The
Volkswagen Polo Mk3 is the third generation of the
Volkswagen PoloThe Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car manufactured by Volkswagen. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, saloon, coupé and estate variants.-History:...
superminiA supermini is a British car classification term that describes automobiles larger than a city car but smaller than a small family car. This car class is also known as the B-segment across Europe, and as Subcompact in North America....
, produced from 1994 until late 1999 and some in 2000. It was produced in two forms, the initial car (1994-2000) being known as the Mark 3 or III, and the facelifted version (2000-2002) known as the Mark 3 Phase II or unofficially as the Mark 3F or IIIF.
Overview
The third generation Polo (known internally as the
Typ 6N) was launched in September 1994, and was a completely new model/chassis from the old Polo, although early versions used the engines from the Mark 2. The Mark 3 was the first Polo to be made available as a five-door as well as three-door hatchback; these where built in 1995-1999.
The platform used for this model used a modified version of the floorpan of the
Volkswagen GolfThe Volkswagen Golf is a hatchback / small family car manufactured by Volkswagen since 1974 and marketed worldwide across six generations, in various body configurations and under various nameplates -- prominently as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada , and as the Volkswagen...
Mark 3, as did the SEAT Ibiza Mk2. A multitude of mechanical parts and all of the suspension components were intechangeable among the three models. Although the
dashboardA dashboard, dash, "dial and switch housing" or fascia, is a control panel located under the windshield of an automobile. It contains the instrumentation and controls pertaining to the operation of the vehicle...
and a number of mechanical components, including engines, were shared with the Ibiza, outwardly the Polo models were entirely different with no body panels shared with the SEAT model.
Initially, only three- and five-door
hatchbackHatchback is a term designating an automobile design, containing a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the vehicle by a single, top-hinged tailgate or large flip-up window...
versions were available. In 1995, four-door saloon ("Polo Classic/Sedan/Derby") and five-door
estateA station wagon is a passenger automobile with a body style similar to a sedan, or saloon, but with the roofline following the full, sometimes extended rear cargo area and sometimes an extra row of sometimes rear-facing seats, ending with a more vertical door than on a hatchback.Also sometimes...
("Polo Wagon/Variant") versions were added to the range — these were badge engineered versions of the
SEAT CórdobaThe SEAT Córdoba is the saloon, estate and coupé version of the supermini SEAT Ibiza, built by Spanish automaker SEAT from 1993 to 2008. It is named after a city in Central Argentina, where several famous rally events have been held in the past...
(the saloon and estate versions of the Ibiza). They were referred to internally by VW as the
Typ 6KV, and shared body panels with the SEAT model rather than the hatchback models.
A convertible version was not produced, although a version with an electrically sliding full length sunroof, called the Polo Open Air, was available.
Engines
Initially the car was available with the 1043cc putting out , and the 1272cc putting out engines from the previous generation Polo, along with a new 1598cc unit. A new 1.4L engine replaced the 1.3L in 1996. In 1997 the 1043cc engine was replaced by an all-new aluminium block multi-point injection 999cc developing
The
Volkswagen Polo Mk3 is the third generation of the
Volkswagen PoloThe Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car manufactured by Volkswagen. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, saloon, coupé and estate variants.-History:...
superminiA supermini is a British car classification term that describes automobiles larger than a city car but smaller than a small family car. This car class is also known as the B-segment across Europe, and as Subcompact in North America....
, produced from 1994 until late 1999 and some in 2000. It was produced in two forms, the initial car (1994-2000) being known as the Mark 3 or III, and the facelifted version (2000-2002) known as the Mark 3 Phase II or unofficially as the Mark 3F or IIIF.
Overview
The third generation Polo (known internally as the
Typ 6N) was launched in September 1994, and was a completely new model/chassis from the old Polo, although early versions used the engines from the Mark 2. The Mark 3 was the first Polo to be made available as a five-door as well as three-door hatchback; these where built in 1995-1999.
The platform used for this model used a modified version of the floorpan of the
Volkswagen GolfThe Volkswagen Golf is a hatchback / small family car manufactured by Volkswagen since 1974 and marketed worldwide across six generations, in various body configurations and under various nameplates -- prominently as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada , and as the Volkswagen...
Mark 3, as did the SEAT Ibiza Mk2. A multitude of mechanical parts and all of the suspension components were intechangeable among the three models. Although the
dashboardA dashboard, dash, "dial and switch housing" or fascia, is a control panel located under the windshield of an automobile. It contains the instrumentation and controls pertaining to the operation of the vehicle...
and a number of mechanical components, including engines, were shared with the Ibiza, outwardly the Polo models were entirely different with no body panels shared with the SEAT model.
