Eskimo-Aleut languages

	Email		Print
	Bookmark		Link

Eskimo-Aleut languages

Eskimo-Aleut is a language family

Language family

A language family is a group of languages related Genetic from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.As with Alpha taxonomy, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics....
native to Alaska

Alaska

Alaska is the largest U.S. state of the United States by area; it is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait....
, the Canadian Arctic

Northern Canada

File:Northern Canada.svgNorthern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics....
, Nunavik

Nunavik

Nunavik comprises the northern third of the province of Quebec, Canada. Covering a land area of 443,684.71 km? north of the 55th parallel north, it is the homeland of the Inuit of Quebec....
, Nunatsiavut

Nunatsiavut

Nunatsiavut is an area claimed by the Inuit in Canada . The claim extends from Labrador to Quebec. In the year 2002, the Labrador Inuit Association submitted a proposal for limited autonomy to the government of Newfoundland and Labrador....
, Greenland

Greenland

Greenland is a member country of the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago....
, and the Chukchi Peninsula

Chukchi Peninsula

The Chukchi Peninsula, Chukotski Peninsula or Chukotsk Peninsula , at about 66? N 172? W, is the northeastern extremity of Asia. Its eastern end is at Cape Dezhnev near the village of Uelen....
on the eastern tip of Siberia

Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
. It is also known as Eskaleut, Eskaleutian, Eskaleutic, Eskimoan, and Macro-Eskimo.

The Eskimo-Aleut language family is divided into two branches, the Eskimo languages and the Aleut language

Aleut language

Aleut is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. It is the tongue of the Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Commander Islands....
.

The Aleut language family consists of a single language, Aleut, spoken in the Aleutian Islands

Aleutian Islands

The Aleutian Islands are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming a volcanic arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi and extending about 1,200 mi westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula....
and the Pribilof Islands

Pribilof Islands

The Pribilof Islands are a group of four volcanic islands, part of the United States state of Alaska, lying in the Bering Sea, about 200 miles north of Unalaska, Alaska and 200 miles south of , the nearest point on the North American mainland....
.

Discussion

Ask a question about 'Eskimo-Aleut languages'

Start a new discussion about 'Eskimo-Aleut languages'

Answer questions from other users

Full Discussion Forum

Encyclopedia

Eskimo-Aleut is a language family

Language family

Alaska

Northern Canada

File:Northern Canada.svgNorthern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics....
, Nunavik

Nunavik

Nunatsiavut

Greenland

Greenland is a member country of the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago....
, and the Chukchi Peninsula

Chukchi Peninsula

Siberia

Aleut language

Aleutian Islands

Pribilof Islands

Dialect

A dialect is a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class....
s.

The Eskimo languages are divided into two branches, the Yupik languages, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska and in easternmost Siberia, and the Inuit language

Inuit language

The Inuit language is traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and to some extent in the subarctic in Labrador. It is also spoken in far eastern Russia, particularly the Diomede Islands, but is severely endangered in Russia today and is spoken only in a few villages on the Chukchi Peninsula....
, spoken in northern Alaska, in Canada, and in Greenland. The Inuit language, which covers a huge range of territory, is divided into several dialects.

The proper place of one language, Sirenik, within the Eskimo family has not been settled. Some linguists list it as a branch of Yupik, others as a separate branch of the Eskimo family, alongside Yupik and Inuit.

It is thought that the common ancestral language of the Eskimo languages and of Aleut divided into the Eskimo and Aleut branches around 2000 BCE, that is, around 4,000 years ago.

The Eskimo language family divided into the Yupik and Inuit branches around 1000 CE, that is, around 1,000 years ago.

The Eskimo-Aleut languages are one of the native languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas....
. However, this is a geographical category, not a linguistic

Linguistics

Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning ....
one. The Eskimo-Aleut languages are not demonstrably related to the other language families of North America

North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
.

Classification of the family

Eskimo-Aleut languages

Aleut

Aleut language

Aleut is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. It is the tongue of the Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Commander Islands....

Western-Central dialects: Atkan, Attuan, Unangan, Bering (60-80 speakers) Eastern dialects: Unalaskan, Pribilof (400 speakers)

Eskimo languages (or Yupik–Inuit languages)

Yupik languages (or Yup'ik languages) Central Alaskan Yup'ik

Central Alaskan Yup'ik language

Central Alaskan Yup'ik is a Yupik languages of the Eskimo language family, in turn a member of the Eskimo-Aleut languages language group, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska....
(10,000 speakers) Yugtun

Yugtun

Yugtun is a dialect of Central Alaskan Yup'ik language spoken in Central Alaska. A syllabary, now referred to as the Yugtun script, was invented in the early 1900s by Uyaquk to write the language....
Alutiiq

Alutiiq language

The Alutiiq language is a close relative to the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language spoken in the western and southwestern Alaska, but is considered a distinct language....
or Pacific Gulf Yup'ik (400 speakers) Central Siberian Yupik

Siberian Yupik language

Siberian Yupik is the language of the Siberian Yupik people, an indigenous people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the Russian Far East and on St....
or Yuit (Chaplinon and St. Lawrence Island

St. Lawrence Island

St. Lawrence Island is located west of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea, just south of the Bering Strait, at about 63?30' North 173?20' West. It is part of Alaska, but closer to Russia than to the Alaskan mainland....
, 1400 speakers) Naukan

Naukan language

Naukan is an Eskimo language spoken by ca. 70 persons on Chukchi Peninsula. It is one of the Siberian Yupik languages.External links...
ski (70 speakers) Qawiaraq language

Qawiaraq language

Qawiaraq is the name usually given to the variants of Inuit language spoken in western Alaska, particularly to those spoken on the Seward Peninsula....
(Seward Peninsula

Seward Peninsula

The Seward Peninsula is a large peninsula on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It projects about into the Bering Sea between Norton Sound, the Bering Strait, the Chukchi Sea, and Kotzebue Sound, just below the Arctic Circle....
) Chaplinski Sirenik (extinct) (viewed as an independent branch by some) Inuit language

Inuit language

Inupiaq language

Inupiaq, I?upiaq, Inupiak, or Inupiatun are a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in northern and northwestern Alaska....
or Inupiat (northern Alaska, 3,500 speakers) Inuvialuktun

Inuvialuktun

Inuvialuktun is a word routinely used to describe the varieties of the Inuit language spoken in the northern Northwest Territories by those Canada Inuit who call themselves Inuvialuit....
(western Canada, 765 speakers) Kangiryuarmiutun

