Voom
Encyclopedia
Voom HD Networks was a group of 15 original high-definition television
channels owned by Rainbow Media
, a subsidiary of Cablevision. The channels were produced in true High Definition with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and were the largest suite of HD channels in the world. These channels were available on Dish Network
until May 12, 2008, and were removed from Cablevision in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut on January 20, 2009.
HD Networks
were originally part of the Voom
DTH
satellite platform launched by Cablevision and were operated by its subsidiary, Rainbow DBS Company. The original Voom HD was primed as a competitor to the established DirecTV
and Dish Network
systems, with its goal to become the first television
provider with
a lineup consisting mainly of high-definition
TV networks
. As part of this endeavor, Voom launched in 2003 twenty-one original channels that were completely in HD. In 2004, the organization promoted itself by advertising that it had more high-definition television channel
s available than its competitors.
Service was broadcast via the Rainbow-1
communications satellite
, which was built by Lockheed Martin
and launched on July 17, 2003. It continues to operate from the 61.5°W orbital
location, over the Atlantic Ocean; as the sole transmission path for Voom, the satellite's low position in the sky from the U.S. west coast often made the service more difficult to receive than those of its competitors.
In early 2005, Voom's parent company Cablevision announced it would seek "strategic alternatives" for Rainbow Media Enterprises
, the business unit that contains its Voom satellite service, leaving the future
of Voom questionable. After a bitter dispute in the boardroom, Charles Dolan (the founder of Cablevision) ousted three board members who pushed for the extinction of Voom, on the condition he had until March 31 to arrange for Voom's assets to be purchased. When that deadline passed, Cablevision's board proceeded to shut Voom down: The service ceased on April 30, 2005, and Rainbow-1 and VOOM's spectrum allocations were sold to EchoStar. The day before, EchoStar's Dish Network
announced that they would be adding ten of Voom's original 21 channels to their lineup starting May 1; the remaining channels were added on February 1, 2006.
In addition to being carried by Dish Network, Rainbow Media
continued the HD channels themselves and relaunched them under the name "Voom HD Networks." Due to issues surrounding the formatting of the channels, fifteen of the 21 original channels were initially retained, with improved programming as the goal of the consolidation. Voom's HD collection was added to Cablevision's cable-TV HD-lineup in late June 2007; however, other than Dish Network, no other cable systems chose to carry Voom.
Dish Network removed ten of the channels from their lineup on May 12, 2008, with the remaining five removed the next day, leaving coverage limited to Cablevision's systems in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and parts of Pennsylvania. Citing this drop in carriage and the ensuing lengthy litigation, Cablevision announced on December 18 that the Voom HD suite would be discontinued as of January 15, 2009, to be replaced by other HD programming. (Ultimately, the channels ceased operations on January 20, and were replaced by multiplexed HD content from premium providers.)
internationally, where two of its channels sustain robust carriage.
One of its channels, High Definition News (HDN)—managed by veteran news director, William Wright—was responsible for many HDTV firsts, including incorporating Emmy-Award–winning television journalist Bob Tur
's transmission codec
which allowed the backhaul of news content via the Internet
. Today Tur and HDN's novel use of the Internet for high definition transmission of breaking news is now used by content
creators across the globe
.
The satellite which broadcast VOOM is currently still in orbit, incorporated into the Dish Network
fleet after the demise of VOOM's satellite operations and rebranded as Echostar XII.
Unlike most discontinued direct broadcast satellite systems in the United States such as PrimeStar
and AlphaStar
, the Voom set-top boxes are still useful even though the service is gone; they can be used to receive ATSC off-air signals. Voom set-top boxes have commanded prices upwards of $100 on websites such as eBay
as people seek a less expensive way to receive digital off-air broadcasts.
† Removed by Dish May 12, 2008
‡ Removed by Dish May 13, 2008
, Equator HD
and Worldsport HD are shown in Singapore
through SingTel's IPTV network mio TV
from July 2007. These 3 channels were off-air from January 1, 2010.
launched Rush HD
in the United Kingdom
and the Republic of Ireland
on Sky Digital
. The channel is also available in Germany. They are also said to be planning further channels such as UltraHD
.
Rainbow Media
offers a channel called Voom HD
in Scandinavia
, the Netherlands
, and Belgium
. This channel carries HD content from the different channels in the United States
.
In the Czech Republic
and Slovakia
, Voom HD
was available through UPC Broadband
and ceased broadcast on August 31, 2009. The channel was replaced by Rush HD.
signed a licensing and programming deal with Canadian company High Fidelity HDTV
allowing them to air programming from the Voom HD Networks on their own channels and use of the Voom brand and branding of several of their channels. Thus far High Fidelity HDTV
has launched 4 channels with three having the same names as their Voom counterparts:
Brazil and TVA
cable service (São Paulo
and Rio de Janeiro
); it was replaced by Rush HD
on August 1, 2009.
