Cronartium

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Cronartium

Cronartium is a genus

Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
of rust fungi

Rust (fungus)

Rusts are fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant parasites. Some are superficially similar to the smut , although their relation to each other is not clear....
in the family Cronartiaceae

Cronartiaceae

Cronartiaceae is a family of rust in the order Uredinales.They are heteroecious rusts with two alternating hosts, typically a pine and a flowering plant, and up to five spore stages....
.

They are heteroecious

Heteroecious

A heteroecious parasite is one that requires at least two Host s. The primary host is the host in which the parasite spends its adult life; the other is the secondary host....
rusts with two alternating hosts, typically a pine

Pine

Pines are Pinophyta trees in the genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species....
and a flowering plant

Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
, and up to five spore stages. Many of the species are plant disease

Disease

A disease or medical condition is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions, associated with specific symptoms and Medical signs....
s of major economic importance, causing significant damage.

Species, hosts and natural distribution

Some of the species have been introduced accidentally outside of their natural ranges, notably C.

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Encyclopedia

Cronartium is a genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
of rust fungi
Rust (fungus)

Rusts are fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant parasites. Some are superficially similar to the smut , although their relation to each other is not clear....
in the family Cronartiaceae
Cronartiaceae

Cronartiaceae is a family of rust in the order Uredinales.They are heteroecious rusts with two alternating hosts, typically a pine and a flowering plant, and up to five spore stages....
.

They are heteroecious
Heteroecious

A heteroecious parasite is one that requires at least two Host s. The primary host is the host in which the parasite spends its adult life; the other is the secondary host....
rusts with two alternating hosts, typically a pine
Pine

Pines are Pinophyta trees in the genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species....
and a flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
, and up to five spore stages. Many of the species are plant disease
Disease

A disease or medical condition is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions, associated with specific symptoms and Medical signs....
s of major economic importance, causing significant damage.

Species, hosts and natural distribution
Cronartium appalachianum: Pinus virginiana
Virginia Pine

The Virginia Pine is a medium-sized tree, often found on poorer soils from Long Island in southern New York south through the Appalachian Mountains to western Tennessee and Alabama....
, Santalaceae
Santalaceae

Santalaceae is a widely distributed family of flowering plants which, like other members of Santalales, are partially parasitic on other plants....
. Eastern North America
North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
.
Cronartium arizonicum: Pinus ponderosa
Ponderosa Pine

Ponderosa Pine , sometimes called Bull Pine or Western Yellow Pine, is a widespread and variable pine native to western North America....
and related pines, Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae

Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with zygomorphic flowers....
. Western North America.
Cronartium comandrae: Pinus subgenus Pinus
Pinus classification

There are three main subgenera of Pine, the subgenus Strobus , the subgenus Ducampopinus , and the subgenus Pinus . This classification into the three subgenera is based on cone, seed and leaf characters:...
, Santalaceae. North America.
Cronartium comptoniae: Pinus subgenus Pinus, Myricaceae
Myricaceae

The Myricaceae is a small family of dicotyledonous shrubs and small trees in the order Fagales. There are three genera in the family, though some botanists separate many species from Myrica into a fourth genus Morella....
. North America.
Cronartium conigenum: Pinus subgenus Pinus, Fagaceae
Fagaceae

The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like nuts....
. Southwestern North America.
Cronartium flaccidum: Pinus subgenus Pinus, several families. Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
, Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
.
Cronartium occidentale: Pinus subgenus Ducampopinus
Pinus classification

There are three main subgenera of Pine, the subgenus Strobus , the subgenus Ducampopinus , and the subgenus Pinus . This classification into the three subgenera is based on cone, seed and leaf characters:...
, Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae

Saxifragaceae is a plant family with about 460 known species in 36 genus. In Europe there are 12 genera.The flowers are hermaphrodite and actinomorphic flower....
. Southwestern North America.
Cronartium quercuum: Pinus subgenus Pinus, Fagaceae
Fagaceae

The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like nuts....
. North America, Asia.
Cronartium ribicola
Cronartium ribicola

'Cronartium ribicola' is a species of rust in the family Cronartiaceae that causes the disease 'white pine blister rust'.Like many other rusts, C....
: Pinus subgenus Strobus
Pinus classification

There are three main subgenera of Pine, the subgenus Strobus , the subgenus Ducampopinus , and the subgenus Pinus . This classification into the three subgenera is based on cone, seed and leaf characters:...
, Grossulariaceae
Ribes

Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants, usually treated as the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae. The genus is native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere....
. Europe, Asia.
Cronartium stalactiforme: Pinus subgenus Pinus, Scrophulariaceae. North America.
Cronartium strobilinum: Pinus subgenus Pinus, Fagaceae. Southeastern North America.

Some of the species have been introduced accidentally outside of their natural ranges, notably C. ribicola into North America, where it is an invasive species
Invasive species

Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions. The first definition expresses the phrase in terms of non-indigenous species that adversely affect the habitats they invade economically, environmentally or ecologically....
causing heavy mortality in several pines which have little or no resistance to it.