Kangiryuarmiutun

Kangiryuarmiutun is the name of the dialect of Inuit language spoken in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories, Canada. The dialect is part of the Inuvialuktun language....
(Ulukhaktok

Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories

Ulukhaktok is a small Hamlet on the west coast of Victoria Island , in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The Canada 2006 Census indicated a population of 398....
sometimes listed as Inuinnaqtun) Siglitun

Siglitun

Siglitun is the dialect of Inuit language spoken by the Siglit Inuit. It is mainly used in the communities of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories, Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories and Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories....
(Paulatuk

Paulatuk, Northwest Territories

Paulatuk is a Hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located adjacent to Darnley Bay, in the Amundsen Gulf....
, Sachs Harbour

Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories

Sachs Harbour is a Hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Situated on the southwestern coast of Banks Island in Canada's Northwest Territories the population according to the Canada 2006 Census count was 122 people....
, Tuktoyaktuk) Uummarmiutun

Uummarmiutun

Uummarmiutun is the variant of Inuit language spoken by the Uummarmiut, part of the Inuvialuit, who live mainly in the communities of Inuvik, Northwest Territories and Aklavik, Northwest Territories in the Northwest Territories of Canada....
(Aklavik

Aklavik, Northwest Territories

Aklavik is a Hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Until 1961, the community served as the regional administrative center for the territorial government....
, Inuvik

Inuvik, Northwest Territories

Inuvik, , is a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada and is the administrative centre for the Inuvik Region.The population as of the Canada 2006 Census was 3,484, but the two previous census counts show wide fluctuations due to economic conditions: 2,894 in Canada 2001 Census and 3,296 in Canada 1996 Census....
from Inupiaq) Inuktitut

Inuktitut

Inuktitut is the name of the varieties of Inuit language spoken in Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the territories of Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and traditionally on the Arctic Ocean coa...
(eastern Canada; together with Inuktun

Inuktun

Inuktun is the language of approximately 1000 indigenous Inughuit, inhabiting the world's most northerly settlements in Qaanaaq and the surrounding villages in northern Greenland....
and Inuinnaqtun

Inuinnaqtun

Inuinnaqtun is an indigenous language of Canada. It is related very closely to Inuktitut, and many people believe that Inuinnaqtun is only a dialect of Inuktitut....
, 40,000 speakers) Nunatsiavummiutut

Nunatsiavummiutut

Nunatsiavummiutut, also known as Labradorimiutut, and called Inuttut by its speakers, is a dialect of the Inuit language. It was once spoken across northern Labrador by Inuit people, whose traditional lands have now been consolidated as Nunatsiavut....
(Nunatsiavut, 550 speakers) Inuttitut (Nunavik) Kalaallisut (Greenland, 54,000 speakers) Inuktun (Avanersuarmiutut) East Greenlandic (Tunumiit oraasiat)

Position among the world's language families

Eskimo-Aleut does not have any genetic relationship to any of the world's other language families that is generally accepted by linguists at the present time. (In linguistics, "genetic relationship" means descent from the same ancestral language, and does not have anything to do with the science of genetics

Genetics

Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and Genetic variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding....
.) There is, however, general agreement that it is not closely related to the other language families of North America. The more credible proposals on the external relations of Eskimo-Aleut all concern one or more of the language families of northern Eurasia

Eurasia

Eurasia is a large landmass covering about 53,990,000 km? or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface . Often considered a single continent, Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia, concepts which date back to classical antiquity and the borders for which are somewhat arbitrary....
. One of the first such proposals was made by the pioneering Danish linguist Rasmus Rask

Rasmus Christian Rask

Rasmus Rask , Denmark scholar and philologist, was born at Br?ndekilde on the Danish island of Funen....
in 1818, upon noticing similarities between Greenlandic Eskimo and Finnish

Finnish language

Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by Finnish people outside of Finland. It is one of the official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden....
. Perhaps the most fully developed such proposal to date is Michael Fortescue

Michael Fortescue

Michael D. Fortescue is a British-born linguistics specializing in Arctic and native North American languages, including Kalaallisut, Inuktun, Chukchi language and Nitinaht language....
's Uralo-Siberian

Uralo-Siberian languages

Uralo-Siberian is a hypothetical language family consisting of Uralic languages, Yukaghir languages, Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages and Eskimo-Aleut languages....
hypothesis, published in 1998. More recently Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Harold Greenberg was a prominent and controversial American linguistics, principally known for his work in two areas, linguistic typology and the genetic relationship of languages....
(2000-2002) has suggested grouping Eskimo-Aleut with all of the language families of northern Eurasia, with the exception of Yeniseian

Yeniseian languages

The Yeniseian language family is spoken in central Siberia....
, in a proposed language family called Eurasiatic

Eurasiatic languages

Eurasiatic is a hypothetical language family proposed by Joseph Greenberg that groups all of the language families historically spoken in northern Eurasia into a single higher-order family, with the sole exception of the Yeniseian languages, spoken in part of Siberia, but including the Eskimo-Aleut languages, spoken in northernmost North Amer...
. Such proposals remain controversial.

Notable features

The Eskimo-Aleut languages are affixally polysynthetic
Polysynthetic language

Polysynthetic languages are highly synthetic languages, i.e. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes.Not all languages can be easily classified as being completely polysynthetic....
and exclusively suffix

Suffix

In grammar, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the grammatical conjugation of verbs....
ing.

Every word must have only one root

Root (linguistics)

The root is the primary lexicology unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantics content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents....
(free morpheme) always at the beginning. Eskimo-Aleut languages have a relatively small number of roots - in the case of Central Alaskan Yup'ik around two thousand. Following the root is a number of postbases, which are bound morphemes that add to the basic meaning of the root. If the meaning of the postbase is to be expressed alone, a special neutral root (in the case of Central Alaskan Yup'ik pi) is used.

Following the postbases are non-lexical suffixes that indicate case

Grammatical case

In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject , of direct object, or of possession ....
on nouns and person

Grammatical person

Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deixis reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns....
and mood

Grammatical mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal Linguistic modality.It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used...
on verbs. The number of cases varies, with Aleut languages having a greatly reduced case system compared to Eskimo. The Eskimo languages are ergative-absolutive

Ergative-absolutive language

An ergative?absolutive language is a language that treats the Verb argument of an intransitive verb like the Object of a transitive verb, but distinctly from the agent of a transitive verb....
in nouns and in Yup'ik languages, also in verbal person marking. All Eskimo-Aleut languages have obligatory verbal agreement

Polypersonal agreement

In linguistics, polypersonal agreement or polypersonalism is the agreement of a verb with more than one of its verb arguments . Polypersonalism is a morphology feature of a language, and languages that display it are called polypersonal languages....
with agent and patient in transitive clauses, and there are special suffixes used for this purpose in subordinate clauses, which makes these languages, like most in the North Pacific, highly complement deranking
Balancing and deranking

In linguistics, balancing and deranking are terms used to describe the form of verbs used in various types of subordinate clauses and also sometimes in co-ordinate constructions....
.