High-definition television
High-definition television is video that has resolution substantially higher than that of traditional television systems . HDTV has one or two million pixels per frame, roughly five times that of SD...
channels owned by Rainbow Media
Rainbow Media
AMC Networks is an entertainment company in the United States that owns the national cable channels AMC, IFC, WE tv, and Sundance Channel; the regional News 12 Networks, the art house movie theater IFC Center in New York, New York, and the film company IFC Films.The company was originally launched...
, a subsidiary of Cablevision. The channels were produced in true High Definition with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and were the largest suite of HD channels in the world. These channels were available on Dish Network
Dish Network
Dish Network Corporation is the second largest pay TV provider in the United States, providing direct broadcast satellite service—including satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services—to 14.337 million commercial and residential customers in the United States. Dish...
until May 12, 2008, and were removed from Cablevision in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut on January 20, 2009.
History
The VoomVoom
Voom HD Networks was a group of 15 original high-definition television channels owned by Rainbow Media, a subsidiary of Cablevision. The channels were produced in true High Definition with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and were the largest suite of HD channels in the world...
HD Networks
Television network
A television network is a telecommunications network for distribution of television program content, whereby a central operation provides programming to many television stations or pay TV providers. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small...
were originally part of the Voom
Voom
Voom HD Networks was a group of 15 original high-definition television channels owned by Rainbow Media, a subsidiary of Cablevision. The channels were produced in true High Definition with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and were the largest suite of HD channels in the world...
DTH
DTH
DTH may refer to:* The Daily Tar Heel, a student newspaper at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill* Dance Theatre of Harlem, New York City* Danmarks Tekniske Højskole, a previous name for the Technical University of Denmark...
satellite platform launched by Cablevision and were operated by its subsidiary, Rainbow DBS Company. The original Voom HD was primed as a competitor to the established DirecTV
DirecTV
DirecTV is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider and broadcaster based in El Segundo, California. Its satellite service, launched on June 17, 1994, transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America, and the Anglophone Caribbean. ...
and Dish Network
Dish Network
Dish Network Corporation is the second largest pay TV provider in the United States, providing direct broadcast satellite service—including satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services—to 14.337 million commercial and residential customers in the United States. Dish...
systems, with its goal to become the first television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
provider with
WITH
WRBS is a radio station broadcasting a Christian talk format. Licensed to Baltimore, Maryland, the station serves the Baltimore area. The station is owned by WRBS-AM, LLC, a subsidiary of Peter and John Radio Fellowship, Inc...
a lineup consisting mainly of high-definition
High-definition television
High-definition television is video that has resolution substantially higher than that of traditional television systems . HDTV has one or two million pixels per frame, roughly five times that of SD...
TV networks
Television network
A television network is a telecommunications network for distribution of television program content, whereby a central operation provides programming to many television stations or pay TV providers. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small...
. As part of this endeavor, Voom launched in 2003 twenty-one original channels that were completely in HD. In 2004, the organization promoted itself by advertising that it had more high-definition television channel
Television channel
A television channel is a physical or virtual channel over which a television station or television network is distributed. For example, in North America, "channel 2" refers to the broadcast or cable band of 54 to 60 MHz, with carrier frequencies of 55.25 MHz for NTSC analog video and...
s available than its competitors.
Service was broadcast via the Rainbow-1
Rainbow-1
Echostar 12 , also known as Cablevision-1 and Rainbow-1, is a commercial communications satellite in geosynchronous Earth orbit. It was launched on 17 July, 2003,as Rainbow-1, by an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida...
communications satellite
Communications satellite
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications...
, which was built by Lockheed Martin
Lockheed Martin
Lockheed Martin is an American global aerospace, defense, security, and advanced technology company with worldwide interests. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995. It is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, in the Washington Metropolitan Area....
and launched on July 17, 2003. It continues to operate from the 61.5°W orbital
Orbital
Orbital may refer to:In chemistry and physics:* Atomic orbital* Molecular orbitalIn astronomy and space flight:* Orbit* Orbital resonance* Orbital period* Orbital plane * Orbital elements* Orbital speed...
location, over the Atlantic Ocean; as the sole transmission path for Voom, the satellite's low position in the sky from the U.S. west coast often made the service more difficult to receive than those of its competitors.
