List of notable artificial intelligence projects
Encyclopedia
Brain simulation
- Blue Brain Project, an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineeringReverse engineeringReverse engineering is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device, object, or system through analysis of its structure, function, and operation...
the mammalian brain down to the molecular level. - HNeT (Holographic Neural Technology), a technology by AND Corporation (Artificial Neural Devices) based on non linear phase coherence/decoherence principles.
- Hierarchical Temporal MemoryHierarchical Temporal MemoryHierarchical temporal memory is a machine learning model developed by Jeff Hawkins and Dileep George of Numenta, Inc. that models some of the structural and algorithmic properties of the neocortex. HTM is a biomimetic model based on the memory-prediction theory of brain function described by Jeff...
, a technology by NumentaNumentaNumenta is a company founded March 24, 2005, by Palm founder Jeff Hawkins with his longtime business partner Donna Dubinsky and Stanford graduate student Dileep George. It is headquartered in Redwood City, California.-Origin:...
to capture and replicate the properties of the neocortexNeocortexThe neocortex , also called the neopallium and isocortex , is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI...
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Cognitive architectures
- CALOCALOCALO was an artificial intelligence project that attempted to integrate numerous AI technologies into a cognitive assistant. CALO is an acronym for "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes". The name was inspired by the Latin word "calonis," which means "soldier’s servant"...
, a DARPA-funded, 25-institution effort to integrate numerous artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its...
approaches (natural language processingNatural language processingNatural language processing is a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages; it began as a branch of artificial intelligence....
, speech recognitionSpeech recognitionSpeech recognition converts spoken words to text. The term "voice recognition" is sometimes used to refer to recognition systems that must be trained to a particular speaker—as is the case for most desktop recognition software...
, machine visionMachine visionMachine vision is the process of applying a range of technologies and methods to provide imaging-based automatic inspection, process control and robot guidance in industrial applications. While the scope of MV is broad and a comprehensive definition is difficult to distil, a "generally accepted...
, probabilistic logicProbabilistic logicThe aim of a probabilistic logic is to combine the capacity of probability theory to handle uncertainty with the capacity of deductive logic to exploit structure. The result is a richer and more expressive formalism with a broad range of possible application areas...
, planningPlanningPlanning in organizations and public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a plan; and the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior...
, reasoning, numerous forms of machine learningMachine learningMachine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases...
) into an AI assistant that learns to help manage your office environment. - SHIAI (Semi Human Instinctive Artificial Intelligence)Semi Human Instinctive Artificial IntelligenceSemi Human Instinctive Artificial Intelligence is a new Artificial Intelligence methodology, first designed to be used in RoboCup competitions. Nowadays it has been used to resolve many different problems.- Overview :...
, an AI methodology based on the use of semi-human instincts, developed at Islamic Azad UniversityIslamic Azad UniversityIslamic Azad University is a private chain of universities in Iran.Headquartered in Tehran, Iran, the Islamic Azad University was founded in 1982 and currently has an enrollment of 1.5 million students, making it the world's third largest...
in 2004. - Virtual WomanVirtual WomanVirtual Woman is a software program that has elements of a chatbot, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, a video game, and a virtual human. It claims to be the oldest form of virtual life in existence, as it has been continuously running or in use since the late 1980s...
, the oldest continuous form of virtual life — a chatterbot, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, video game, and virtual human. - OpenCogOpenCogOpenCog is a project that aims to build an open source artificial general intelligence framework. OpenCog Prime is a specific set of interacting components designed to give rise to human-equivalent artificial general intelligence...
, an open-source framework for Artificial General Intelligence designed primarily to support a particular Cognitive Architecture known as CogPrime. - LIDALIDA (cognitive architecture)The LIDA cognitive architecture is an integrated artificial cognitive system that attempts to model a broad spectrum of cognition in biological systems, from low-level perception/action to high-level reasoning. Developed primarily by Stan Franklin and colleagues at the University of Memphis, the...
, a Java framework for Artificial General Intelligence developed at the University of Memphis, implementing a cognitive architecture based on Global Workspace TheoryGlobal Workspace TheoryGlobal Workspace Theory is a simple Cognitive architecture that has been developed to account qualitatively for a large set of matched pairs of conscious and unconscious processes. It was proposed by Bernard Baars...
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Games
- ChinookChinook (draughts player)Chinook is a computer program that plays English draughts , developed around 1989 at the University of Alberta, led by Jonathan Schaeffer. Other developers are Rob Lake, Paul Lu, Martin Bryant, and Norman Treloar. In July 2007, Chinook's developers announced that the program has been improved to...
, a computer program that plays English draughtsEnglish draughtsEnglish draughts or checkers , also called American checkers or straight checkers or in Israel damka, is a form of draughts board game. Unlike international draughts, it is played on an eight by eight squared board with twelve pieces on each side...