At the end of a word there can be one of a small number of clitic

Clitic

In linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonology dependent word. It is pronounced like an affix, but works at the phrase level....
s with meanings such as "but" or indicating a polar interrogative.

Phonologically, the Eskimo-Aleut languages resemble other languages of northern North America and far eastern Siberia. There are usually only three vowels, , and , though some Yup'ik dialects also have ?

Mid central vowel

The mid central vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is @....
. There are no ejectives

Ejective consonant

In phonetics, ejective consonants are voiceless consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspiration or tenuis consonants....
, but there are voiceless plosives at the bilabial

Bilabial consonant

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:...
, coronal

Coronal consonant

Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical consonant , laminal consonant , domed consonant , or sub-apical consonant , as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity....
, velar

Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the Soft palate)....
and uvular

Uvular consonant

Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the Palatine uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants....
positions in all languages except Aleut, which has lost the bilabial stops but retained the nasal

Bilabial nasal

The bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m....
. There are contrasting voiced and voiceless fricatives at the same positions, and in the Eskimo subfamily a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some Speech communication languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental consonant, alveolar consonant, and postalveolar consonant fricative consonant is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K....
is also present. A rare feature of many dialects of Yup'ik and Aleut is contrasting voiceless nasals.

Vocabulary comparison

The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Eskimo-Aleut language family (about 60 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the other words in the row. Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases the form given is found only in some dialects of the language. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.

