List of large volcanic eruptions of the 19th Century

This is a list of volcanic eruptions of the 19th Century measuring a Volcanic Explosivity Index

Volcanic Explosivity Index

The Volcanic Explosivity Index was devised by Chris Newhall of the U.S. Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaii in 1982 to provide a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions....

(VEI) of at least 4. Note that there may be many other eruptions that have not been identified, and estimates for the size of eruptions can be subject to considerable uncertainties.

VEI	Volcano (eruption)	Year	Casualties	Notes
4	Pago Pago Pago may refer to:* Chalan Pago-Ordot, Guam, a municipality** Pago Bay, on the coast of Guam* pago, the Chamorro word for Hibiscus tiliaceus* Pago Pago, American Samoa* the Italian name for Pag , off the coast of Croatia...	1800
5	Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is south of Seattle, Washington and northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a...	1800
6	Unknown source	1809		Greenland Greenland Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for... and Antarctic Antarctic The Antarctic is the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica and the ice shelves, waters and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence... ice samples suggest an undocumented eruption roughly half the magnitude of Mount Tambora Mount Tambora Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it. This raised Mount Tambora as high as , making it... occurred, contributing to the 1810's being the coldest decade in at least 500 years.
4	La Soufrière	1812
4	Awu	1812
4	Suwanosejima Suwanosejima is a volcanic island with a population of about fifty located in the Tokara Islands, part of the Nansei Islands, Japan. It is 8 km long and is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. It belongs to the village of Toshima in Kagoshima District, Kagoshima, Japan...	1813
4	Mount Mayon	1814
7	Mount Tambora Mount Tambora Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it. This raised Mount Tambora as high as , making it... (1815 eruption 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was the most powerful in recorded history and classified as a VEI-7 event. Mount Tambora is situated on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia. The eruption was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions... )	1815	>71,000	Largest and deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Caused the "Year Without a Summer Year Without a Summer The Year Without a Summer was 1816, in which severe summer climate abnormalities caused average global temperatures to decrease by about 0.4–0.7 °C , resulting in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere... " in 1816.
4	Raung Raung Raung is one of the most active volcanoes on the island of Java in Indonesia.It is located in the province of East Java and has a wide caldera surrounded by a grayish rim. The difference in color of the rim and the flanks of the volcanoes is caused by the rim’s lack of vegetation compared with the...	1817
4	Colima Colima Colima is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima....	1818
4	Mount Usu Mount Usu is an active stratovolcano in the Shikotsu-Toya National Park, Hokkaidō, Japan. It has erupted four times since 1900: in 1910, 1944–45 , August 7, 1977, and on March 31, 2000. To the north lies Lake Toya...	1822
5	Galunggung Galunggung Mount Galunggung is an active stratovolcano in West Java, Indonesia, around 80 km southeast of the West Java provincial capital, Bandung...	1822	4,000
4	Isanotski Isanotski Peaks Isanotski Peaks or Isanotski Volcano, known locally as "Ragged Jack", is a multipeaked mountain on Unimak Island, the easternmost Aleutian Island in Alaska, United States. It is an old, highly dissected stratovolcano, lying about 10 miles east of Shishaldin Volcano, the highest peak in the...	1825
4	Kelut Kelut Kelud is a volcano located in East Java on Java in Indonesia. Like many Indonesian volcanoes and others on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kelud is known for large explosive eruptions throughout its history...	1826
4	Avachinsky	1827
4	Kliuchevskoi	1829
4	Babuyan Claro Babuyan Claro Babuyan Claro is a volcano located in the Babuyan Islands, an archipelago in the Luzon Strait north of Luzon Island, in the Philippines. It is separated from Luzon by the Babuyan Channel, and from the Batanes Islands to the north by the Balintang Channel....	1831
5	Cosiguina Cosiguina Cosigüina is a stratovolcano located in the western part of Nicaragua. It forms a large peninsula extending into the Gulf of Fonseca. The summit is truncated by a large caldera, 2 x 2.4 km in diameter and 500 m deep, holding a substantial crater lake . This cone has grown within an...	1835
4	Hekla Hekla Hekla is a stratovolcano located in the south of Iceland with a height of . Hekla is one of Iceland's most active volcanoes; over 20 eruptions have occurred in and around the volcano since 874. During the Middle Ages, Icelanders called the volcano the "Gateway to Hell."Hekla is part of a volcanic...	1845
4	Fonualei	1846
4	Mount Usu Mount Usu is an active stratovolcano in the Shikotsu-Toya National Park, Hokkaidō, Japan. It has erupted four times since 1900: in 1910, 1944–45 , August 7, 1977, and on March 31, 2000. To the north lies Lake Toya...	1853
5	Shiveluch Shiveluch Shiveluch is the northernmost active volcano in Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It is sometimes called Sheveluch or Sopka Shiveluch. It is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanoes.- History :...	1854
4	Komaga-Take Hokkaidō Komagatake , also , , or just is a 1131 meter adesitic stratovolcano on the border between Mori, Shikabe, and Nanae, Hokkaidō, Japan.-References:*...	1856