; the first to win the world champion title in the competition against humans. - Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer developed by IBMIBMInternational Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...
which beat Garry KasparovGarry KasparovGarry Kimovich Kasparov is a Russian chess grandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, writer, political activist, and one of the greatest chess players of all time....
in 1997. - FreeHALFreeHAL- Name :First, the program was called JEliza referring to the chatbot ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum.The J stood for Java because JEliza has first been programmed in Java. In May 2008, the program has been renamed to FreeHAL because the programming language has changed...
, a self-learning conversation simulator (ChatterbotChatterbotA chatter robot, chatterbot, chatbot, or chat bot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods, primarily for engaging in small talk. The primary aim of such simulation has been to fool the user into thinking...
) which uses semantic nets to organize its knowledge in order to imitate a very close human behavior within conversations. - Poki, research into computer pokerComputer poker playersComputer poker players are computer programs designed to play the game of poker against human opponents or other computer opponents. They are commonly referred to as pokerbots or just simply bots.- On the Internet :...
by the University of AlbertaUniversity of AlbertaThe University of Alberta is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Founded in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta and Henry Marshall Tory, its first president, it is widely recognized as one of the best universities in Canada...
. - TD-GammonTD-GammonTD-Gammon was a computer backgammon program developed in 1992 by Gerald Tesauro at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Its name comes from the fact that it is an artificial neural net trained by a form of temporal-difference learning, specifically TD-lambda....
, a program that learned to play world-class backgammonBackgammonBackgammon is one of the oldest board games for two players. The playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice, and players win by removing all of their pieces from the board. There are many variants of backgammon, most of which share common traits...
partly by playing against itself (temporal difference learningTemporal difference learningTemporal difference learning is a prediction method. It has been mostly used for solving the reinforcement learning problem. "TD learning is a combination of Monte Carlo ideas and dynamic programming ideas." TD resembles a Monte Carlo method because it learns by sampling the environment according...
with neural networkNeural networkThe term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons. The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes...
s).
Knowledge and reasoning
- CycCycCyc is an artificial intelligence project that attempts to assemble a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge, with the goal of enabling AI applications to perform human-like reasoning....
, an attempt to assemble an ontology and database of everyday knowledge, enabling human-like reasoningCommonsense reasoningCommonsense reasoning is the branch of Artificial intelligence concerned with replicating human thinking. There are several components to this problem, including:* Developing adequately broad and deep commonsense knowledge bases....
. - EuriskoEuriskoEurisko is a program written by Douglas Lenat in RLL-1, a representation language itself written in the Lisp programming language. A sequel to Automated Mathematician, it consists of heuristics, i.e. rules of thumb, including heuristics describing how to use and change its own heuristics...
, a language by Douglas LenatDouglas LenatDouglas B. Lenat is the CEO of Cycorp, Inc. of Austin, Texas, and has been a prominent researcher in artificial intelligence, especially machine learning , knowledge representation, blackboard systems, and "ontological engineering"...
for solving problems which consists of heuristics, including heuristics for how to use and change its heuristics. - MycinMycinIn artificial intelligence, MYCIN was an early expert system designed to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many...
, an early medical expert system. - Open Mind Common SenseOpen Mind Common SenseOpen Mind Common Sense is an artificial intelligence project based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab whose goal is to build and utilize a large commonsense knowledge base from the contributions of many thousands of people across the Web.Since its founding in 1999, it has...
, a project based at the MIT Media LabMIT Media LabThe MIT Media Lab is a laboratory of MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Devoted to research projects at the convergence of design, multimedia and technology, the Media Lab has been widely popularized since the 1990s by business and technology publications such as Wired and Red Herring for a...
to build a large common sense knowledge baseKnowledge baseA knowledge base is a special kind of database for knowledge management. A Knowledge Base provides a means for information to be collected, organised, shared, searched and utilised.-Types:...
from online contributions. - P.A.N.P.A.N.P.A.N. is a freeware application that allows you to analyze virtually any sort of text ....
, a publicly available text analyzer. - Questsin, uses Query by ExampleQuery by ExampleQuery by Example is a database query language for relational databases. It was devised by Moshé M. Zloof at IBM Research during the mid 1970s, in parallel to the development of SQL. It is the first graphical query language, using visual tables where the user would enter commands, example elements...
and features a dictionary, knowledge base, repository, reference, and thesaurus. - SiriSiri (software)Siri is an intelligent software assistant and knowledge navigator functioning as a personal assistant application for iOS. The application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of web services...
, a voice-based artificial intelligence program built into the IPhone 4sIPhone 4SThe iPhone 4S is a touchscreen slate smartphone developed by Apple Inc. It is the fifth generation of the iPhone, a device that combines a widescreen iPod with a touchscreen, mobile phone, and internet communicator. It retains the exterior design of its predecessor, iPhone 4, but is host to a range...