	common meaning	Aleut Aleut language Aleut is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. It is the tongue of the Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Commander Islands....	Proto-Eskimo Proto-Eskimo language Proto-Eskimo was the ancestor of all the Eskimo-Aleut languages. A linguistic reconstruction of the Proto-Eskimo sound system can be found in Fortescue et al....	Sirenik	Siberian Yupik Siberian Yupik language Siberian Yupik is the language of the Siberian Yupik people, an indigenous people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the Russian Far East and on St....	Alutiiq Alutiiq language The Alutiiq language is a close relative to the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language spoken in the western and southwestern Alaska, but is considered a distinct language....	Yup'ik Central Alaskan Yup'ik language Central Alaskan Yup'ik is a Yupik languages of the Eskimo language family, in turn a member of the Eskimo-Aleut languages language group, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska....	Seward Inupiaq Inupiaq language Inupiaq, I?upiaq, Inupiak, or Inupiatun are a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in northern and northwestern Alaska....	Qawiaraq Qawiaraq language Qawiaraq is the name usually given to the variants of Inuit language spoken in western Alaska, particularly to those spoken on the Seward Peninsula....	Malimiutun Inupiaq language Inupiaq, I?upiaq, Inupiak, or Inupiatun are a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in northern and northwestern Alaska....	North Slope Inupiaq language Inupiaq, I?upiaq, Inupiak, or Inupiatun are a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in northern and northwestern Alaska....	Uummarmiutun Uummarmiutun Uummarmiutun is the variant of Inuit language spoken by the Uummarmiut, part of the Inuvialuit, who live mainly in the communities of Inuvik, Northwest Territories and Aklavik, Northwest Territories in the Northwest Territories of Canada....	Siglitun Siglitun Siglitun is the dialect of Inuit language spoken by the Siglit Inuit. It is mainly used in the communities of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories, Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories and Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories....	Inuinnaqtun Inuinnaqtun Inuinnaqtun is an indigenous language of Canada. It is related very closely to Inuktitut, and many people believe that Inuinnaqtun is only a dialect of Inuktitut....	Natsilik	Kivalliq	Aivilik	North Baffin	South Baffin	Nunavik Inuktitut Inuktitut is the name of the varieties of Inuit language spoken in Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the territories of Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and traditionally on the Arctic Ocean coa...	Labrador Inuttut Nunatsiavummiutut Nunatsiavummiutut, also known as Labradorimiutut, and called Inuttut by its speakers, is a dialect of the Inuit language. It was once spoken across northern Labrador by Inuit people, whose traditional lands have now been consolidated as Nunatsiavut....	North Greenlandic Inuktun Inuktun is the language of approximately 1000 indigenous Inughuit, inhabiting the world's most northerly settlements in Qaanaaq and the surrounding villages in northern Greenland....	West Greenlandic	East Greenlandic
Persons
	Human being (Shaman word's)	tagu	ta?u	tarex	taghu	taru	taru	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	tau	taa	taa
	(Grand)father	adax^/taatax^	ata ata-ata	ata	ata	ata	aata	ata/ava	ata/ava	aapa/taata	aapa	aapa/ata	aappak/ataatak	aappak	ataata	ataata	ataata	ataata	ataata	ataata	ataata	ataata	ataataq	alaala
	Mother	anax^	ana ana-ana	nana	naa/ana	aana	aana	aaga	aaga	aaka	aaka	aaka	amaamak/aana	amaamak/anaana	anaana	anaana	anaana	anaana	anaana	anaana	anaana	anaana	anaanaq	annivik
	Son		*i?ni-?	irnex	ighneq	irneq	irneq	irniq	irniq	irñiq	irñiq	irñiq	irniq	irniq	irniq	irniq	irniq	irniq	irniq	irniq	innik	irniq	irneq	irniq
	Daughter		*pani?	panex	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik	panik
	Older brother (of female)	huyux^	*aN?-L?un	anta	aningak	anngaq	anngaq	ani	ani	ani	ani	ani	aniraaluk	ani	ani	ani	ani	ani	ani	ani	anik	ani	ani	ani
	Older sister (of male)	uhngix	*aleqa	nuskit	alqaq	a?qaq	aliraq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqaq	aliqannaq	angajuk	angajuk	angajuk	aliqa	aleqaq	alara
	Young brother (of female)	kingii	*nukaq	ungjex	uyughaq	uyuwaq	uyuraq	nukaq	nukaq	nukaaluk	nukaaluk	nukaq	nukaq	nukaq	nukaq	mukaq	nukaq	nukaq	nukaq	nukaq	nukak	nukaq	nukaq	nukaq
	Young sister (of male)	uhngix	*nayak	najex	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	nayak	najak	najak	najak	najak	najaatsuk	najak	najak	najak
	Husband	ugi	*u?i	uga	ugwik	wik	wii	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	uik	ui	ui	uviq
	Wife	ayagax^	*nuLiaq	nucix	nuliiq	nuliq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliak	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq
	Family/Relative	ilaanux^	*ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila	ila
	Man	tayagux^	*a?u-nt	angeta	angun	angun	angun	angun	angun	angun	angun	angun	angun	angun	angut	angut	angut	anguti	anguti	anguti	angutik	angut	angut	tikkaq
	Woman	ayagax^	*a?naq	arnax	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	arnaq	annak	arnaq	arnaq	nuliakkaaq
	Boy	hlax	*aleqa	nuke?pega?	nuka?pegaq	nuka?piaq	nuka?piaq	nugatpiaq	nugatpiaq	nukatpiaq	nukatpiaq	nukatpiaq	nukatpiraq	nukatpiaq	nukatpiaq	nukatpiaq	nukappiaq	nukappiaq	nukappiaq	nukappiaq	nukappiak	nukappiaq	nukappiraq	nugappiaq
	Girl	ayagaadax^	*n?vi(a)?c(??)a-	ná?serrá?	neveghsaq		neviarcaq	niaqsaa?ruk	niaqsia?ruk	niviaqsia?ruk	niviaqsia?ruk	niviakkaq	niviaqsiraq	niviaqhiaq	niviaqhiaq	niviakkiaq	niviaqsiaq	niviaqsaaq	niviaqsiaq	niviatsiaq	niviatsiak	niviarhiaq	niviarsiaraq	niiarsiaq
	Person	angaginax^	*ingu?	jux	yuk	suk	yuk/cuk	inuk	inuk	iñuk	iñuk	iñuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	inuk	iik
	Mother-in-law		*caki	saka	saki	caki	cakiq	sagi	chagi	saki	saki	hakigaq	saki	haki	haki	hakigaq	saki	saki	saki	saki	sakik	haki	saki	saqiq/sagiq
Personal pronouns	I or me (singular)	ting	*vi	menga	hwanga	w'iinga	w'iinga	wanga	uanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvanga	uvaqa	uvak	uanga	uanga	uara
	all of two us (two) (dual)	tingix	*vik		hwagakuk	w'iingakuk	w'iingakuk	waguk	uaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk	uvaguk
	we or us/all of us (plural)	tingin(s)	*vit	mengaketa	hwagakuta	w'iingakuta	w'iingakuta	wagut	uagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uvagut	uagut	uagut	uangit
	you (singular)	txin	*??-v?n-t	?pi	?pet	e?pet	e?pet	ivlin	ilvin	ilvich	ilvich	ilvik	ilvit	ilvit	ivrit/itvin	igvin/idvin	igvit	ivvit	ivvit	ivvit	iffit	ihhit/i'lit	i??it	ittit
	you two (dual)	txidix	*??-ptek		?petek	e?petek	e?petek	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	iliptik	ilissik	ilittik	ilittik	ilittik
	yourselves/all of you (plural)	txichix	*??-vcet	?pisi	?pesi	e?pici	e?peci	ilipsi	ilipsi	ilivsi	ilivsi	iliffi	ilipsi	iliffi	iliphi	iliphi	ilipsi	ilissi	ilitsi	ilitsi	ilitsi	ilissi	ilissi	ilitsi
	he/she/it	ilaa/uda	??-?a una	langa/una	lnga/una	elen/una	elii/una	ilaa/una	ilaa/una	ilaa/una	ilaa/una	ilaa/una	ilaa/una	una	una	una	una	una	una	una	una	una	una	una
	thyself/themselves/itself	ilaan(s)/udan(s)	??-?at ukuat	langwi/uket	lngit/ukut	elita/ukut	eliita/ukut	ilaat/ugua	ilaat/ugua	ilaat/ukua	ilaat/ukua	ilaat/ukua	ilaat/ukua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ukua/ukkua	ugua/ukkua
