which is situated at the confluence of the Oka and the Nara Rivers. It is located south from Moscow on the Moscow—Simferopol highway. The Moscow—Tula railway passes through the town. Population: -History:...
, near Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, and by a special faculty of the Dzerzhinsky Military Academy. The 12th GU MO maintains also its own training facility for commissioned officers and for warrant-officers at Sharapovo village, near a city of Sergiev Posad, where commissioned officers possessing other military specialties could be educated in nuclear arsenal maintenance skills in 6-month-long courses. Non-essential specialists (those commissioned and non-commissioned officers and soldiers who perform general tasks unrelated to nuclear weapons) could be supplied by other military colleges and academies, but these people can not obtain positions in the 12th GU MO or in either of its subordinated units unless they (as well as their family) could get a special security clearance.
In the USSR only members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only legal, ruling political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the world...
could be appointed to serve in the 12th GU MO or in any of its subordinated units, including its Special Control Service (even young conscripts who served there only two years without actually knowing anything about nuclear weapons must obtain special security clearance and must necessarily be members of the Communist Union of Youth, aka “Komsomol
Komsomol
The Communist Union of Youth , usually known as Komsomol , was the youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Komsomol in its earliest form was established in urban centers in 1918. During the early years, it was a Russian organization, known as the Russian Communist Union of...
”).
Main structure and tasks
In its main part the 12th GU MO consists of the headquarters, or the “directorate of the Chief of the 12 Chief Directorate”, located in central Moscow – Znamenskiy Pereulok 19, unit number 31600. There was also a central archive, popularly known as “the nuclear registrar,” where any and every piece of the Soviet or Russian nuclear munitions is registered. Besides, it consists of a network of nuclear arsenal bases both central and “dedicated” where nuclear warheads/munitions are actually being kept. These bases are called “Special-Technical Formations”, but their whole is called “Special Troops of Supreme Command Reserve”.Each base is typically the size of a regiment
Regiment
A regiment is a major tactical military unit, composed of variable numbers of batteries, squadrons or battalions, commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel...
, sometimes the size of a brigade
Brigade
A brigade is a major tactical military formation that is typically composed of two to five battalions, plus supporting elements depending on the era and nationality of a given army and could be perceived as an enlarged/reinforced regiment...
, but it is usually commanded by a Major-General or sometimes by a Rear Admiral
Rear Admiral
Rear admiral is a naval commissioned officer rank above that of a commodore and captain, and below that of a vice admiral. It is generally regarded as the lowest of the "admiral" ranks, which are also sometimes referred to as "flag officers" or "flag ranks"...
rather than by a Colonel
Colonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
because their importance and elevated status makes them technically equal to that of a regular infantry or other division. Many of commanding officers serving at its Moscow head-quarters bear General’s and Admiral’s ranks, since almost all of them are being promoted from among remote arsenal base commanders. That is why percentage of Generals and Admirals among commissioned officers in the 12th GU MO is considerably higher than in any other military organization of the Russian Armed Forces or the Russian Navy. Such nuclear arsenal bases are usually located far enough from big cities (at least 50 kilometres), but close enough to the military units that would use these nuclear warheads in case of war (primarily it is Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Intercontinental ballistic missile
An intercontinental ballistic missile is a ballistic missile with a long range typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery...
batteries, but also missile batteries with shorter range, theatre and tactical missile units, navy and aviation units armed with nuclear weapons, units of military saboteurs and engineers that were supposed to use portable nuclear munitions, anti-aircraft and anti-ballistic missile defences that use nuclear-tipped missiles, etc.). So the main purpose of the 12th Chief Directorate’s existence is to securely separate “end-users” of nuclear weapons from their actual nuclear weapons during times of peace. Only in case of real necessity those who are supposed to have nuclear weapons would get them and it could only happen when authorized by the top political leadership. Presently only some small number of nuclear warheads are always issued to end-users, such as warheads attached to ballistic missiles currently at service, but most of the Russian nuclear arsenal is being securely kept by the 12th Chief Directorate units and could only be issued to others in case of emergency.
Moreover, this organization is tasked to collect currently issued nuclear warheads back from their end-users for a reason of replacement or upgrading, and to conduct technical maintenance on nuclear weapons currently issued to end-users at their territories. For this reason each military unit that armed with nuclear warheads currently in service also has some permanently attached representatives of the 12th GU MO nearest arsenal bases whose main duty is to supervise prescribed handling and to conduct required technical maintenance of these issued nuclear warheads. The 12th GU MO nuclear arsenal bases’ staff is additionally trained for being able to attach nuclear warheads to their carriers, ballistic and other missiles, to strategic bombers and to other kind of aircraft, a task which usually assigned to special units of end-users. Such additional training is conducted for a reason that 12th GU MO specialists could replace specialists of the end-users in this capacity in case of emergency.