. - SNePSSNePSSNePS is a knowledge representation, reasoning, and acting system developed and maintained by Stuart C. Shapiro and colleagues at the State University of New York at Buffalo....
, a simultaneously a logicLogicIn philosophy, Logic is the formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science...
-based, frameFrame languageA frame language is a metalanguage. It applies the frame concept to the structuring of language properties. Frame languages are usually software languages.-Description:...
-based, and networkSemantic networkA semantic network is a network which represents semantic relations among concepts. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges.- History :...
-based knowledge representation, reasoning, and acting system. - WatsonWatson (artificial intelligence software)Watson is an artificial intelligence computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci. Watson was named after IBM's first president, Thomas J...
, a question answering system being developed by IBM capable of playing the Jeopardy!Jeopardy!Griffin's first conception of the game used a board comprising ten categories with ten clues each, but after finding that this board could not be shown on camera easily, he reduced it to two rounds of thirty clues each, with five clues in each of six categories...
gameshow.
Motion and manipulation
- CogCog (project)Cog was a project at the Humanoid Robotics Group of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was based on the hypothesis that human-level intelligence requires gaining experience from interacting with humans, like human infants do. This in turn requires many interactions with humans over a...
, a robot developed by MITMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
to study theories of cognitive scienceCognitive scienceCognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works. It includes research on how information is processed , represented, and transformed in behaviour, nervous system or machine...
and artificial intelligence, now discontinued. - Grand Challenge 5 – Architecture of Brain and Mind, a UK attempt to understand and model natural intelligence at various levels of abstraction, demonstrating results in a succession of increasingly sophisticated working robots.
Natural language processing
- AIMLAIMLAIML, or Artificial Intelligence Markup Language, is an XML dialect for creating natural language software agents.- Background :The XML dialect called AIML was developed by Richard Wallace and a worldwide free software community between the years of 1995 and 2002...
, an XMLXMLExtensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards....
dialect for creating natural languageNatural languageIn the philosophy of language, a natural language is any language which arises in an unpremeditated fashion as the result of the innate facility for language possessed by the human intellect. A natural language is typically used for communication, and may be spoken, signed, or written...
software agents. - A.L.I.C.E.Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer EntityA.L.I.C.E. , also referred to as Alicebot, or simply Alice, is a natural language processing chatterbot—a program that engages in a conversation with a human by applying some heuristical pattern matching rules to the human's input, and in its online form it also relies on a hidden third person...
, an award-winning natural language processingNatural language processingNatural language processing is a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages; it began as a branch of artificial intelligence....
chatterbotChatterbotA chatter robot, chatterbot, chatbot, or chat bot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods, primarily for engaging in small talk. The primary aim of such simulation has been to fool the user into thinking...
. - ELIZAELIZAELIZA is a computer program and an early example of primitive natural language processing. ELIZA operated by processing users' responses to scripts, the most famous of which was DOCTOR, a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist. Using almost no information about human thought or emotion, DOCTOR...
, a famous 1966 computer program by Joseph WeizenbaumJoseph WeizenbaumJoseph Weizenbaum was a German-American author and professor emeritus of computer science at MIT.-Life and career:...
, which parodied person-centered therapy. - InfoTame, a text analysis search engine originally developed by the KGBKGBThe KGB was the commonly used acronym for the . It was the national security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991, and was the premier internal security, intelligence, and secret police organization during that time.The State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus currently uses the...
for sorting communications intercepts. - JabberwackyJabberwackyJabberwacky is a chatterbot created by British programmer Rollo Carpenter. Its stated aim is to "simulate natural human chat in an interesting, entertaining and humorous manner"...
, a chatterbot by Rollo CarpenterRollo CarpenterRollo Carpenter is the British-born creator of Jabberwacky and Cleverbot, learning Artificial Intelligence software. Carpenter has worked as CTO of a business software startup in Silicon Valley, but returned to the UK to work at Icogno....
, aiming to simulate a natural human chat. - KAR-Talk, a chatterbot by I.-A.Industrie.
- KAR Intelligent Computer, an artificial intelligence software included in the CEPC 230 KAR's computer from Continental Edison.
- PARRYPARRYPARRY is, besides ELIZA, the other famous early chatterbot.-History:PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University. While ELIZA was a tongue-in-cheek simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a paranoid schizophrenic...
, another early famous chatterbot, written in 1972 by Kenneth Colby, attempting to simulate a paranoid schizophrenic. - Proverb, a system that can solve crossword puzzles better than most humans.
- SHRDLUSHRDLUSHRDLU was an early natural language understanding computer program, developed by Terry Winograd at MIT from 1968-1970. In it, the user carries on a conversation with the computer, moving objects, naming collections and querying the state of a simplified "blocks world", essentially a virtual box...