	I, me (affixes)	-kuq	tua kuq	-jua	-tua	-tua	-tua, -runga	-runga	-runga	-runga	-runga	-yunga, -yuami	-yunga	-yunga	-runga	-yunga	-junga	-junga	-junga	-junga	-junga	-junga	-punga,sunga	-pua, lua
	you (affixes)	-kuxt	*it	-jet	-ten	-ten	-ten	-rutin	-rutin	-rutin	-rutin	-rutin	-yutin	-yutin	-rutit	-yutit	-jutit	-jutit	-jutit	-jutit	-jutit	-hutit	-sutit	-sulit
	he/she/it (affixes)	-kux	*tuq	-jix	-tuq	-tuq	-tuq	-ruq	-ruq	-ruq	-ruq	-ruq	-yuaq	-yuq	-ruq	-yuq	-yuq	-juq	-juq	-juq	-juk	-huq	-soq, poq	-tuq, puq
	my (affixes)	-ng	*nga	-ka/qa	-ka/qa	-ka/qa	-ka/qa	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-ga	-ga/ra	-ga/ra	-nga/ra
	your (affixes)	-n	*in	-n	-n	-n	-n	-n	-n	-n	-n	-n	-n	-t	-t	-t	-t	-it	-it	-it	-it	-t	-t	-t
	his/her/its (affixes)	-(n)gan	*ngan	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a	-nga/a
	he/she...her/him/it	-kuu/qaa	*jaa/kaa	-jaa/kaa	-taa/kaa	-taa/kaa	-taa/kaa	-raa/gaa	-raa/gaa	-raa/gaa	-raa/gaa	-yaa/gaa	-yaa/gaa	-raa/gaa	-yaa/gaa	-jaa/gaa	-jaa/gaa	-jaa/gaa	-jaa/gaa	-jaa/gaa	-jaa/gaa	-jaa/gaa	-saa/gaa	-laa/ngaa
	Who (Interrogate)	kiin	*kina	kiin	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kina	kia
	What (Interrogate)	alqux	*ca?u	sang?¯´ca	sangwa/suna	cacaq	cacaq/tcauna	suna	sua	sua	suna/suva	huna	suna	huna	huna	huna	suna	kisu	suna	suna	suna	kihu	suna/sua	kisik
	Why (Interrogate)	alqul(-usaal)	*ca?u	sangaami	sangami	cin/caluni	ciin/caluni	suami	suami	summan/suvataa	summan/suvataa	huuq	suuq	huuq	huuq	huuq	suuq	suuq	sungmat	sumut	summat	huuq	suuq	suuq
	Where (Interrogate)	qaataa	*nani	nani	nani/naa/sami	nama/nani	nani/cami	naung/nani	naunga/nani	sumi/nani/naung	sumi/nani/naung	humi/nani/nau	sumi/nani/naung	humi/nani/naung	humi/naung	nani/naung	sumi/nauk	nani/nauk	nami/nani	nami/nani	nami/nani	humi	sumi	sumi
	When (Past/future) (Interrogate)	qanaayam	*qanga/qaku	qanga/qaku	qavnga/kaku	qangwaq/qaku	qangvaq/qaku	qanga/qagun	qanga/qagu	qaglaan/qaku	qanga/qaku	qanga/qaku	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qakugu	kanga/kakugu	qanga/qakugu	qanga/qaqugu	qanga/qara
	How (Interrogate)	alqutal	*qanuq	qanex	qayuq	qayuq	qayuq/cangstun	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	qanuq	kanuk	qanuq	qanoq	qaniq
Body parts	Chin	tsamlu	*tsamlu	tamla	tamlu	tamluq	tamlu	tavlu	tavluq	tavlu	tavlu	tavlu	tablu	tablu	tablu	tablu	tablu	tallu	tallu	tallu	talluk	taddu	ta??u	tattuq
	Heart	kanuux^	*u?-uma-	ungevata	unguvan	unguwan	unguvan	uumman	uumman	uumman	uumman	uumman	uumman	uumman	uummat	uummat	uummat	uummati	uummati	uummati	uummatik	uummat	uummat	iimmat
	Blood	aamaaxs	*aru?	acex/arux	awk	auk	auk	awk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	auk	aak	aak
	Head	kamgix^	*nar?-qu-	iiceqe?	naasquq/nayquq	nasquq	nacquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niaquq	niakuk	niaquq	niaqoq	suuniq
	Hair	iimlix	*nujaq	nuj??/juj??	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nuyaq	nujaq	nujaq	nujaq	nujaq	nujak	nujaq	nujaq	nujaq
	Eye	dax^	*ir?	eca	iya	ii/iingaq	ii/iingaq	izi	izi	iri	iri	iyi	iyi	iyi	iri	iyi	iji	iji	iji	iji	ijik	ihi	isi	ili
	Eyelash	dam qaxsaa	*q?m??ja-	qemerjax/seqpix	qemeryaq/siqpik	qemeryaq/ciqpik	qemeryaq/ciqpek	qimiriaq/siqpiq	qimiriaq/siqpik	qimiriaq/siqpik	qimiriaq/siqpik	qimiriaq/hiqpik	qimiriaq/siqpik	qimiriaq/hiqpik	qimiriaq/hiqpik	qimiriaq/hiqpik	qimiriaq/siqpik	qimiriaq/siqpik	qimiriaq/siqpik	qimiriaq/siqpik	kimigiak/sippik	qimiriaq/hiqpik	qimeriaq/serpik	qimiiaq/sirpik
	Ear	tutusix^	*ci?unt	siigeta	sigun	cuun	ciun	siun	siun	siun	siun	hiun	siun	hiun	hiut	hiut	siut	siuti	siuti	siuti	siutik	hiut	siut	siit/*tusaat
	Nose	angusix^	*q??a-	qengax	qengaq	qengaq	qengaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq	kingak	qingaq	qingaq	qingaq
	Arm	chuyux^	*ta?i-	jaqex	ta?iq	ta?iq	ta?iq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	taliq	talik	taliq	taleq	taliq
	Hand	chax^	*ar?a	ácxe?	aykaq	aikaq	aikaq	agrak	agraq	argak	argak	argak	adjgak *aygak	algak	argak	adjgak	aggak	aggak	aggak	aggak	aggak	aghak	assak	attak
	Finger	atx^ux^	*inura-	nurax	yughaq	suaraq	yuaraq	inugaq	inugaq	iñugaq	iñugaq	iñugaq	inugaq	inugaq	inugaq	inugaq	inugaq	inugaq	inugaq	inugaq	inugak	inugaq	inuaq	iiaq
	Fingernail		*kikra		kiikiak			kigiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kikiak	kigiak
	Belly	xax	*aqja	aqii	aqyaq	aqsaq	aqsaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	aqiaq	akiak	aqiaq	aqajaq	ariaq
	Navel	qiihliqdax^	*qaca???	qa?asex	qasa?eq	qa?aciq	qa?aciq	qalaziq	qalachiq	qalasriq	qalasiq	qalahiq	qalasiq	qalahiq	qalahiq	qalahiq	qalasiq	qalasiq	qalasiq	qalasiq	kalasik	qalahiq	qalaseq
	Knee	chidigix	*ci??r-qu	sigesqe?	serquq	cisquq	ciisquq	siitquq	siitquq	siitquq	siitquq	hiitquq	siitquq	hiitquq	hiitquq	hiitquq	siiqquq	siiqquq	siiqquq	siirquq	siikkuk	hiiqquq	siiqqoq
	Calf	tugaadix^	*nakacu?-na-	nakasegnax	nakasugnaq	nakacugnaq	nakacugnaq	nakasungnaq	nakasungnaq	nakasrungnaq	nakasungnaq	nakahungnaq	nakasungnaq	nakahungnaq	nakahungnaq	nakahungnaq	nakasungnaq	nakasungnaq	nakasunnaq	nakasunnaq	nakasunnak	nakahungnaq	nakasunnaaq
	Foot	kitax^	*it??-(a-)	ítegá	itegaq	itaq	itgaq	itigak	itigaq	isigak	isigak	ihigak	itigak	itigak	ihigak	itigak	itigak	isigak	itigak	itigak	itigak	ihigak	isigak
	Anus	idigasix^	*?t??	tex	eteq	eteq	teq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itiq	itik	itiq	iteq	iliq? *kiaavik
Animals	Caribou	itx^aygix^	*tu?tu	tumta	tungtu	tuntu	tuntu	tuttu	tuttu	tuttu	tuttu	tuttu	tuktu	tuktu	tuktu	tuktu	tuktu	tuktu	tuttu	tuttu	tuttuk	tuktu	tuttu	tuttuq
	Swan	qukingix^	*qu?ru?	qerúm?erá?	quuk	qugyuq	qugyuq	qugruk	qugruk	qugruk	qugruk	qugruk	qugyuk	qugyuk	qugyuk	qugyuk	qugjuk	qugjuk	qujjuk	qujjuk	kutjuk	qughuk	qussuk	qutsuk
	Canadian goose	lagix^	*l?ql??	le??e?	legh?eq	neq?eq	neq?eq	lirliq	lirliq	lirliq	nirliq	nirliq	nirliq	nirliq	nirliq	nirliq	lirliq/nirliq	nirliq	nirliq	nirliq	nillik	nirliq	ner?eq	nirtiq
	Killer Whale	aglux^	*a??u?	ar?ux?	ar?uk	aq?uk	ar?uk	aarlu	aarlu	aarlu	aarlu	aarlu	aarlu	aarlu	aarluk	aarluk	aarluk	aarluk	aarluk	aarluk	aalluk	aarluk	aar?uk	aartiq?
	Groundhog/Arctic squirrel	sixsix	*sigsik	siksix	sikik	cikik	cikik	siksrik	chiksrik	siksrik	siksrik	siksrik	siksik	hikhik	hiksik	hikhik	siksik	siksi	sitsik	sitsik	sitsik	highik	sissi	sitsiq
	Ptarmigan	agdiikax^	*aqar?i?	aqergex	aqargiiq/aqarriq	aqasgiiq	aqazgiiq	arargiq	arargiq	aqargiq	aqargiq	aqaygiq	aqiygiq	aqilgiq	aqirgiq/aqigriq	aqidjgiq	aqiggiq	aqiggiq	aqiggiq	aqiggiq	akiggik	aqighiq	aqisseq	nagalaraq
	Oldsquaw Duck	aagix^	*aXa??-li?	aahaangalex	aahaangwliq	ahangkiluk	aahaangiiq/aahaaliq	aa'aangiq	aa'aangiq	aahaaliq	aahaaliq	ahaangiq	ahaangiq	aahaalliq	ahaangiq	ahaangiq	ahaangiq	ahaangiq	ahaangiq	ahaangiq	ahaangik	ahaangiq	ahaangiq	ahaangiq
	Bowhead whale/whale	alax^	*a?v??	arvex	arveq	arweq/arruq	arveq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	arviq	avvik	arviq	arfeq	arpiq
	Dog	sabaakax^	*qikmi-	qepene?	qikmiq	qiqmiq/piugta	qimugta	qimmiq	qimmiq	qipmiq	qimmiq	qimmiq	qimmiq	qinmiq	qingmiq/qimmiq	qingmiq/qimmiq	qimmiq	qimmiq	qimmiq	qimmiq	kimmik	qimmiq	qimmeq	qimmiq
	Fish	qax^	*?qa?u?	iqe?ex	iqa?uk	iqa?uk	iqa?uk	iraluk	iraluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	qaluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	iqaluk	ikaluk	iqaluk	eqaluk	iqalik
	Louse	kitux^	*kuma?	kúmex	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak	kumak
Other nouns	Atmosphere/weather/out	silan/slax^	*c?la	si?a	s?aa	?a	ci?a/ella	sila	chila	sila	sila	hila	sila	hila	hila	hila	sila	sila	sila	sila	sila	hila	sila	sila
	Yes	aang	*aa/ii	ii	ii	ii-i	ii-i	ii-i	ii-i	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	ii	aap	ii

