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Torbern Bergman

 
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Torbern Olof Bergman (March 20, 1735 Katrineberg, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
, – July 8, 1784 Medevi
Medevi

Medevi brunn, Scandinavias oldest spa, north-west ?sterg?tland, Sweden. The spa was founded in 1678 by count Gustaf Soop and the royal doctor Urban Hj?rne....
, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
) was a Swedish
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
 chemist
Chemist

A chemist is a scientist trained in the science of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties such as density, acidity, size and shape....
 and mineralogist noted for his 1775 Dissertation on Elective Attractions, containing the largest chemical affinity
Chemical affinity

In chemical physics and physical chemistry, chemical affinity can be defined as electronic properties by which dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming chemical compounds....
 tables ever published. Bergman was the first chemist to use the A, B, C, etc., system of notation for chemical species
Chemical species

Chemical species are atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc., as entities being subjected to a chemical process or to a measurement. Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entity that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scal...
.

He was the son of Barthold Bergman and Sara Hägg. Torbern gained his education at the University of Uppsala, and received a Ph.D.
Ph.D.

Ph.D. or PHD may stand for:* Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group* Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip...
 in 1758.






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Torbern Olof Bergman (March 20, 1735 Katrineberg, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
, – July 8, 1784 Medevi
Medevi

Medevi brunn, Scandinavias oldest spa, north-west ?sterg?tland, Sweden. The spa was founded in 1678 by count Gustaf Soop and the royal doctor Urban Hj?rne....
, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
) was a Swedish
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
 chemist
Chemist

A chemist is a scientist trained in the science of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties such as density, acidity, size and shape....
 and mineralogist noted for his 1775 Dissertation on Elective Attractions, containing the largest chemical affinity
Chemical affinity

In chemical physics and physical chemistry, chemical affinity can be defined as electronic properties by which dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming chemical compounds....
 tables ever published. Bergman was the first chemist to use the A, B, C, etc., system of notation for chemical species
Chemical species

Chemical species are atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc., as entities being subjected to a chemical process or to a measurement. Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entity that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scal...
.

He was the son of Barthold Bergman and Sara Hägg. Torbern gained his education at the University of Uppsala, and received a Ph.D.
Ph.D.

Ph.D. or PHD may stand for:* Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group* Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip...
 in 1758. He then lectured at the university in physics
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
 and mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
 before becoming a professor
Professor

The meaning of the word professor varies. In some English-speaking countries, it refers to a senior academic who holds a departmental chair, especially as head of the Academic department, or a personal chair awarded specifically to that individual....
 of chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
. He remained at this position for the rest of his life.

Bergman greatly contributed to the advancement of quantitative analysis
Quantitative analysis

Quantitative analysis may refer to:* Quantitative analyst, in finance, someone who applies mathematics, among others stochastic calculus, to finance...
, and he developed a mineral classification scheme based on chemical characteristics and appearance. He is noted for his research on the chemistry of metal
Metal

In chemistry, a metal is a chemical element whose atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions , and form metallic bonds between other metal atoms and ionic bonds between nonmetal atoms....
s, especially bismuth
Bismuth

Bismuth is a chemical element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent poor metal has a pink tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony....
 and nickel
Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge....
.

In 1771, four years after Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley

Joseph Priestley was an 18th-century British theologian, English Dissenters clergyman, Natural philosophy, educator, and Political philosophy who published over 150 works....
 first created artificially carbonated water
Carbonated water

Carbonated water, also known as sparkling water, fizzy water and seltzer, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved, and is the major and defining component of most soft drinks....
, Bergman invented a process to make carbonated water from chalk by the action of sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen2sulfuroxygen4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry....
. Finally he is noted for his sponsorship of Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Carl Wilhelm Scheele was a Germany-Sweden pharmaceutical chemist, born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Germany . He was the discoverer of many chemical substances, most notably discovering oxygen , molybdenum and chlorine before Humphry Davy....
, whom some deem to be Torbern's "greatest discovery".

In 1771, he married Margareta Catharina Trast.

Publications

  • A Dissertation on Elective Attractions, 1775.
  • Essays, Physical and Chemical, 1779–1781.
  • Physick Beskrifning Ofver Jordklotet, 1766.


Further reading

  • Mostrom, Birgitta. (1957). Torbern Bergman: a bibliography of his works. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. Includes over 300 items, including translations printed up to 1956.
  • Schufle, J.A. (1985). Torbern Bergman : a man before his time. Lawrence, Kan.: Coronado Press.

External links

  • - by James S. Aber
  • Bergman, Torbern (1735 - 1784). . 6 vols. Uppsala, 1780.