, an early natural language processing computer program developed by Terry WinogradTerry WinogradTerry Allen Winograd is an American professor of computer science at Stanford University, and co-director of the Stanford Human-Computer Interaction Group...
at MITMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
from 1968 to 1970. - START, the world's first web-based question answering system, developed at the MIT CSAILMIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryMIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory is a research laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory...
. - SYSTRANSYSTRANSYSTRAN, founded by Dr. Peter Toma in 1968, is one of the oldest machine translation companies. SYSTRAN has done extensive work for the United States Department of Defense and the European Commission....
, a machine translationMachine translationMachine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.On a basic...
technology by a company of the same name, used by Yahoo!Yahoo!Yahoo! Inc. is an American multinational internet corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, United States. The company is perhaps best known for its web portal, search engine , Yahoo! Directory, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, Yahoo! Groups, Yahoo! Answers, advertising, online mapping ,...
, AltaVistaAltaVistaAltaVista is a web search engine owned by Yahoo!. AltaVista was once one of the most popular search engines but its popularity declined with the rise of Google...
and GoogleGoogleGoogle Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...
, among others. - Texai, an open source project to create artificial intelligence, starting with a bootstrap English dialog system that intelligently acquires knowledge and behaviors.
Planning
- O-Plan, a project to provide a modular and flexible planning and control system using AI, at AIAIArtificial Intelligence Applications InstituteThe Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh is a non-profit technology transfer organisation that promotes the benefits of the application of Artificial Intelligence research to commercial, industrial, and government organisations...
, University of EdinburghUniversity of EdinburghThe University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university...
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Other
- Kreator, an optimization problem solving software by Intelligentics that uses A.I. techniques.
- OpenAIR, a routing and communication protocol based on a publish-subscribe architecture, built especially for A.I. research.
- SEASSynthetic Environment for Analysis and SimulationsPurdue University's Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations, or , is currently being used by Homeland Security and the US Defense Department to simulate crises on the US mainland...
(Synthetic Environment for Analysis and SimulationsSynthetic Environment for Analysis and SimulationsPurdue University's Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations, or , is currently being used by Homeland Security and the US Defense Department to simulate crises on the US mainland...
), a model of the real world used by Homeland securityHomeland securityHomeland security is an umbrella term for security efforts to protect states against terrorist activity. Specifically, is a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S., reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do...
and the US Defense DepartmentUnited States Department of DefenseThe United States Department of Defense is the U.S...
that uses simulationSimulationSimulation is the imitation of some real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system....
and AI to predict and evaluate future events and courses of action.
Software libraries
- dANN, a freely available AI library implemented in Java, implementing graph theory, ANNArtificial neural networkAn artificial neural network , usually called neural network , is a mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks. A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons, and it processes...
, GAGenetic algorithmA genetic algorithm is a search heuristic that mimics the process of natural evolution. This heuristic is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems...
, Markov Chains, graphical models (bayesian networks, HMMHidden Markov modelA hidden Markov model is a statistical Markov model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved states. An HMM can be considered as the simplest dynamic Bayesian network. The mathematics behind the HMM was developed by L. E...
), etc. - ELKI, a research project and software framework with numerous data miningData miningData mining , a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and database systems...
algorithms (in particular cluster analysis and outlierOutlierIn statistics, an outlier is an observation that is numerically distant from the rest of the data. Grubbs defined an outlier as: An outlying observation, or outlier, is one that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs....
detection) and index structureIndex (database)A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of slower writes and increased storage space...
s by the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. - FRDCSA, an attempt to package and integrate all FOSSFree and open source softwareFree and open-source software or free/libre/open-source software is software that is liberally licensed to grant users the right to use, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code...
AI systems for GNU+Linux-based systems. - I-X, a systems integration architecture project for the creation of intelligent systems at AIAIArtificial Intelligence Applications InstituteThe Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh is a non-profit technology transfer organisation that promotes the benefits of the application of Artificial Intelligence research to commercial, industrial, and government organisations...
, University of EdinburghUniversity of EdinburghThe University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university...
. - RapidMiner, an environment for machine learningMachine learningMachine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases...
and data miningData miningData mining , a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and database systems...
, developed by the Dortmund University of Technology. - WekaWeka (machine learning)Weka is a popular suite of machine learning software written in Java, developed at the University of Waikato, New Zealand...
, a free implementation of numerous machine learning algorithms in JavaJava (programming language)Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
. - Pogamut, a free platform for JavaJava (programming language)Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
AI development in games, developed by the Charles University in PragueCharles University in PragueCharles University in Prague is the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic. Founded in 1348, it was the first university in Central Europe and is also considered the earliest German university...