Ludovic-Oscar Frossard

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Ludovic-Oscar Frossard

Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (also known as L-O Frossard or Oscar Frossard; March 5 1889, Foussemagne

Foussemagne

Foussemagne is a village and Communes of France in the Territoire de Belfort Departments of France, in the France Regions of France of Franche-Comt?....
, Territoire de Belfort

Territoire de Belfort

The Territoire de Belfort is a departments of France in the Franche-Comt? regions of France of eastern France....
—February 11 1946, Paris

Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
) was a French

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
socialist

Socialism

Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating public or state ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and a society characterized by equality for all individuals, with a fair or Egalitarianism method of compensation....
and communist

Communism

Communism is a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of an egalitarianism, classlessness, stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general....
politician, a member of six successive French governments between 1935 and 1940.

Early career and PCF
Born into an anti-clerical

Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes religious institutional power and influence, real or alleged, in all aspects of public and political life, and the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen....
family opposed to the antisemitical side during the Dreyfus Affair

Dreyfus Affair

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal which divided France in the 1890s and the early 1900s. It involved the conviction for treason in November 1894 of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian History of the Jews in France descent....
(his father was a saddler and a member of the Radical Party), Frossard became involved in socialist politics, and also worked as a schoolteacher.

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Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (also known as L-O Frossard or Oscar Frossard; March 5 1889, Foussemagne

Foussemagne

Foussemagne is a village and Communes of France in the Territoire de Belfort Departments of France, in the France Regions of France of Franche-Comt?....
, Territoire de Belfort

Territoire de Belfort

The Territoire de Belfort is a departments of France in the Franche-Comt? regions of France of eastern France....
—February 11 1946, Paris

Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
) was a French

France

Socialism

Communism

Early career and PCF

Born into an anti-clerical

Anti-clericalism

Dreyfus Affair

Antimilitarism

Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the anarchist and, more globally, in the socialist movement, which may be both characterized as internationalist movements....
got him expelled from his teaching position during World War I

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
.

In 1918, he was elected general secretary

General secretary

The term General Secretary denotes a leader of various unions, parties, churches or associations. The most notable usages are the following:...
of the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière

Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière

The French Section of the Workers' International , founded in 1905, was a French Socialism political party, designed as the local section of the Second International ....
(SFIO) socialist party. Frossard took a trip to Bolshevist Russia

Bolshevist Russia

Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia refers to Russia under the government by the Bolshevik party after the October Revolution. The following different usages may be distinguished....
in 1920 and became a supporter of Leninism

Leninism

Leninism refers to various related Political science and economics theories elaborated by the Bolshevik Communism leader Vladimir Lenin. Leninism builds upon and elaborates the ideas of Marxism, and serves as a philosophical basis for the ideology of Soviet communism....
, campaigning for his party to join the Comintern

Comintern

The 'Comintern' was an international Communism organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the Sta...
. The Leninists inside the PSU led to the party's split at the December 25 Congress of Tours

Tours

Tours is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire Departments of France.It is located on the lower reaches of the river River Loire, between Orl?ans and the Atlantic Ocean coast....
. Frossard became general secretary of the new French Communist Party

French Communist Party

The French Communist Party is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. Although its electoral support has greatly declined in recent decades, it remains the largest party in France advocating communist views, and retains a large membership and considerable influence in French politics....
(PCF), while Léon Blum

Léon Blum

Andr? L?on Blum , was a France politician, usually identified with the moderate left, and three times the Prime Minister of France....
led the SFIO. Nonetheless, Frossard soon became disenchanted with the PCF's rejection of pluralism - he resigned on January 1 1923, and joined the SFIO himself.

SFIO and independent

Elected to the Chamber of Deputies (the lower chamber of the French Third Republic

French Third Republic

The French Third Republic was the political regime of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy France. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on 4 September 1870 following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III of France in the Franco-Prussian War....
) on a Socialist platform with the 1928 and the 1932 Cartel des gauches
Cartel des Gauches

The Cartel des gauches was the name of the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist SFIO after World War I , which lasted until the end of the Popular Front ....
; Frossard quit the SFIO parliamentary group during the latter 1936 mandate. His departure did not prevent him from becoming Minister of Propaganda

Minister of Information (France)

The Minister of Information was a French government ministers in the Government of France from 1938 to 1974. The position no longer exists....
(and the first one ever in this capacity) in Blum's Second Popular Front

Popular Front (France)

The Popular Front was an alliance of History of the Left in France movements, including the French Communist Party , the Socialist SFIO and the Radical Party , during the interwar period....
Ministry (March-April 1938). From 1935, Frossard had been a member of the governments of Pierre Laval

Pierre Laval

Pierre Laval was a France politician. He served four times as Prime Minister of France of the Third French Republic, thrice consecutively. Following France's Armistice with Germany in 1940, he served twice in the Vichy Regime as head of government....
and Albert Sarraut

Albert Sarraut

Albert-Pierre Sarraut was a France Radical Party politician, twice List of Prime Ministers of France during the French Third Republic.Sarraut was born in Bordeaux, Gironde, France....
(as Labor Minister

Minister of Social Affairs (France)

The Minister of Social Affairs and Employment After the Second World War, the position was renamed Minister of Social Affairs. In its current state, the position was brought back in 1981 under the presidency of Fran?ois Mitterrand - as a result of the economic situation of France in the 1980s - to oversee issues of social exclusion, u...
), as well as that of Camille Chautemps

Camille Chautemps

Camille Chautemps was a France Radical Party politician of the French Third Republic, three times Prime Minister of France ....
(as Minister of State in charge of the Services of the Presidency of the Council).

Afterwards, he served as Minister of Public Works

Minister of Public Works (France)

The Minister of Public Works was a French government ministers in the Government of France of France. Formerly known as "Ministre des Travaux Publics" , in 1870, it was largely subsumed by the position of Minister of Transportation ....
under radical Édouard Daladier

Édouard Daladier

?douard Daladier was a France Radical-Socialist Party politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War....
, and again as Minister of Propaganda under conservative Paul Reynaud

Paul Reynaud

Paul Reynaud was a France politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany....
.

Frossard was made Minister of Public Works and Transmissions in the First Government of Philippe Pétain

Philippe Pétain

Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph P?tain , generally known as Philippe P?tain or Marshal P?tain , was a France general who reached the distinction of Marshal of France, later Head of state of Vichy France , from 1940 to 1944....
, created after the Battle of France

Battle of France

In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the Germany invasion of France and the Low Countries, executed from 10 May 1940, which ended the Phoney War....
and the beginning of the Nazi German

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , which established a Totalitarianism dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945....
occupation of France

Military history of France during World War II

The military history of France during World War II covers the period from 1939 until 1940, which witnessed French military participation under the Third Republic, and the period from 1940 until 1945, which was marked by colonial struggles between Vichy France and the Free French Forces under the command of Charles de Gaulle, fighting in Europ...
. After the signing of the armistice

Armistice

An armistice is a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace....
, he refused to be part of any Vichy France

Vichy France

Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944. This government, which succeeded the French Third Republic, officially called itself the French State , in contrast with the previous designation, "French Republic." Marshal of France Philippe P?tain pro...
executive, but worked as a journalist. Suspicion of collaboration with the enemy led to an enquiry into his activities at the end of World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
, but his name was soon cleared.