Another task of the 12th GU MO is to prevent so-called "nuclear terrorism
Nuclear terrorism
Nuclear terrorism denotes the use, or threat of the use, of nuclear weapons or radiological weapons in acts of terrorism, includingattacks against facilities where radioactive materials are present...
," but this is a relatively modern task, which did not exist formerly.
Besides these nuclear arsenal bases, the 12th Chief Directorate maintains several nuclear weapons research institutes in Moscow and in Sergiev Posad, near Moscow, with their subsidiaries located at nuclear testing grounds in Semipalatinsk-21 and on Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, and in several other cities (Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
, for example). It also maintains a separate research institute tasked with developing nuclear explosions detection technology.
Another function of the 12th GU MO is to serve as a link between the Armed Forces and those branches of Soviet/Russian industry and science related to nuclear weapons developing and manufacturing. It is actually the 12th Chief Directorate that develops detailed plans for required nuclear armament and its improvements and places orders for nuclear weapons production before civilian manufacturers.
Secrecy
The 12th GU MO is probably the most secretive organization of the Soviet/Russian Armed Forces, even more than the GRUGRU
GRU or Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye is the foreign military intelligence directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation...
or the Strategic Rocket Forces
Strategic Rocket Forces
The Strategic Missile Troops or Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or RVSN RF , transliteration: Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii, literally Missile Troops of Strategic Designation of the Russian Federation) are a military branch of the Russian...
. Even though today Russia has become more open and even some articles appear in its mass-media openly describing the “Nuclear Technical Service” Directorate, this organization remains off-limits. However, during Soviet times the most of commissioned officers, even though highly educated ones, had little or no knowledge that the 12th Chief Directorate existed. In the Soviet times it was considered taboo to talk about it outside of secured premises. When talking to strangers, even to other commissioned officers of the Armed Forces, one could only refer to their unit by its coded number. For example you could say that “I serve as a tank platoon commander at the military unit 31600,” but nothing more than that.
Most of officials of the 12th GU MO headquarters wear gunnery uniforms and bear military ranks typical to Artillery
Artillery
Originally applied to any group of infantry primarily armed with projectile weapons, artillery has over time become limited in meaning to refer only to those engines of war that operate by projection of munitions far beyond the range of effect of personal weapons...
, since this organization is considered being primarily an “arsenal.” However, when it comes to its personnel serving in its remote nuclear arsenal bases, it could wear various military uniforms, ranging from aviation and navy to even tank-crews and marines, because it is a long-time policy of the 12th GU MO to disguise its remote units. All service personnel of the 12th GU MO are explicitly forbidden to reveal to anyone, even to their spouses, that they serve in the Nuclear Technical Service, in the 12th Chief Directorate, or that they have anything to do with nuclear weapons. Moreover, a majority of non-essential staff of nuclear arsenal bases do not know that they actually maintain nuclear weapons. Every unit of this organization has its own cover story based on its location and its currently worn uniform and all its personnel must strictly adhere to this story when dealing with strangers. Some bases also use “civilian legends.” For example, nuclear arsenal base unit number 62047 in Krasnokamianka
Krasnokamianka
Krasnokamenka is a resort in Crimea, Ukraine, a former Crimean Tatar village, now a part of Greater Yalta, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, near the headquarters of the Eurasian Scout Region, the divisional office of the World Scout Bureau of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in...
, Kizil-Tash, Crimea
Crimea
Crimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
, was masquerading as a “wine-making enterprise”.
Active disinformation
Disinformation
Disinformation is intentionally false or inaccurate information that is spread deliberately. For this reason, it is synonymous with and sometimes called black propaganda. It is an act of deception and false statements to convince someone of untruth...
measures to this effect are meticulously planned and are regularly conducted not only in order to create a wrong impression among local population and neighbouring military units, but even to misinform conscripts and other unrelated staff serving at actual arsenal bases. For example, tanks and artillery pieces that are maintained as a part of the cover story could be seen by neighbours on daily “routine” exercises in corresponding bogus “tank“ or “artillery“ regiments. In order to minimize spreading of information about these bases, their commissioned staff was encouraged to serve at one location for as long as possible and not to seek promotions outside their bases (while it was typical for Soviet military in general to move officers every 3–5 years to various places and to promote them exclusively outside of their former military units).
Nuclear arsenal base typical structure
Each nuclear arsenal base typically consists of the following main services and units:- Command (that includes the formation’s commander and his deputies, chief engineer, chief of staff, chief of political department with their staff, cadres, financial departments, and other administration).
- Engineering-Technical Service or ETS (Russian abbreviation “ITS”) – the most important service of the arsenal that actually handles nuclear weapons and deals with end-users. It is subdivided into several departments, bearing names such as “2nd department”, “3rd department”, “3rd A department”, “3rd B department”, and similar. Each department deals with specific kinds of nuclear munitions and with specific “customers.”