	No	nangaa	naaka qaanga	naaka	naka/naah	kaa	ina/qanga	naami/naagga	qanngaq/naagga	naumi/naakka	naumi/naagga	naggai	naaggai	imannaq	iiq/naagga	naung/naagga	nauk/aakka	aakka/naagga	aukka/aggaq	naggai/nauk	aukang	na'a/naagga	naami/naagga	iiqqii
	House	ulax^	*??lu	lu	inglu	englu	englu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	iglu	illu	illu	illuk	iglu	i??u	ittiq
	Tent	pulaatxix^	*tup??	tupex	tupeq			tuviq	tuviq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupiq	tupik	tupiq	tupeq	tupiq
	To ask	ahmat-	*apete	apet-	apetaqa-	apqar-	apete-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apiri-	apigi-	apiri-	aperi-	apii-
	Tell a Story/Legend	uniikal	*uni?-pa?-	unircex	ungikpaq	unifkuaq	unifkaraq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unipkaaq	unikkaaq	unikkaaq	unikkaaq	unikkaak	unikkaaq	unikkaaq	unikkaaq
	Cry/weep	qidal	*qiRa-	qeje	qeya	qia	qeya	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	qia	kia	qia	qia	qia
	Arrow		*qa?ru	qarce?	ruuq	ruuq	qeruq	qarruq	qarruq	qarruq	qarruq	qarruq	qaryuq	qaryuq	qaryuq	qaryuq	qarjuq	qarjuq	qarjuk	qajjuk	katjuk	qarhuq	qarsoq	qarliq
	Snow(flake)	qaniigix^	*qani?	qanix	qanik	qanik	qaniq	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	qanik	kanik	qanik	qanik	qanik
	Price/Value	akiisal	*aki	aka	aki	aki	aki	aki	aki	agi	agi	aki	aki	aki	aki	aki	aki	aki	aki	aki	aki	akik	aki	agiq
	Hungry	haagil	*kajak	kajex	keek	kaik	kaik	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak	kaak
	Cook	unagix^	*??a	ega	ega	ega	ega	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	iga	ega	inga
	Smoke	huyux^s	*puju	pujex	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	puyuq	pujuq	pujuq	pujuq	pujuq	pujuk	pujuq	pujuq	pujuq
	Ash	utxix^	*a?ra	arex	a?ra	araq	araq	arra	arra	arra	arra	arra	arya	arya	arya	arya	arja	arja	arja	ajja	atjak	arhaq	arsaq	arlaq
	Wind	achunal	*anuq?	anuqa	anuqa	anuqa	anuqa	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anuri	anugik	anuri	anori	anirsiq
	Breath	angil	*an??-	anerte-	anernaq	anerneq	anerneq	anirniq	anirniq	aniqniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	anirniq	aninnik	anirniq	anerneq	anirniq
	Name	asax^	*at??	atex	ateq	ateq	ateq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atiq	atik	atiq	ateq	aliq
	Load	husix^	*uci	usa	usi	uci	uci	uzi	uchi	usri	usi	uhi	usi	uhi	uhi	uhi	usi	usi	usi	usi	usik	uhi	usi	usi
	Water	taangax^	*?m??	mex	emeq	meq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imiq	imik	imiq	imeq	imiq
	Fire	qignal	*?kn?-	ekn'ex	ekneq	keneq	keneq	ikniq	itniq	ikniq	igniq	ingniq	ingniq	ingniq	ingniq	ingniq	ingniq	ingniq	inniq	inniq	innik	ingniq	inneq	igivattattiq
	To urine	qaalux^	**qu?(r)?-	qux-teqex	uraquq	qure-	qure-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	qui-	kui-	qui-	qui-	quvi-
	Ship, boat	ayxaasix^	*umi(r)a	umax	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq	umiak	umiaq	umiaq	umiaq
	Lake	hanix^	*taci-?	jajvex	nayvaq	nanwaq	nanvaq	navraq/teziq	navraq/tachiq	narvaq/tasriq	narvaq/tasiq	narvaq/tahiq	nayvaq/tasiq	nalvaq/tahiq	narvaq/tahiq	nagvaq/tahiq	navvaq/tasiq	navvaq/tasiq	navvaq/tasiq	navvaq/tasiq	navvak/tasik	nassak/tahiq	nassak/taseq	nattak/tasiq
	Sun/Day	agadgix^	*ciqi-n??	siqinex	siqineq/mazaq	ciqineq/masaq	ciqineq/macaq	siriniq/mazaq	chiqiniq/machaq	siqiñiq/masaq	siqiñiq	hiqiñiq	siqiniq	hiqiniq	hiqiniq	hiqiniq	siqiniq	siqiniq	siqiniq	siqiniq	sikinik	hiqiniq	seqineq	siirliq
	Cloud		*n?v?ja					nuiya	nuwiya	nuviya	nuviya	nuvuya	nuvuya	nuvuya	nuvuya	nuvuya	nuvuja	nuvujaq	nuvujaq	nuvujaq	nuvujak	nuvujaq	nuiaq	nuviaq
	Star	sdax^	*umluria					uvluriaq	uvluriaq	uvluriaq	uvluriaq	uvluriaq	ubluriaq	ubluriaq	ubluriaq	ubluriaq	ubluriaq	ulluriaq	ulluriaq	ulluriaq	ullugiak	ulluriaq	ulloriaq	utturiaq
	Earth	tanax^	*luna		nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna	nuna
	Hilltop	qayax^	*qemi	qemix	qemiq	qemiq	qemiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	qimiq	kimik	qimiq	qimeq	qimiq
	Tree/Wood		*napar-	napax	napartuq	napaq	napa	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtuq	napaaqtiq	napaattuq	napaattuk	uqpik/napaaqtuq	urpik/napaartoq	urpik/napaartuq
	Dog barking	qihlux	*qilu?	qelux	qilugaq	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiluk	kiluk	qiluk	qiluk	qiliilaq
	And/also	ama	*amma	ama/sama	amahwa/aamta	amleq/cama	amleq/cama	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	amma	aamma	aamma
	Shaman	qugaagix^	*a?alku-	angekex	anga?kuq	anga?quq	anga?kuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angatkuq	angakkuq	angakkuq	angakkuq	angakkuq	angakkuk	angakkuq	angakkoq	angakkiq
	Sky	inix^	*qila?	qilex	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	qilak	kilak	qilak	qilak	qilak
	Kiss on nose/kiss	qingul	*kungik	singeq	singaq(-ghaqaa)	cingaq	cingaq	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik	kunik
	Feather	haka	*culuk	silek	siluk	culuk	culuk	suluk	chuluk	suluk	suluk	huluk	suluk	huluk	huluk	huluk	suluk	suluk	suluk	suluk	suluk	huluk	suluk	siik
	Milk	mulukax	*emug, itug	ituk/emunge	ituk/emuk	muk	ituk	immuk	immuk	immuk	immuk	ituk	miluk	miluk	ituk	immuk	immuk	immuk	immuk	immuk	immuk	immuk	immuk	immuk
	Here it is!	wa	*uva	hwa	hwa	w'a	w'a	uvvaa	uvvaa	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uvva	uhha	uffa	uppa
Kayak	iqyaq	*qyaq	qajax	qayaq	qayaq	qayaq	qayaq	qayaq	qayaq	qayaq	qayaq	qayavialuk	qayaq	qayaq	qayaq	qajaq	qajaq	qajaq	qajaq	kajak	qajaq	qajaq	saqqit
Adjectives	Cold! Brrr! How cold!	ababa	*alaapaa					alaapa	alaappa	alaappa	alaappa	alaappa	alaappa	alaappa	alaappa	ikkii	ikkii	ikkii	ikkii	ikkii	ikkii	ikkii	ikkii	ikkii
	Still/also/more	ahlii	*culi	sali	salin	cali	cali	suli	chuli	suli	suli	huli	suli	huli	huli	huli	suli	suli	suli	suli	suli	huli	suli	suli