Initially, only three- and five-door
hatchbackHatchback is a term designating an automobile design, containing a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the vehicle by a single, top-hinged tailgate or large flip-up window...
versions were available. In 1995, four-door saloon ("Polo Classic/Sedan/Derby") and five-door
estateA station wagon is a passenger automobile with a body style similar to a sedan, or saloon, but with the roofline following the full, sometimes extended rear cargo area and sometimes an extra row of sometimes rear-facing seats, ending with a more vertical door than on a hatchback.Also sometimes...
("Polo Wagon/Variant") versions were added to the range — these were badge engineered versions of the
SEAT CórdobaThe SEAT Córdoba is the saloon, estate and coupé version of the supermini SEAT Ibiza, built by Spanish automaker SEAT from 1993 to 2008. It is named after a city in Central Argentina, where several famous rally events have been held in the past...
(the saloon and estate versions of the Ibiza). They were referred to internally by VW as the
Typ 6KV, and shared body panels with the SEAT model rather than the hatchback models.
A convertible version was not produced, although a version with an electrically sliding full length sunroof, called the Polo Open Air, was available.
Engines
Initially the car was available with the 1043cc putting out {{convert|45|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, and the 1272cc putting out {{convert|55|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} engines from the previous generation Polo, along with a new 1598cc unit. A new 1.4L engine replaced the 1.3L in 1996. In 1997 the 1043cc engine was replaced by an all-new aluminium block multi-point injection 999cc developing
The
Volkswagen Polo Mk3 is the third generation of the
Volkswagen PoloThe Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car manufactured by Volkswagen. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, saloon, coupé and estate variants.-History:...
superminiA supermini is a British car classification term that describes automobiles larger than a city car but smaller than a small family car. This car class is also known as the B-segment across Europe, and as Subcompact in North America....
, produced from 1994 until late 1999 and some in 2000. It was produced in two forms, the initial car (1994-2000) being known as the Mark 3 or III, and the facelifted version (2000-2002) known as the Mark 3 Phase II or unofficially as the Mark 3F or IIIF.
Overview
The third generation Polo (known internally as the
Typ 6N) was launched in September 1994, and was a completely new model/chassis from the old Polo, although early versions used the engines from the Mark 2. The Mark 3 was the first Polo to be made available as a five-door as well as three-door hatchback; these where built in 1995-1999.
The platform used for this model used a modified version of the floorpan of the
Volkswagen GolfThe Volkswagen Golf is a hatchback / small family car manufactured by Volkswagen since 1974 and marketed worldwide across six generations, in various body configurations and under various nameplates -- prominently as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada , and as the Volkswagen...
Mark 3, as did the SEAT Ibiza Mk2. A multitude of mechanical parts and all of the suspension components were intechangeable among the three models. Although the
dashboardA dashboard, dash, "dial and switch housing" or fascia, is a control panel located under the windshield of an automobile. It contains the instrumentation and controls pertaining to the operation of the vehicle...
and a number of mechanical components, including engines, were shared with the Ibiza, outwardly the Polo models were entirely different with no body panels shared with the SEAT model.
Initially, only three- and five-door
hatchbackHatchback is a term designating an automobile design, containing a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the vehicle by a single, top-hinged tailgate or large flip-up window...
versions were available. In 1995, four-door saloon ("Polo Classic/Sedan/Derby") and five-door
estateA station wagon is a passenger automobile with a body style similar to a sedan, or saloon, but with the roofline following the full, sometimes extended rear cargo area and sometimes an extra row of sometimes rear-facing seats, ending with a more vertical door than on a hatchback.Also sometimes...
("Polo Wagon/Variant") versions were added to the range — these were badge engineered versions of the
SEAT CórdobaThe SEAT Córdoba is the saloon, estate and coupé version of the supermini SEAT Ibiza, built by Spanish automaker SEAT from 1993 to 2008. It is named after a city in Central Argentina, where several famous rally events have been held in the past...
(the saloon and estate versions of the Ibiza). They were referred to internally by VW as the
Typ 6KV, and shared body panels with the SEAT model rather than the hatchback models.
A convertible version was not produced, although a version with an electrically sliding full length sunroof, called the Polo Open Air, was available.