- A separate guards battalion which is similar to an ordinary infantry battalion, but much better trained and equipped.
- Automobile transport base.
- Rail-way transport base.
- Helicopters and related staff.
- Tanks and their maintenance base.
- Artillery pieces.
- Signal office centre and various communication units – stationary and mobile ones – all equipped with various automatic communication encrypting systems.
- Separate engineering-technical company (sappers).
- Cryptographic (“8th”) department.
- Military counter-intelligenceCounter-intelligenceCounterintelligence or counter-intelligence refers to efforts made by intelligence organizations to prevent hostile or enemy intelligence organizations from successfully gathering and collecting intelligence against them. National intelligence programs, and, by extension, the overall defenses of...
department. - Military prosecutor.
- Military hospital.
- Military fire-fighters command.
- School for children.
- Detachment of the “Voentorg” – an organization running various shops and supermarkets within the military and organizing needed supplies.
- Various services concerned with living quarters and other premises maintenance.
Nuclear arsenal bases functioning and training
The main arsenal service, its ETS, and all attached to it transportation and communication detachments, guards, and sappers are subdivided into several so-called Special Tactical Groups (STGs). These were highly mobile units trained to deliver nuclear warheads to designated end-users in various circumstances, including those during ongoing battles and even during unfolding nuclear war. These STGs are mostly based on various automobile transport, but also on rail-way transport, and sometimes, on helicopter transport. Even those auxiliary tanks that are designed to serve as a cover for the arsenal base could be used to reinforce these STGs on their full march.The 12th Chief Directorate maintains its own secure communication system, independent of others, that links its peace-time and war-time headquarters with all its bases and with other subordinated units. Additional local communication systems of each arsenal base securely link its main command post with its multiple mobile STGs. The main communication system of the 12th GU MO has its own unique coded commands that could be used to instantly transmit orders to elevate readiness and to begin loading, delivering, and issuing nuclear warheads and other nuclear munitions to their end-users. Such commands must be transmitted via at least three different communication channels simultaneously to guarantee their delivery. Delivery of such commands must be practiced at least once a day.
More extended exercises that include execution of alerts of a “higher readiness” and “combat readiness,” with actual loading of warheads into transport and dispatching the STGs towards the end-users, must be conducted at least several times per year. All nuclear arsenal bases are linked by their own railways to the vast Russian railways
Rail transport in Russia
The Russian railways are one of the economic wonders of the 19th, 20th, and 21st century world. In length of track they are second globally to the railways of the United States. In volume of freight hauled, they are third behind the United States and China, using the standard measure of...
system (nuclear warheads/munitions are being moved from production plants to the 12th Chief Directorate units and between these units usually by railway).
Security
Each base is heavily guarded. The guards belong to two independent organizations: some to the KGBKGB
The KGB was the commonly used acronym for the . It was the national security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991, and was the premier internal security, intelligence, and secret police organization during that time.The State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus currently uses the...
, and some to the 12th Chief Directorate itself. This arrangement is made so that guards could not make any sinister agreements among themselves. Moreover, guards from the 12th GU MO are organized into a separate battalion which makes them independent from those dealing with nuclear weapons inside. Each arsenal base is encircled by barbed wire carrying current, by various electronic and laser movement detection devices, by border furrow, and sometimes even by mine fields in between. Guard dogs are also used in some cases. In addition to an outer guarding perimeter there is also an inner guarding perimeter, which encircles the nuclear depot (its “technical zone”), where only authorized officers could have access. Even when it is needed to bring in some truck to load or to unload, the truck’s driver has to get out and then some authorized officer would replace the driver to drive the truck into the technical zone.
The technical zone itself is also separated into several restricted zones of various levels of access in accordance with actual levels of security clearance of staff admitted there. Inside such an inner perimeter all technical premises where nuclear warheads are being kept and maintained, are normally buried deep underground and usually equipped with full anti-atomic protection; for example, typical weight of steel safe-like hermetic doors to the inner premises is over 40 tons. These premises, as well as command posts, could likely survive a thermo-nuclear explosion and the officers there could still be able to deliver their warheads in such conditions.
History
The 12th Chief Directorate was formerly known as the “Special Department of the General Staff”, and later – as the “6th Directorate of the Ministry of Defense”. It has been created on September 4, 1947, based on “KB-11” (in Russian: “КБ-11” - “Design Bureau 11”, also known in Russia as off-limits town “Arzamas-16”, later "SarovSarov
Sarov is a closed town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Until 1995 it was known as Kremlyov ., while from 1946 to 1991 it was called Arzamas-16 . The town is off limits to foreigners as it is the Russian center for nuclear research. Population: -History:The history of the town can be divided...
"); its first chief was Major-General-Engineer (later – full General) Viktor A. Boliatko.