In early 2005, Voom's parent company Cablevision announced it would seek "strategic alternatives" for Rainbow Media Enterprises
Rainbow Media
AMC Networks is an entertainment company in the United States that owns the national cable channels AMC, IFC, WE tv, and Sundance Channel; the regional News 12 Networks, the art house movie theater IFC Center in New York, New York, and the film company IFC Films.The company was originally launched...
, the business unit that contains its Voom satellite service, leaving the future
Future
The future is the indefinite time period after the present. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the laws of physics. Due to the nature of the reality and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently exists and will exist is temporary and will come...
of Voom questionable. After a bitter dispute in the boardroom, Charles Dolan (the founder of Cablevision) ousted three board members who pushed for the extinction of Voom, on the condition he had until March 31 to arrange for Voom's assets to be purchased. When that deadline passed, Cablevision's board proceeded to shut Voom down: The service ceased on April 30, 2005, and Rainbow-1 and VOOM's spectrum allocations were sold to EchoStar. The day before, EchoStar's Dish Network
Dish Network
Dish Network Corporation is the second largest pay TV provider in the United States, providing direct broadcast satellite service—including satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services—to 14.337 million commercial and residential customers in the United States. Dish...
announced that they would be adding ten of Voom's original 21 channels to their lineup starting May 1; the remaining channels were added on February 1, 2006.
In addition to being carried by Dish Network, Rainbow Media
Rainbow Media
AMC Networks is an entertainment company in the United States that owns the national cable channels AMC, IFC, WE tv, and Sundance Channel; the regional News 12 Networks, the art house movie theater IFC Center in New York, New York, and the film company IFC Films.The company was originally launched...
continued the HD channels themselves and relaunched them under the name "Voom HD Networks." Due to issues surrounding the formatting of the channels, fifteen of the 21 original channels were initially retained, with improved programming as the goal of the consolidation. Voom's HD collection was added to Cablevision's cable-TV HD-lineup in late June 2007; however, other than Dish Network, no other cable systems chose to carry Voom.
Dish Network removed ten of the channels from their lineup on May 12, 2008, with the remaining five removed the next day, leaving coverage limited to Cablevision's systems in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and parts of Pennsylvania. Citing this drop in carriage and the ensuing lengthy litigation, Cablevision announced on December 18 that the Voom HD suite would be discontinued as of January 15, 2009, to be replaced by other HD programming. (Ultimately, the channels ceased operations on January 20, and were replaced by multiplexed HD content from premium providers.)
Legacy
VOOM continues to broadcastBroadcast
Broadcast or Broadcasting may refer to:* Broadcasting, the transmission of audio and video signals* Broadcast, an individual television program or radio program* Broadcast , an English electronic music band...
internationally, where two of its channels sustain robust carriage.
One of its channels, High Definition News (HDN)—managed by veteran news director, William Wright—was responsible for many HDTV firsts, including incorporating Emmy-Award–winning television journalist Bob Tur
Bob Tur
Robert A. "Bob" Tur is an American scientific researcher that used his knowledge of sensor physics and systems integration to build the first modern news helicopters for live new reporting. As a broadcast reporter, and eventual 10,000 hour commercial pilot, Tur created the Los Angeles News Service...
's transmission codec
Codec
A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal. The word codec is a portmanteau of "compressor-decompressor" or, more commonly, "coder-decoder"...
which allowed the backhaul of news content via the Internet
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
. Today Tur and HDN's novel use of the Internet for high definition transmission of breaking news is now used by content
Content
Content or contents may refer to:* Contentment, a state of being* Content , the highest common factor of a polynomial's coefficients* Content , an additive real function defined on a field of sets...
creators across the globe
Globe
A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth or other spheroid celestial body such as a planet, star, or moon...
.
The satellite which broadcast VOOM is currently still in orbit, incorporated into the Dish Network
Dish Network
Dish Network Corporation is the second largest pay TV provider in the United States, providing direct broadcast satellite service—including satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services—to 14.337 million commercial and residential customers in the United States. Dish...
fleet after the demise of VOOM's satellite operations and rebranded as Echostar XII.
Unlike most discontinued direct broadcast satellite systems in the United States such as PrimeStar
PrimeStar
PrimeStar was a U.S. direct broadcast satellite broadcasting company formed in 1991 by a consortium of cable television system operators. PrimeStar was the first medium-powered DBS system in the United States but slowly declined in popularity with the arrival of DirecTV in 1994 and Dish Network in...
and AlphaStar
AlphaStar
AlphaStar Digital Television was a direct-to-home satellite broadcasting service for the United States market developed by Canadian firm Tee-Comm Electronics. It was the first direct-to-home satellite broadcasting service in the United States to use the internationally-accepted DVB-S broadcasting...