Engines
Initially the car was available with the 1043cc putting out {{convert|45|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, and the 1272cc putting out {{convert|55|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} engines from the previous generation Polo, along with a new 1598cc unit. A new 1.4L engine replaced the 1.3L in 1996. In 1997 the 1043cc engine was replaced by an all-new aluminium block multi-point injection 999cc developing {{convert. The Classic and Variant models featured a {{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} or {{convert|100|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} 1.6L and a {{convert. For the first time, a turbodiesel engines (a 1.9L engine) was available in a Polo, although only in the 6K models. Due to its smaller engine bay, the standard 3 and 5-door 6N did not get a turbodiesel engine until the facelift in 2000.
Trim levels
The Polo Mark 3 was much better equipped than its predecessor. A range of models featured items such as colour coded bumpers, heated/electrically adjustable mirrors, four speaker stereo, pollen filters, central locking, rear head restraints, split rear seats, fog lights, alloy wheels, air bags and so on. The car was available originally in four trim levels ranging from the L at the bottom level of the scale through the CL and GL to the range topping GLX model.
In 1994, the Polo SE or Special Equipment was launched. Based on the 1.4 L it featured a number of features from higher spec models such as the GLX bumpers, Sport Rader alloy wheels, tinted rear light clusters and clear indicators. The Mark 3 came to the end of its production run in 1999 with another Polo Match.
Unlike the
Volkswagen Polo Mk1The Volkswagen Polo Mk1 is the first generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini. It was produced from 1975 until 1981.-Polo Mark 1 :...
and
Volkswagen Polo Mk2The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, it was produced from late 1981 until 1994.-Polo Mark 2:...
, trim levels were not the same across
EuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
; the
United KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
's were L, CL, GL, GLX, 16v (later E, S, SE and GTi); models sold in Europe had trim levels which were individual to the country they were marketed in.
Sporting variants
Sporting variants were not introduced initially, and a supercharged G40 version of the Mark 3 was never made, but a GTI model introduced in 1995 catered for the
hot hatchHot hatch was originally an informal automotive industry term, shortened from hot hatchback, initially coined by the European motoring press, for a high-performance derivative of a car body style consisting of a three- or five-door hatchback automobile...
market. With a limited production run of 3000 units, the 6N GTI was available only in continental Europe. Featuring a 1.6 16V 125 PS (92 kW) version of the unit that would later be found in the Mark 3F model, the car came with 15" BBS alloys and could sprint to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in just 9.1 seconds. The 16V, introduced to replace the GLX, was one of the most popular Mark 3 versions with modifiers, it used a 1.4 16V unit pushed to 100 PS (74 kW) as standard. This car was not a pure sporting model, and with a 0-100 km/h time of 10.6 seconds and a 190 km/h (118 mph) top speed, it was not as fast as the sporting Ibiza model (which used a 2.0 L 16V engine). The Polo GTI was often seen as over priced for the performance it delivered.
Polo Harlekin
In Europe, a special "Harlekin" or "Harlequin" model was released in 1995. The Polo Harlekin was an unusual edition featuring a multi-coloured body with each panel in a different colour: red, yellow, pistachio green or blue. It used the same engines as regular Polos—only the colour of the panels was the difference. Originally limited to 1,000, around 3,800 of this series were produced.
Polo Mark 3 Phase II (2000-2002)
The Polo was facelifted in 2000 (internal designation
Typ 6N2, unofficially known as the Mark 3F), with the hatchback models featuring updated styling including new headlights and bumpers and an all new interior based on that of the
LupoThe Volkswagen Lupo is a city car manufactured by German automaker Volkswagen from 1998 to 2005.It was introduced in 1998 to fill a gap at the bottom of the VW model range caused by the increasing size and weight of the VW Polo. Rivals included the Ford Ka, the Opel Agila and the Fiat Seicento...
. Although the car was similar in appearance to the Mark 3 (the bodyshell was fully galvanised and stiffened but not fully redesigned, although some panels were changed), Volkswagen claimed that 70% of the components were new. Power steering, antilock brakes and twin airbags were made standard. The saloon and estate versions received the new interior, but not the full exterior facelift. Also, the three-cylinder 1.4-litre
TDITDI may stand for:* The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, a subsidiary of Dartmouth College* Tabbed document interface, a type of graphical user interface* Technical Diving International, a technical diving organization...
engine was introduced for the three and five-door hatchbacks.