The first curator of this organization was Lavrentiy Beria
Lavrentiy Beria
Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria was a Georgian Soviet politician and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and Deputy Premier in the postwar years ....
, the then mighty chief of the Soviet NKVD
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin....
. It is widely believed until today that if not for Beria’s personal efforts, neither the Nuclear Technical Service, nor actual nuclear weapons would ever be created in the Soviet Union. In fact, it was Beria who spearheaded the campaign for creating the USSR's own nuclear weapons program and who contributed to it, including supplying some nuclear technology stolen by his intelligence service from the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
researchers. For this reason, Beria is considered to the god-father of this organization. Even though for the rest of the Soviet Union Beria was declared an “enemy of the people
Enemy of the people
The term enemy of the people is a fluid designation of political or class opponents of the group using the term. The term implies that the "enemies" in question are acting against society as a whole. It is similar to the notion of "enemy of the state". The term originated in Roman times as ,...
”, relegated to “unperson” status and excluded from the 30-volumed Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia is one of the largest and most comprehensive encyclopedias in Russian and in the world, issued by the Soviet state from 1926 to 1990, and again since 2002 .-Editions:There were three editions...
, he remains a highly revered figure within the off-limits structure of the 12th GU MO, and especially within its scientific research institutions. Beria’s portraits and statues are still maintained in some premises and flowers are laid to his statures on his birthdays and on some other occasions. Even in the post-Soviet times when the entire communist past was declared criminal, the alleged “top of the top communist criminal” Lavrentiy Beria
Lavrentiy Beria
Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria was a Georgian Soviet politician and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and Deputy Premier in the postwar years ....
continued to enjoy similar reverence among nuclear weapons specialists. For example, the 6-volumes collective work named “Nuclear Testing in the USSR” published few years after the USSR disappearance still features seditious Beria’s portrait first in this book, before any other photos.
The 12th Chief Directorate in its current capacity was formed in February 1959. Three years later the Organization managed to effectively and secretly delivered numerous combat-ready nuclear warheads of six different types to Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
during an infamous strategic Operation Anadyr
Operation Anadyr
Operation Anadyr was the code name used by the Soviet Union for their Cold War secret operation of deploying ballistic missiles, medium-range bombers, and a division of mechanized infantry in Cuba to create the army group that would be able to prevent an invasion of the island by U.S. forces...
, a move that resulted in the most dangerous nuclear stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union. On the next stage of its development the Nuclear Technical Service was headed by General N.P. Egorov. The next and the most well-known chief was Marshal of Artillery E.V. Boichuk, who held this position from February 1974 until November 1985 and was credited with transforming the organization into the most effective nuclear weapons protection, delivery, and maintenance system. During his command the 12th GU MO lost its initial “warehouse image” and became a real effective branch of the Soviet Armed Forces, in some respects surpassing by its effectiveness of well-known Soviet special purpose forces such as “Spetsnaz
Spetsnaz
Spetsnaz, Specnaz tr: Voyska specialnogo naznacheniya; ) is an umbrella term for any special forces in Russian, literally "force of special purpose"...
” and the “VDV” (Russian Airborne Troops). The last chief of this organization during the Soviet Union was General V.I. Gerasimov.
The 12th Chief Directorate was re-created as a part of Russian Armed Forces on September 2, 1993, by a special order No.68 of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. The first post-soviet chief of the 12th GU MO was General E.P. Maslin. In September 1997 he was replaced by General I.N. Valynkin. The current chief (from December 2005) of the 12th Chief Directorate is V.N. Verkhovcev.
Special Control Service (SSK)
There is a smaller autonomous organization within the main 12th GU MO structure – known as “military unit 46179”, “the Special Control Service of the Defense Ministry,” “atomic intelligence,” or “nuclear intelligence” of the former Soviet Union.The Special Control Service is tasked with gathering intelligence on nuclear weapons and particularly on nuclear testing of various adversaries of the former USSR by all means – ranging from six technical control methods to analyzing radio
Radio
Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
-intercepts and periodicals. The Special Control Service was not a part of the 12th GU MO from very beginning, but was formerly a part of the GRU, its 6th Directorate’s department of special observation. However, it was later detached from the GRU and made an independent Special Observation Service of the Defense Ministry. Then it was re-named into a Special Control Service and re-subordinated first to the Directorate of the Commander of the Chemical Troops (the analogue of a standard ABC service in the Soviet Army), and then again re-subordinated to the 12th GU MO.
The Special Control Service has its own network of military units, named “detection laboratories”, each headed by a Colonel, which are situated in many spots inside and outside of the Soviet Union and are all linked to the Service headquarters and to its computation centres by its own secure communication network which is totally independent from the communication network of the 12th GU MO itself.