	Swell	hums	*puvet	puvceqerté?	puuvaaquq	puge-	puve-	puit-	puit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puvit-	puik-	puiq-
	Long	adul	*tak?(v)	takevalá?	taak?l?i	takequq	takequq	tagiruq	tagiruq	takiruq	takiruq	takiruq	takiyuq	takiyuq	takiyuq	takiyuq	takijuq	takijuq	takijuq	takijuq	takijuk	takihuuq	takisooq/takivoq	tagiliq
	Fat	ignatul	*quvi	qugina?	quginaq	quili	quvinaq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	quiniq	kuinik	quiniq	quineq	quiniq
	White	quhmax^	*qat?-?	qetex	qeteq	qeteq	qeter-	qatiq	qatiq	qatiq	qatiq	qatiq	qatiq	qakuqtaq	qaquqtaq	qakuqtaq	qakuqtaq	qakuqtaq	qakuqtaq	qakutaq	kakuttak	qakuqtuq	qaqortoq	qaartiq
	Grey hair	qidaayux	*qir???	qircére?e?	qiiq	qiiq	qiiq	qi?riq	qir?iq	qir?iq	qir?i	qir?iq	qiyriq	qiiq	qiriq	qiiq	qiiq	qiiq	qiiq	qiiq	kiik	qiiq	qeeq	qiiq
	Copper	kanuuyax^	**kan?u-ja	kanuje	kanuya	kanuyaq	kanuyaq	kannuuyaq	kannuyaq	kannuyaq	kannguyaq	kannuyaq	kannuyaq	kannuyaq	kannuyaq	kanuhaq	kannujaq	kannujaq	kannujaq	kanusaq	kannujak	kannussaq	kanngussak	kanngutsak
Numbers	1	ataqan	*ata?u-ci-	ateresex	ataaziq	atauciq/atuusiq	atauciq	atausiq	atauchiq	atausriq	atausiq	atauhiq	atausiq	atauhiq	atauhiq	atauhiq	atausiq	atausiq	atausiq	atausiq	atausik	atauhiq	ataaseq	alaasiq
	2	aalax^	*mal??u-	malrug	malghuk	malluk	malruk	marluuk	marluk	malruk	malruk	malruk	malruk	malruuk	malruuk	malruuk	marruuk	marruuk	marruuk	maqruuk	magguuk	marluk	marluk	martut
	3	qankun(-s)	*pingajunt	pingejug	pingayut	pingaun	pingayun	pingasut	pingachut	piñgasrut	piñgasut	piñgahut	pingasut	pingahut	pingahut	pingahut	pingasut	pingasut	pingasut	pingasut	pingasut	pingahut	pingasut	pingasit
	4	siiching	*c?tama-	sitamij	sitamat	staamat	cetaman	sitaman	chitaman	sisaman	sisaman	hihaman	sitaman	hitaman	hihamat	hitamat	sitamat	tisamat	sitamat	sitamat	sitamat	hihamat	sisamat	siamat
	5	chaang	*ta?iman	tasímengíyi	ta?imat	ta?iman	ta?iman	tauliman	taliman	talliman	talliman	talliman	talliman	talliman	tallimat	tallimat	tallimat	tallimat	tallimat	tallimat	tallimat	taddimat	tallimat	tattimat
	6	atuung	*a?vinelegh	inglex	aghvínelek	arwinlgen	arvinglegen	arwinilik	arwinilik	itchaksrat	itchaksat	itchakhat	arvinillik	arvinillik	arviniq	arvinraq	arviniqtut	arviniliit	pingasuujuqtut	pingasuujurtut	pingasuujuttut	arhiniddit	arfinillit	arpiniit
	10	hatix^	*qul?(?)	qulex?	qula	qulin	qula	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	kulit	qulit	qulit	qutit
		Aleut Aleut language Aleut is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. It is the tongue of the Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Commander Islands....	Proto-Eskimo Proto-Eskimo language Proto-Eskimo was the ancestor of all the Eskimo-Aleut languages. A linguistic reconstruction of the Proto-Eskimo sound system can be found in Fortescue et al....	Sirenik	Siberian Yupik Siberian Yupik language Siberian Yupik is the language of the Siberian Yupik people, an indigenous people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the Russian Far East and on St....	Alutiiq Alutiiq language The Alutiiq language is a close relative to the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language spoken in the western and southwestern Alaska, but is considered a distinct language....	Yup'ik Central Alaskan Yup'ik language Central Alaskan Yup'ik is a Yupik languages of the Eskimo language family, in turn a member of the Eskimo-Aleut languages language group, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska....	Seward Inupiaq Inupiaq language Inupiaq, I?upiaq, Inupiak, or Inupiatun are a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in northern and northwestern Alaska....	Qawiaraq Qawiaraq language Qawiaraq is the name usually given to the variants of Inuit language spoken in western Alaska, particularly to those spoken on the Seward Peninsula....	Malimiutun Inupiaq language Inupiaq, I?upiaq, Inupiak, or Inupiatun are a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in northern and northwestern Alaska....	North Slope Inupiaq language Inupiaq, I?upiaq, Inupiak, or Inupiatun are a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in northern and northwestern Alaska....	Uummarmiutun Uummarmiutun Uummarmiutun is the variant of Inuit language spoken by the Uummarmiut, part of the Inuvialuit, who live mainly in the communities of Inuvik, Northwest Territories and Aklavik, Northwest Territories in the Northwest Territories of Canada....	Siglitun Siglitun Siglitun is the dialect of Inuit language spoken by the Siglit Inuit. It is mainly used in the communities of Paulatuk, Northwest Territories, Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories and Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories....	Inuinnaqtun Inuinnaqtun Inuinnaqtun is an indigenous language of Canada. It is related very closely to Inuktitut, and many people believe that Inuinnaqtun is only a dialect of Inuktitut....	Natsilik	Kivalliq	Aivilik	North Baffin	South Baffin	Nunavik Inuktitut Inuktitut is the name of the varieties of Inuit language spoken in Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the territories of Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and traditionally on the Arctic Ocean coa...	Labrador Inuttut Nunatsiavummiutut Nunatsiavummiutut, also known as Labradorimiutut, and called Inuttut by its speakers, is a dialect of the Inuit language. It was once spoken across northern Labrador by Inuit people, whose traditional lands have now been consolidated as Nunatsiavut....	North Greenlandic Inuktun Inuktun is the language of approximately 1000 indigenous Inughuit, inhabiting the world's most northerly settlements in Qaanaaq and the surrounding villages in northern Greenland....	West Greenlandic	East Greenlandic