, the Voom set-top boxes are still useful even though the service is gone; they can be used to receive ATSC off-air signals. Voom set-top boxes have commanded prices upwards of $100 on websites such as eBay
EBay
eBay Inc. is an American internet consumer-to-consumer corporation that manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide...
as people seek a less expensive way to receive digital off-air broadcasts.
Channels
- Animania HDAnimania HDAnimania HD was an American television network that showed animation from the newest series, specials and anime produced in high definition to cartoon classics re-mastered into HD. Programming included original series Pet Alien, Ratz, Lola & Virginia as well as classic cartoons like The Pink...
† - Equator HDEquator HDEquator HD was a geography themed network that broadcasts exclusively in high definition. Programming included documentaries, short subjects and films that tell stories of intriguing places from around the globe....
‡ - Family Room HDFamily Room HDFamily Room HD was an American family-themed network that broadcast exclusively in high definition. Programming included movies like March of the Wooden Soldiers and the Muppets Take Manhattan, series like Flipper and Thunderbirds, and specials that appeal to kids and adults alike...
† - Film Fest HDFilm Fest HDFilm Fest HD was an American movie television network that broadcast exclusively in high definition. Programming included films from various genres including classics, sleeper hits, cult favorites and independent productions. It was one of the Voom HD Networks, a division of Rainbow Media.The...
† - Gallery HDGallery HDGallery HD was an American arts-themed network that broadcast exclusively in High definition. Programming included original series and tours of various galleries and museums. It was one of the Voom HD Networks, a division of Rainbow Media...
† - GamePlay HDGamePlay HDGamePlay HD was an American high-definition television channel that focused on the world of video games. Programming included tips on playing strategies and tricks from the masters of current games to the arcade classics. GamePlay HD also had exclusive coverage of video game tournaments...
† - HD NewsHD NewsHDNews was an American high-definition television channel that focused on news. It was America’s first national television news network produced completely in High Definition...
† - Kung Fu HDKung Fu HDKung Fu HD was an American movie network that broadcast exclusively in High definition. Programming included Martial arts films featuring such well known icons as Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li. Wire fu epics were often aired....
‡ - Monsters HDMonsters HDMonsters HD was the first all-horror channel, and broadcast exclusively in 1080i high definition. Monsters HD was the longest-running HI-Def Horror and Creature Feature channel to date...
‡ - Rave HDRave HDRave HD was a music channel that broadcast exclusively in High definition and 5.1 Dolby digital surround sound in the United States. Rave HD featured live concert performances from artists such as CHIC, The Cure, Green Day and world premieres of original programming such as Beautiful Noise.It was...
‡ - Rush HDRush HDRush HD was an adventure sport-oriented television channel that broadcasted exclusively in high definition television in Central Europe, Scandinavia and Latin America. Programming features coverage of Extreme Action Sports such as BASE jumping, snowboarding, windsurfing, bungee jumping, and cliff...
‡ - Treasure HDTreasure HDTreasure HD was an American high-definition television channel that focused on the world of Collecting. Programming catered to those who are active collectors of anything from antiques and jewellery to art and cars. It also featured live coverage of sales from various auction houses...
† - UltraHDUltraHDUltra HD was a high definition television channel that caters to the world of fashion, beauty and style. Programming included frequent showing of Full Frontal Fashion, as well as other programs from shopping to cuisine to interior design. It was one of the Voom HD Networks, a division of Rainbow...
† - VOOM HD Movies †
- World Sport HDWorld Sport HDWorldsport HD was an American sports television channel that broadcast exclusively in high definition and featured live coverage of sporting events from around the world...
†
† Removed by Dish May 12, 2008
‡ Removed by Dish May 13, 2008
Asia
Voom HDVoom HD International
Voom HD is a television channel providing high-definition programming from various genres. The network is available in 35 countries in Europe and Asia, according to its own information....
, Equator HD
Equator HD
Equator HD was a geography themed network that broadcasts exclusively in high definition. Programming included documentaries, short subjects and films that tell stories of intriguing places from around the globe....
and Worldsport HD are shown in Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
through SingTel's IPTV network mio TV
Mio TV
mio TV is a 24-hours pay-TV service, introduced by SingTel. It is transmitted through the company's SingNet broadband network via an IPTV service and uses Microsoft Mediaroom as its end to end software platform. It is a service that will allow multimedia content - including broadcast channels and...
from July 2007. These 3 channels were off-air from January 1, 2010.