Structure of the 12th GU MO
The 12th Chief Directorate consists of:- Directorate of the Chief of the 12th Chief Directorate of the Ministry of Defense – Moscow, Znamenskiy pereulok 19, v/ch 31600. Here is also situated the main archive of the Directorate.
- v/ch 65361 Directorate of State Inspection of Nuclear and Radiological Security – Moscow.
- v/ch 20601 Inspection of Nuclear Security of Atomic devices – Moscow.
- Nuclear Security Maintenance Center – Moscow, B.Znamenskiy pereulok, 15 bld. 1.
- v/ch 77510 6th State Central Polygon [testing ground] (Object 700) – Archangelsk-55 p.Belushia Guba (Novaya Zemlia island), created in 1955. http://www.belushka.narod.ru/history5.htm
- v/ch 10569 security testing battalion created in 1954.
- v/ch 39096 security testing battalion created in 1954.
- v/ch 39092 Logistics Base (logistics-technical maintenance) – Severodvinsk city
- v/ch 40800 Auto transport Base
- v/ch 09607
- v/ch 10944
- v/ch 52605 2nd GNIP OL (maintenance unit for nuclear testing ground, known as “polygon”) – Semipalatinsk-21, Kurchatov city (Jana-Semei train station); created in 1948 in Zvenigorod, near Moscow, disbanded in 1994.
- 217th engineering construction battalion
- 497th separate communication battalion (cable)
- v/ch 32130 US - Mojaisk-3
- v/ch 2585 – Nuclear Waste Burial Center – Tula-50 http://tula50.narod.ru/
- v/ch 51105 12th CNII (CFTI) Central Physic-Technical Institute Sergiev Posad-7 p.Ferma (309 v/g)
- v/ch 31650 NIC [Scientific Research Center] SSK – Moscow Rubcovsko-Dvorcovaya, 2
- v/ch 70170 NIC Technical Systems Security [maritime subsidiary of 12th CNII] Sankt-Petersburg, Novoselkovskaya, 39
- v/ch 14258 84th UTC (Training Center) interservice – Sergiev Posad, p.Sharapovo (Loza) http://www.esosedi.ru/onmap/84_utts_12_gu_mo_rf/8508696/#lat=56247070&lng=38261433&z=14&v=0
- Logistics Base (construction materials) – Sergiev Posad
- UTC (training center) anti-sabotage – Sergiev Posad-7 p.Ferma
- v/ch 32369 1080th CVG (Central Military Hospital) (Sergiev Posad-7 p.Ferma)
- v/ch 32369 1137th Military Hospital (Sergiev Posad-7)
- Arsenal VG
- v/ch 14254, v/ch 65154 Borisoglebsk p.Gribanovskiy (Voronej-45)
- v/ch 14436 Mojaisk-10
- v/ch 14439, v/ch 42621 Olenegorsk-2 p.Ramozero
- v/ch 33796 Vologda-20 railway station Chebsora
- v/ch 33927, v/ch 33915 Engels p.Berezovka (Saratov-63)
- v/ch 33951 Trehgornyi-1 Drujby,2 http://wikimapia.org/1961194/ru/Трехгорный-1
- v/ch 34088 Khabarovsk-47 p.Korfovskiy
- v/ch 42685 Briansk-18 p.Rjanica
- v/ch 42615 v/ch 62047 Feodosia-13 p.KrasnokamenkaKrasnokamyanka (Feodosiya municipality)Krasnokamenka is a village in Crimea, Ukraine, , now a part of Feodosiya municipality, on the northern coast of the Black Sea.Mountain slopes are forested tracts Kyzyltash pubescent oak, sessile oak and hornbeam ordinary, common...
(Simferopol-99) - v/ch 33826 Nalchik-20 p.Zvezdnyi
- v/ch 34037 Graivoron p.Golovchino (Belgorod-22)
- v/ch 65163 Tula-50 http://tula50.narod.ru/
- v/ch 40247 v/ch 32136 – Lesnoy p.Nijniaya Tura (Sverdlovsk-45)
- v/ch 52328 Sebej-5 p.Sosnovyi Bor www.sebezh5.narod.ru
- v/ch 65152 Kirovograd-25 p. Alexandrovka http://kirovograd-25.kr.ua/
- v/ch 70170 Sankt-Petersburg (Leningrad)NIC BTC (branch of 12th CNII)
- v/ch 99795 Priozersk city Leningradskaya oblast NTIC
- v/ch 21066 Priozersk city Leningradskaya oblast OBOP (separate maintenance battalion)
- v/ch 01001 Priozersk city Leningradskaya oblast ODVK
- v/ch 52690 Moscow
- v/ch 49719 p.Gromovo Leningradskaya oblast
Note: v/ch here mean 'Military Unit Number.'