Bibliography

Bernet, John W. 1974. An Anthology of Aleut, Eskimo, and Indian Literature of Alaska in English Translation. Fairbanks, Alaska.
Conference on Eskimo Linguistics, and Eric P. Hamp. 1976. Papers on Eskimo and Aleut Linguistics. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

Dumond, Don E. 1965. On Eskaleutian Linguistics, Archaeology, and Prehistory.

Fleming, Harold C.
Harold C. Fleming

Harold C. Fleming is an anthropology and historical linguistics. As an adherent of the Anthropology#The "four field" approach of American anthropology he stresses the integration of biological anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, and cultural anthropology in solving anthropological problems....
1987. "Towards a definitive classification of the world's languages." Diachronica 4.1/2:159-223.

Fortescue, Michael D.
Michael Fortescue

Michael D. Fortescue is a British-born linguistics specializing in Arctic and native North American languages, including Kalaallisut, Inuktun, Chukchi language and Nitinaht language....
1984. Some Problems Concerning the Correlation and Reconstruction of Eskimo and Aleut Mood Markers. København: Institut for Eskimologi, Københavns Universitet. ISBN 8787874105

Fortescue, Michael D., Steven A. Jacobson, and Lawrence D. Kaplan. 1994. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. ISBN 1555000517

Fortescue, Michael. 1998. Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. London and New York: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-70330-3

Greenberg, Joseph H.
Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Harold Greenberg was a prominent and controversial American linguistics, principally known for his work in two areas, linguistic typology and the genetic relationship of languages....
2000. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 1: Grammar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Greenberg, Joseph H. 2002. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 2: Lexicon. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Marsh, Gordon H. 1956. The Linguistic Divisions of the Eskimo-Aleut Stock.

Swift, Mary D. 2004. Time in Child Inuktitut: A Developmental Study of an Eskimo-Aleut Language. Studies on Language Acquisition 24. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3110181207

Eskimo-Aleut languages

Classification of the family

Position among the world's language families

Notable features

Vocabulary comparison

See also

Bibliography

External links