Europe
In 2008, Rainbow MediaRainbow Media
AMC Networks is an entertainment company in the United States that owns the national cable channels AMC, IFC, WE tv, and Sundance Channel; the regional News 12 Networks, the art house movie theater IFC Center in New York, New York, and the film company IFC Films.The company was originally launched...
launched Rush HD
Rush HD
Rush HD was an adventure sport-oriented television channel that broadcasted exclusively in high definition television in Central Europe, Scandinavia and Latin America. Programming features coverage of Extreme Action Sports such as BASE jumping, snowboarding, windsurfing, bungee jumping, and cliff...
in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
and the Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Ireland , described as the Republic of Ireland , is a sovereign state in Europe occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of the same name. Its capital is Dublin. Ireland, which had a population of 4.58 million in 2011, is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy,...
on Sky Digital
Sky Digital (UK & Ireland)
Sky is the brand name for British Sky Broadcasting's digital satellite television and radio service, transmitted from SES Astra satellites located at 28.2° east and Eutelsat's Eurobird 1 satellite at 28.5°E. The service was originally launched as Sky Digital, distinguishing it from the original...
. The channel is also available in Germany. They are also said to be planning further channels such as UltraHD
UltraHD
Ultra HD was a high definition television channel that caters to the world of fashion, beauty and style. Programming included frequent showing of Full Frontal Fashion, as well as other programs from shopping to cuisine to interior design. It was one of the Voom HD Networks, a division of Rainbow...
.
Rainbow Media
Rainbow Media
AMC Networks is an entertainment company in the United States that owns the national cable channels AMC, IFC, WE tv, and Sundance Channel; the regional News 12 Networks, the art house movie theater IFC Center in New York, New York, and the film company IFC Films.The company was originally launched...
offers a channel called Voom HD
Voom HD International
Voom HD is a television channel providing high-definition programming from various genres. The network is available in 35 countries in Europe and Asia, according to its own information....
in Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
, the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, and Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
. This channel carries HD content from the different channels in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
.
In the Czech Republic
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
and Slovakia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
, Voom HD
Voom HD International
Voom HD is a television channel providing high-definition programming from various genres. The network is available in 35 countries in Europe and Asia, according to its own information....
was available through UPC Broadband
UPC Broadband
UPC Broadband is a Pan-European Communications company owned by Liberty Global and is active in several European countries providing bundled cable television, internet and telephone services....
and ceased broadcast on August 31, 2009. The channel was replaced by Rush HD.
North America
In 2005, Rainbow MediaRainbow Media
AMC Networks is an entertainment company in the United States that owns the national cable channels AMC, IFC, WE tv, and Sundance Channel; the regional News 12 Networks, the art house movie theater IFC Center in New York, New York, and the film company IFC Films.The company was originally launched...
signed a licensing and programming deal with Canadian company High Fidelity HDTV
High Fidelity HDTV
High Fidelity HDTV is a Canadian licensed television broadcaster specializing in HD content. The company was founded in 2003 by co-founders John Panikkar and Ken Murphy, both of whom have been involved in the Canadian broadcasting industry for many years...
allowing them to air programming from the Voom HD Networks on their own channels and use of the Voom brand and branding of several of their channels. Thus far High Fidelity HDTV
High Fidelity HDTV
High Fidelity HDTV is a Canadian licensed television broadcaster specializing in HD content. The company was founded in 2003 by co-founders John Panikkar and Ken Murphy, both of whom have been involved in the Canadian broadcasting industry for many years...
has launched 4 channels with three having the same names as their Voom counterparts:
- Equator HD (Canada)
- Oasis HDOasis HDOasis HD is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel. The channel is owned by High Fidelity HDTV and broadcasts completely in high definition. The channel broadcasts nature-themed programming on a wide variety of topics from animals to landscapes to outer space.-History:In August...
- Rush HD (Canada)
- Treasure HD (Canada)
South America
Voom HD was launched in Brazil on April 28, 2009 on SkySky
The sky is the part of the atmosphere or outer space visible from the surface of any astronomical object. It is difficult to define precisely for several reasons. During daylight, the sky of Earth has the appearance of a pale blue surface because the air scatters the sunlight. The sky is sometimes...
Brazil and TVA
Televisão Abril
TVA - Televisão Abril is a Brazilian subscription television operator, working with Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service analog system, analog cable and digital cable...
cable service (São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
and Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
); it was replaced by Rush HD
Rush HD
Rush HD was an adventure sport-oriented television channel that broadcasted exclusively in high definition television in Central Europe, Scandinavia and Latin America. Programming features coverage of Extreme Action Sports such as BASE jumping, snowboarding, windsurfing, bungee jumping, and cliff...
on August 1, 2009.