Arsenals
(in 1990 - over 20, in 2005 - 14)- v/ch 01154 Severomorsk (p.Shuk-Ozero) Murmansk Arsenal of Naval Aviation of the Northern Fleet
- v/ch 12474 Makarov Jitomirskaya oblast Ukraine Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (relocated)
- v/ch 12529 Arsenal of Moscow Anti-Aircraft Defense District (disbanded)
- v/ch 14427 Kirovograd-25 p.Alexandrovka object 341 Ukraine 4 Arsenal OBKZ Strategic Rocket Forces – created in 1960 (relocated) http://kirovograd-25.kr.ua/
- v/ch 14428 Tula-50 Tula Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (disbanded in 1999)
- v/ch 19089 Tver city - Tver Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces
- v/ch 22931 Ostrovnoy + Zaozersk - Murmansk Arsenal of the Northern Fleet
- v/ch 22972 Kolomna p.Belushia Guba (Novaya Zemlia Island) UC VMF (Navy training center), disbanded in 1998.
- v/ch 25026 Liepaia (Laboratorias street), p.Paplaka, Latvia (disbanded)
- v/ch 25595 Nalchik-20 p.Zvezdnyi, KBAR – Arsenal (disbanded)
- v/ch 25623 Engels p.Berezovka v/g 12/63 Krasnoarmeiskoe (Saratov-63) object 1050 Saratov Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces - 2003
- v/ch 25624 Graivoron p.Golovino (Belgorod-22) – Belgorod Arsenal of Air Force
- v/ch 25625 Khabarovsk-47 p.Korfovskiy – Khabarovsk Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces
- v/ch 25850 Balezino-3 Udmurtskaya Oblast – 29th Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces
- v/ch 26219 Kirov p.Shaikovka – Kaluga Arsenal of Long-Range Aviation
- v/ch 26942 Viliuchinsk p.Primorskiy – Kamchatka Arsenal of the Pacific Fleet
- v/ch 31759 Cheliabinsk-115 p.Karabash – Cheliabinsk Arsenal (disbanded)
- v/ch 32181 Vologda-20 railway station Chebosara – Vologda Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces
- v/ch 32948 Arsenal (disbanded)
- v/ch 39995 Irkutsk-45 p.Zalari v/g 12/45 railway station Golovinskaya – Irkutsk Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (created in 1996)
- v/ch 40247 Lesnoy p.Nijniaya Tura (Sverdlovsk-45) Object 917 – Sverdlovsk Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces
- v/ch 41013 Trehgornyi-1 (Zlatoust-30) Object 936 – Cheliabinsk Arsenal
- v/ch 41065 Svobodnyi-21 p.Orlinyi – Amur Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (disbanded in 1996) http://www.svobodniy-21.narod.ru/
- v/ch 42615 Feodosia-13 p.Krasnokamenka (Kyzyl-Tash) Ukrainian Arsenal of the Black See Fleet (disbanded)
- v/ch 23476 Smolenskaya Oblast, Pochinkovskiy Rayon.
- v/ch 42616 Ivano-Frankovsk-16 – Ukrainian Arsenal http://frankovsk-16.ru/ http://vkontakte.ru/club705504
- v/ch 42635 – Sverdlovsk Arsenal
- v/ch 42644 Sebej-5 p. Sosnovyi Bor - Pskov Arsenal of the Baltic Fleet (disbanded in1997)
- v/ch 42646 Novgorod-17 – Novgorod Arsenal
- v/ch 42654 Gomel-30 – Belorussian Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces
- v/ch 42685 Briansk-18 p.Rjanica – Briansk Arsenal of Anti-Aircraft Defense /Arsenal of Air Force /
- v/ch 51966 Jeleznogorsk p.Dodonovo (Krasnoyarsk-26) Object 980 - Krasnoyarsk Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (created in1954)
- v/ch 51989 Ivano-Frankovsk - UkrainianArsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces http://vkontakte.ru/club705504
- v/ch 52025 Mojaisk-10 Mira – Moscow Arsenal of Anti-Aircraft Defense
- v/ch 62834 Olenegorsk – Murmansk Arsenal
- v/ch 75414 Anadyr-1 p.Gudym (Magadan-11) – Chukotka Arsenal of Long-Range Aviation (disbanded in1979) 2008 photos of this object could be seen here: http://vladdig.org/gudim.htm
- v/ch 75417 Karmelava, Lituania – Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces
- v/ch 77417 Kolomna, Krasnoarmeiskaya,100 - UC VMF (Training Center of the Navy)
- v/ch 81388 Shkotovo-22 p.Dunai – Primorsk. Arsenal of the Pacific Fleet
- v/ch 90534 Niandoma v/g Kargopol-2 – Archangelsk Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (disbanded) http://www.kargopol-2.narod.ru