Specification options ranged from power steering, tinted glass, split rear seats, electric windows and cup holders to ABS, air conditioning, Xenon headlights and satellite navigation. Thirty-two models with seven engines ranging from the 1.4 diesel to the 1.6 L 16V GTI made the choice of Polo the widest ever seen. The base model was the Comfortline with the option of no less than 5 engines ranging from the 1.0 50 PS (37 kW) to the 1.9 TDI unit found across the VW range, producing 90 PS (66 kW). The 1.0 L hatchback was considered cheap for the build quality and spec list when compared to other cars. Then came the Trendline and Highline models. With engine options ranging from 60 PS (44 kW) to a 110 PS (81 kW) Diesel they offered a range of features usually found on the more sporty models but without the insurance or running cost woes.
Polo GTI
{{main article|Volkswagen Polo GTI}}
Between 2000 and 2002 VW offered two sporting models, the 16V and GTI. The 16V came with the 1.4 16V 100 PS (74 kW) engine and had options such as 15" Spa alloys and air conditioning. However more interest was in the GTI. Available only in hatchback form, the GTI was powered by a 1.6 16V 125 PS (92 kW) engine with variable valve timing, making it the most powerful Polo to come out the factory to date. External changes gave the car the looks to match its power. Deeper front bumpers with honeycomb mesh inserts, side skirts, fog lights, a honeycomb mesh grill and 15" BBS split rims suited the car well. There were also standard extras such as
ClimatronicClimatronic is a fully electronic climate control system. It was introduced by Volkswagen on the Golf and Passat models in the early-1990s. It was first used in the US in the early 2000s in Passats and Jettas as well...
fully automatic air conditioning, Xenon headlights (with a headlight washer system), a 6 disc CD autochanger, exclusive sports interior with leather steering wheel and gearstick, chrome inserts and driver aids such as ABS with EBD and an EDL (a system to aid traction). Leather and satellite navigation were also optional extras. The Mark 3F
Polo GTIThe Volkswagen Polo GTI is a hot hatch version of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, produced by German automaker Volkswagen.-Mk2 Polo GT G40 & Mk2F Polo G40:...
however missed the new six-speed gearbox that was introduced in the smaller
Lupo GTIThe Volkswagen Lupo is a city car manufactured by German automaker Volkswagen from 1998 to 2005.It was introduced in 1998 to fill a gap at the bottom of the VW model range caused by the increasing size and weight of the VW Polo. Rivals included the Ford Ka, the Opel Agila and the Fiat Seicento...
.
Awards
- 1999 Used Car Buyer Greatest Used Car Buy Awards Best Economy Car
- 1998 Top Gear Magazine Top Cars - Best Supermini
- 1997 Which?
Which? is a product-testing and campaigning charity with a magazine and website run by Which? Ltd...
Magazine Best Buys - Best Supermini
- 1997 Auto Express
Auto Express is a weekly motoring magazine sold in the United Kingdom, with features including news, road tests, first drives, readers' letters and feedback, product tests, long-term tests, used cars, prices, motorsport and comment columns. the columnists include Mike Rutherford who also writes for...
New Car Honours - Best Supermini
- 1997 Complete Car of the Year Awards - Best Supermini
The Polo outside Europe
- In some Asia Pacific markets, the Polo Classic (1995-2002MY) was sold as the Derby.
- In China
China is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
, FAW-VolkswagenVolkswagen Group China is the subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group in the People's Republic of China. Volkswagen Group enjoys sales of about 18% of the Chinese market, and is the largest foreign carmaker. The Chinese market is one of the main markets of the Group...
simply rebadged the SEAT CordobaThe SEAT Córdoba is the saloon, estate and coupé version of the supermini SEAT Ibiza, built by Spanish automaker SEAT from 1993 to 2008. It is named after a city in Central Argentina, where several famous rally events have been held in the past...
without the exterior modifications of the European Derby (ie. rear and front bumpers/headlights).
It was sold & assembled as the FAW-VW City-Golf during 1996.
It is not to be confused with the Canadian
Mark 4 City GolfThe Volkswagen Golf is a hatchback / small family car manufactured by Volkswagen since 1974 and marketed worldwide across six generations, in various body configurations and under various nameplates -- prominently as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada , and as the Volkswagen...
released in 2006 in
CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
.
- In Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico,...
, VW still produce a 2002 facelifted Polo Classic which is sold as Derby in MexicoThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
and a Volkswagen CaddyThe name Volkswagen Caddy has been used by the Volkswagen Group to describe four different Caddy models:*Typ 14 was derived from the Volkswagen Golf Mk1,*Typ 9K was derived from the Volkswagen Polo Mk3 / SEAT Ibiza platform,...