4	Volcan De Fuego Volcán de Fuego Volcán de Fuego is an active stratovolcano in Guatemala. It is close to the city of Antigua Guatemala. It has erupted frequently since the Spanish conquest. "Fuego" is famous for being almost constantly active at a low level. Smoke issues from its top daily, but larger eruptions are rare. On...	1857
4	Katla	1860
4	Makian Makian Makian is a volcanic island, one of the Maluku Islands in Indonesia...	1861
4	Sinarka Sinarka Sinarka is a stratovolcano located at the northern end of Shiashkotan Island, Kuril Islands, Russia.- References :*...	1872
4	Mount Merapi Mount Merapi Mount Merapi, Gunung Merapi , is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548...	1872
4	Grímsvötn Grímsvötn The Grímsvötn sub-glacial lakes and the volcano of the same name are in South-East Iceland. They are in the highlands of Iceland at the northwestern side of the Vatnajökull ice-cap. The lakes are at , at an elevation of...	1873
5	Askja Askja Askja is a stratovolcano situated in a remote part of the central highlands of Iceland. The name Askja refers to a complex of nested calderas within the surrounding Dyngjufjöll mountains, which rise to , askja meaning box or caldera in Icelandic-Location:The region is only accessible for a few...	1875
4	Suwanosejima Suwanosejima is a volcanic island with a population of about fifty located in the Tokara Islands, part of the Nansei Islands, Japan. It is 8 km long and is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. It belongs to the village of Toshima in Kagoshima District, Kagoshima, Japan...	1877
4	Cotopaxi Cotopaxi Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains, located about south of Quito, Ecuador, South America. It is the second highest summit in the country, reaching a height of...	1877
4	Volcan De Fuego Volcán de Fuego Volcán de Fuego is an active stratovolcano in Guatemala. It is close to the city of Antigua Guatemala. It has erupted frequently since the Spanish conquest. "Fuego" is famous for being almost constantly active at a low level. Smoke issues from its top daily, but larger eruptions are rare. On...	1880
6	Krakatoa Krakatoa Krakatoa is a volcanic island made of a'a lava in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole. The island exploded in 1883, killing approximately 40,000 people, although some estimates...	1883 1883 eruption of Krakatoa The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa began in May 1883 and culminated with the destruction of Krakatoa on 27 August 1883. Minor seismic activity continued to be reported until February 1884, though reports after October 1883 were later dismissed by Rogier Verbeek's investigation.-Early phase:In the years...	36,417	Heard 3,000 miles (4,800km) away. Caused a 5 year volcanic winter Volcanic winter A volcanic winter is the reduction in temperature caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the sun and raising Earth's albedo after a large particularly explosive type of volcanic eruption... .
4	Mount Augustine	1883
4	Tungurahua Tungurahua Tungurahua, , rahua : "Throat of Fire" or from Panzaleo) is an active stratovolcano located in the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. The volcano gives its name to the province of Tungurahua...	1886
5	Mount Tarawera Mount Tarawera Mount Tarawera is the volcano responsible for New Zealand's largest historic eruption. Located 24 kilometres southeast of Rotorua in the North Island, it consists of a series of rhyolitic lava domes that were fissured down the middle by an explosive basaltic eruption in 1886, which killed over...	1886	108+	Largest historical eruption in New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga... .
4	Niuafo'ou Niuafo'ou Niuafoou is the most northerly island in the kingdom of Tonga. It is a volcanic rim island of 15 km² and with a population of 650 in 2006.-Geography:...	1886
4	Mount Bandai Mount Bandai , also known as , , and , is a stratovolcano in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.In a major eruption on July 15, 1888 the north and east parts of the caldera collapsed in a massive landslide, forming two lakes, Hibara-ko and Onogawa-ko, as well as several minor lakes called Goshiki-numa, or the 'Five...	1888 1888 Eruption of Mount Bandai The 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai was a major volcanic eruption which occurred during the Meiji period of the Empire of Japan. The eruption occurred on 1888-07-15, and pyroclastic flows buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, Fukushima...	477+
4	Suwanosejima Suwanosejima is a volcanic island with a population of about fifty located in the Tokara Islands, part of the Nansei Islands, Japan. It is 8 km long and is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. It belongs to the village of Toshima in Kagoshima District, Kagoshima, Japan...	1889
4	Colima Colima Colima is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima....	1890
4	Calbuco	1893
4	Mount Mayon	1897
4	Dona Juana Doña Juana Doña Juana volcano is a stratovolcano located within the Doña Juana-Cascabel Volcanic Complex National Natural Park in Nariño Department, Colombia....	1899

External links

VEI glossary entry from a USGS
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology,...

website
How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption, from The Guardian
The Guardian
The Guardian, formerly known as The Manchester Guardian , is a British national daily newspaper in the Berliner format...
The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, a 2004 article from the Bulletin of Volcanology
Bulletin of Volcanology
The Bulletin of Volcanology is the official journal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior published by Springer Science+Business Media...
List of Large Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program
VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

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See also

External links