- v/ch 95131 Ostrov-2 – Pskov Arsenal of Naval Aviation of the Baltic Fleet (disbanded in 1992)
- Svobodnyi-21 p.Orlinyi v/g 16 – Amur Arsenal of Air Force (disbanded in 1996) http://www.svobodniy-21.narod.ru/
- Object 713 – Arsenal
- Borovec, Bulgaria – Bulg. Arsenal (disbanded in 1989)
- Borisoglebsk p.Gribanovskiy v/g 308 (Voronej-45) - Voronej Arsenal of Air Force
- Stepnogorsk p.Adjibay Object 138 – Kazakh. Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (disbanded)
- Bagrationovsk – Kaliningradsk. Arsenal of the Baltic Fleet
- Olenegorsk-8 p. Vysokiy – Murmansk Arsenal (created in 1984)
- Kurskaya railway station – Stavropol Arsenal of Long-Range Aviation (created in 1957, disbanded in.1992)
- Surgut - Tumen Arsenal
- Balaklava Object 820 – Ukrainian Arsenal
- Ukrainian Arsenal – Jitomirskaya Oblast
- Ukrainian Arsenal – Volynskaya
- Ukrainian Arsenal – Lvovskaya
- Object 341 – Ukrainian Arsenal KZ
- Ukrainian Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces – Khmelnickaya
- p.Ak-Burun (Crimean Peninsula) – Ukrainian Arsenal of the Black Sea Fleet (disbanded)
- Amursk p.Bolon – Khabarovsk Arsenal of the Navy
- Ust-Katav p. Viazovaya – Cheliabinsk Arsenal
- Grozny-20 Chechnia – Arsenal of Strategic Rocket Forces (disbanded)
SSK Headquarters and Laboratories
- v/ch 46179 Moscow, Rubcovsko-Dvorcovaya street, 2 (also Matrosskaya Tishina street, 10), created 13.05.1958 as a part of the GRU; formal name: 170th Operational-Coordination Center (170th OKC) of the Special Control Service of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR.
- v/ch 63679 Moscow, Matrosskaya Tishina street, 10 / Sergiev Posad p.Sharapovo – Command Post /Reserved Command Post SSK – detached from the main SSK headquarters (v/ch 46179) into a separate operational unit in 1987. Composition: 844th Command Post if the 170th Operational-Coordination Center SSK, Reserve Command Post SSK, 1056th Main and Reserved Signal Office Centres SSK, main and reserved computer centres SSK, and also a radio-transmitting centre, remote seismic post and remote group of universal time in p.Sharapovo (three later formerly belonged to the Podolsk SSK Laboratory)
- Malin – Ukrainian SSK Laboratory, Jitomirskaya Oblast
- v/ch 14167 Makarov-1 Ukrainian 12th SSK Laboratory, Kievskaya Oblast
- v/ch 54286 Maili-Sai – Kirgiz SSK Laboratory; created in 1974
- Norilsk – Krasnoyarsk SSK Laboratory
- p. Khabaz – ASP
- v/ch 22158 p.Borovoe – Kazakh SSK Laboratory (from 1974)
- v/ch pp 76515 Ulan-Bataar – Mongolian SSK Laboratory (Expeditionary Group) (from 1974; disbanded)
- v/ch 86665 Bilibino, Chukotka
- v/ch 14024 Kamenets-Podolski-16; from1994 till 2004 – Ukrainian SSK Laboratory, from 2004 - PN, Khmelnitskaya Oblast
- v/ch 14053 Semipalatinsk – Kazakh 9th SSK Laboratory
- v/ch ....... Aktubinsk – Kazakh separate SSK group
- v/ch 13987 railway station Stolbovaya, Moscow Oblast – Podolsk SSK Laboratory
- v/ch 14169 Balta, Odessa Oblast – Ukrainian SSK Laboratory (SSK Training Center)
- v/ch 26154 Priozersk – SPb SSK Laboratory
- v/ch 29475 p.Urgal-2 (BAM region) – Khabarovsk SSK Laboratory
- v/ch 30030 Lensk p.Peleduy – Yakutsk SSK Laboratory
- v/ch 41007 Ussuriysk p.Grigorievka, Lermontova 33 – Primorsk. SSK Laboratory
- v/ch 41056 Kirov p.Bakhta + p.Khaibulino (Bashk.) – Kirov SSK Laboratory (created in 1954)
- v/ch 41094 Yujno-Sakhalinsk-5 p.Sputnik-2 – Sakhalinsk. 3rd SSK Laboratory (created in 1954)
- v/ch 41097 P-K p.Rodygino – Kamchatka SSK Laboratory + remote seismic post “Nachiki” in p.Tundrovyi
- v/ch pp 42626 Sukhumi p.Nijniaya Eshera + p.Kheivani – 24th Abkhazian SSK Laboratory (created in 2000 as v/ch 96211)
- v/ch 77031 Zarinsk p.Zalesovo – Altay SSK Laboratory
- v/ch 96211 Dubna p.Alexandrovka, NCD (created in 1988)
- v/ch 31650 Moscow Rubcovsko-Dvorcovaya street, 2 – NII SSK (SSK scientific research institute). Removed from the SSK headquarters (v/ch 46179) subordination and re-subordinated directly to the 12th Chief Directorate (v/ch 31600) in 1988.