, the SEAT IncaThe SEAT Inca is a panel van, manufactured between 1995 and 2003. It was designed and assembled in Spain by SEAT, S.A., and based upon the SEAT Ibiza Mk2 , with which it shared its chassis and front body panels...
-derived van which shares the same platform and front end styling as the South American Type 6K. The 6K Polo Classic and 9K Caddy have been produced since 2000. All facelifted Type 6K/9K models are Argentine-built models.
The Polo Classic (Type 6K) and the facelifted Caddy (Type 9K) are still sold in
Latin AmericaLatin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish, Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,501 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
, and are expected to be replaced in 2007 or 2008 by a sedan and panel van versions of the
Gol VThe Volkswagen Gol is a low cost subcompact car designed in Brazil and sold by German automaker Volkswagen since 1980. It is Volkswagen's entry-level car in the South American market, beneath the other superminis, the Fox and Polo. It has uninterruptedly been the best-selling car in Brazil since...
.
Latin AmericaLatin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish, Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,501 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
had its own trim levels, although some of the trim level names were similar to their European counterparts. The CL and GL were available from 1996 onwards in
BrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean...
; these were similar to their European counterparts, although slightly more expensive due to import
tariffA tariff is a duty imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary.-History:...
s.
Related models
- The SEAT Ibiza
The SEAT Ibiza is a car constructed and marketed in the European supermini class, sold under the Spanish SEAT marque.Introduced in 1984, it was initially manufactured by SEAT S.A., based on joint venture designs from Fiat...
Mark 2 was based on the same platform as the Mark 3 Polo, as were the SEAT IncaThe SEAT Inca is a panel van, manufactured between 1995 and 2003. It was designed and assembled in Spain by SEAT, S.A., and based upon the SEAT Ibiza Mk2 , with which it shared its chassis and front body panels...
and Volkswagen CaddyThe name Volkswagen Caddy has been used by the Volkswagen Group to describe four different Caddy models:*Typ 14 was derived from the Volkswagen Golf Mk1,*Typ 9K was derived from the Volkswagen Polo Mk3 / SEAT Ibiza platform,...
panel vanA panel van is a form of van; in some national usages it is distinct from a purpose-designed van in that it is based on a family car chassis; elsewhere in the world it applies to any solid van, smaller than a lorry or truck , without rear side windows — in this usage the term is...
s.
- The South African built Volkswagen Polo Playa
The Volkswagen Polo Playa is a supermini produced and sold in South Africa. From 1996 until 2002, it was a rebadged version of the SEAT Ibiza Mk2 five-door hatchback. A separate model, the Polo Mk3 was sold in most markets during this period - this model shared its mechanical components with the...
was a rebadged version of the SEAT IbizaThe SEAT Ibiza is a car constructed and marketed in the European supermini class, sold under the Spanish SEAT marque.Introduced in 1984, it was initially manufactured by SEAT S.A., based on joint venture designs from Fiat...
Mark 2, and was sold instead of the European Polo in South Africa until the introduction of the Polo Mark 4.
- The Volkswagen Lupo
The Volkswagen Lupo is a city car manufactured by German automaker Volkswagen from 1998 to 2005.It was introduced in 1998 to fill a gap at the bottom of the VW model range caused by the increasing size and weight of the VW Polo. Rivals included the Ford Ka, the Opel Agila and the Fiat Seicento...
and SEAT ArosaThe SEAT Arosa is a city car from the Spanish automaker SEAT, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, built between 1997 and 2005.The 1st generation was in production between 1997 and 1999...
city carA city car is a small, moderately powered automobile intended for use in urban areas.It is comparable in size and features to a neighborhood electric vehicle , has four seats, and is typically long. These cars have been sold in Europe since the 1960s, and now are an official car classification....
s were based on a shortened version of the 6N platform, and shared many components.
See also
- Volkswagen Polo
The Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car manufactured by Volkswagen. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, saloon, coupé and estate variants.-History:...
for an overview of all models
- Volkswagen Polo Mk1
The Volkswagen Polo Mk1 is the first generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini. It was produced from 1975 until 1981.-Polo Mark 1 :...
- Volkswagen Polo Mk2
The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, it was produced from late 1981 until 1994.-Polo Mark 2:...
- Volkswagen Polo Mk4
The Volkswagen Polo Mk4 is the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, produced by the German automaker Volkswagen since late 2001.-History:...
External links
{{commonscat|Volkswagen Polo III}}
{{VW}}
{{Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date}}