- Cuba, Lurdez – autonomous seismic post SSK
- Antarctica – autonomous seismic post SSK
626 battalion SN
- v/ch 14118 Sergiev Posad (formerly Zagorsk) p.Abramovo Moscow Oblast
- v/ch 42635 Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg)
- v/ch 42663 Suzdal p.Sokol Moscow Oblast
- v/ch 44806 Gatchina, SPb
- v/ch 64178 Moscow, Miasnitskaya 3 + Ulanskiy pereulok 11 (Derbenevo) Moscow Oblast
- v/ch 69273 Snejnogorsk Murmansk Enterprise
Objects «C»
In the former USSR there were 102 Special Objects to keep nuclear munitions:- v/ch ….. — Object «С» Krasnogorsk-25
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» Vladimir-21
- v/ch 14427 — 341 Object «С» Kirovograd-25 http://kirovograd-25.kr.ua/
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» 713
- v/ch 40274 — 917 Object «С» Sverdlovsk-45 (Lesnoy)
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» 820 Balaklava
- v/ch 41013 — 943 Object «С» Trehgornyi-1 (Zlatoust-30) (Dalniy)
- v/ch 51966 — Object «С» 980 Krasnoyarsk-26 (Jeleznogorsk)
- v/ch ….. — 1050 Object «С» (Saratov Oblast)
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» Briansk-18
- v/ch 25624 — Object «С» Belgorod-22 v/ch 25624 v/ch 34037
- v/ch 12474 — 332 Object «С» Makarov-1 (Kiev, Jitomir)
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» Sebej-5 (Sosnovyi Bor) Pskov Oblast v/ch 42644 v/ch 52328
- v/ch 62047 — Object «С» Simferopol-32 (Feodosia-13) Kizil-Tash Krasnokamenka
- v/ch 90534 — Object «С» Kargopol-2 Niandoma town, Primorsk Rayon, Archangelsk Oblast
- v/ch 25625 — Object «С» Khabarovsk-47 Korfovskiy
- v/ch 25851 v/ch 40852 v/ch 01073 — Object «С» Tula-50 Arsenievsk Rayon Tula Oblast
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» Cheliabinsk-115 Karabash
- v/ch 14254 — Object «С» Voronej-45
- v/ch 75414 — Object «С» Anadyr-1 (Magadan-11) Gudym
- v/ch 39995 — Object «С» Irkutsk-45 railway station Golovinskaya, Zalarinsk Rayon Irkutsk Oblast
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» Engels-1
- v/ch ….. — Object «С» Komsomolsk-on-Amur-31
- v/ch 62834 — Object «С» Olenegorsk-2
- v/ch 25594 — Object «С» Vologda-20 Vologda Oblast
- v/ch 77417 — Object «С» …
- v/ch 52605 — Object «С» …
- v/ch 42654 — Object «С» …
- v/ch 32130 — Object «С» Mojaisk-3 Moscow К-510 125th km of Moscow-Minsk highway
- v/ch 27837 — Object «С» Bykhov-1 city Mogilev Oblast, Belarus — Arsenal of Naval Aviation of the Baltic Fleet
Tactical nuclear munitions
As of 1989 year in all USSR republics there were tactical nuclear munitions:- Russian Federation — 12320
- Ukraine — 2345
- Belorussia — 1180
- Kazakhstan — 330
- Lithuania — 325
- Latvia — 185
- Turkmenistan — 125
- Uzbekistan — 105
- Moldavia — 90
- Georgia — 320
- Estonia — 270
- Armenia — 200
- Tajikistan — 75
- Azerbaijan — 75
- Kirgizstan — 75
See also
- Real photos of disbanded “Object Gudym” (August 2008) – the closest to the United States territory nuclear arsenal base (Anadyr, Chukotka).
Sources and references
- 12th GU MO emblem (official site of the Ministry of Defense of Russia)
- 12th GU MO standard (official site of the Ministry of Defense of Russia)
- Creator of Nuclear Arsenal (in Russian)
- General Verkhovtsev Vladimir Nikolaevich – new Chief of the 12th GU MO (biography/photo)
- About Chief Nuclear Directorate (in Russian) – article by the new Chief of the 12th GU MO
- Order in nuclear military units (in Russian) – article by the new Chief of the 12th GU MO
- It is impossible to intrude bases where nuclear weapons are being kept (in Russian)
- Tactical Nuclear Trump Card (in Russian)
- National Strategic Intelligence and Control Systems (in Russian) – about the Special Control Service
- Why Ukraine has so big ears? (in Russian) – about the Special Control Service