Material Safety Data Sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS

Material safety data sheet

A Material Safety Data Sheet is a form with data regarding the properties of a particular substance....

) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for benzene available at AMOCO.

Structure and properties

Structure and properties
Index of refraction, nD	1.5011 at 20°C
Abbe number Abbe number In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion in relation to the refractive index...	?
Dielectric constant Dielectric constant The relative permittivity of a material under given conditions reflects the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. In technical terms, it is the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an applied voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum... , εr	(2.274 – 0.0020ΔT) ε0 (ΔT = T – 25 °C)
Bond strength Bond strength In chemistry, bond strength is measured between two atoms joined in a chemical bond. It is the degree to which each atom linked to another atom contributes to the valency of this other atom...	?
Bond length Bond length - Explanation :Bond length is related to bond order, when more electrons participate in bond formation the bond will get shorter. Bond length is also inversely related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy, as a stronger bond will be shorter...	1.39 Å C-C
Bond angle	120°C–C–C 120° H–C–C
Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic susceptibility In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility \chi_m is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field...	?
Surface tension Surface tension Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. It is revealed, for example, in floating of some objects on the surface of water, even though they are denser than water, and in the ability of some insects to run on the water surface...	28.88 dyn/cm at 25°C
Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear or tensile stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity...	0.7528 mPa·s at 10°C 0.6999 mPa·s at 15°C 0.6516 mPa·s at 20°C 0.6076 mPa·s at 25°C 0.5673 mPa·s at 35°C 0.4965 mPa·s at 40°C 0.4655 mPa·s at 45°C 0.4370 mPa·s at 50°C 0.4108 mPa·s at 55°C 0.3867 mPa·s at 60°C 0.3644 mPa·s at 65°C 0.3439 mPa·s at 70°C 0.3250 mPa·s at 75°C 0.3075 mPa·s at 80°C

Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior
Triple point Triple point In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium...	278.5 K (5.4 °C), ? Pa
Critical point	562 K (289 °C), 4.74 MPa
Std enthalpy change of fusion, ΔfusHo	9.9 kJ/mol at 5.42 °C
Std entropy change of fusion Standard entropy change of fusion The entropy of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a substance. This is always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid to the disorganized structure of a liquid... , ΔfusSo	35.5 J/(mol·K) at 5.42 °C
Std enthalpy change of vaporization Standard enthalpy change of vaporization The enthalpy of vaporization, , also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas at a given pressure .It is often measured at the normal boiling point of a substance; although tabulated values are usually... , ΔvapHo	33.9 kJ/mol at 25°C 30.77 kJ/mol at 80.1°C
Std entropy change of vaporization Standard entropy change of vaporization The entropy of vaporization is the increase in entropy when vaporizing a substance. This is always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid or a slightly less organized liquid to the extremely disorganized structure of a gas... , ΔvapSo	113.6 J/(mol·K) at 25°C 87.1 J/(mol·K) at 80.1°C
Solid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , ΔfHosolid	? kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , Sosolid	45.56 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , cp	118.4 J/(mol K) at 0°C
Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , ΔfHoliquid	+48.7 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , Soliquid	173.26 J/(mol K)
Enthalpy of combustion, ΔcHo	–3273 kJ/mol
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , cp	134.8 J/(mol K)
Gas properties
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , ΔfHogas	+82.93 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , Sogas	269.01 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , cp	82.44 J/(mol K) at 25°C
van der Waals' constants Van der Waals equation The van der Waals equation is an equation of state for a fluid composed of particles that have a non-zero volume and a pairwise attractive inter-particle force It was derived by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873, who received the Nobel prize in 1910 for "his work on the equation of state for...	a = 1823.9 L2 kPa/mol2 b = 0.1154 liter per mole

Vapor pressure of liquid

P in mm Hg	1	10	40	100	400	760	1520	3800	7600	15200	30400	45600
T in °C	–36.7(s)	–11.5(s)	7.6	26.1	60.6	80.1	103.8	142.5	178.8	221.5	272.3	—

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid.

Distillation data

EWLINE Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Ethanol P = 760 mm Hg BP Temp. °C % by mole ethanol liquid vapor 70.8 8.6 26.5 69.8 11.2 28.2 69.6 12.0 30.8 69.1 15.8 33.5 68.5 20.0 36.8 67.7 30.8 41.0 67.7 44.2 44.6 68.1 60.4 50.5 69.6 77.0 59.0 70.4 81.5 62.8 70.9 84.1 66.5 72.7 89.8 74.4 73.8 92.4 78.2

EWLINE Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Methanol P = 760 mm Hg BP Temp. °C % by mole methanol liquid vapor 70.67 2.6 26.7 66.44 5.0 37.1 62.87 8.8 45.7 60.20 16.4 52.6 58.64 33.3 55.9 58.02 54.9 59.5 58.10 69.9 63.3 58.47 78.2 66.5 59.90 89.8 76.0 62.71 97.3 90.7

EWLINE Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Acetone P = 101.325 kPa BP Temp. °C % by mole benzene liquid vapor 57.34 11.7 7.4 57.48 12.8 8.1 57.75 15.1 9.5 59.21 26.7 16.6 59.24 27.0 16.7 60.01 32.7 20.2 60.71 37.3 23.1 61.05 39.8 24.7 61.91 45.0 27.9 62.82 50.2 31.7 63.39 53.4 33.9 63.79 55.4 35.3 64.22 57.2 37.0 64.99 61.3 39.9 67.88 73.0 51.2 70.21 80.7 60.1 72.23 86.1 67.9

EWLINE Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/n-Hexane P = 760 mmHg BP Temp. °C % by mole hexane liquid vapor 77.6 7.3 14.0 75.1 17.2 26.8 73.4 26.8 37.6 72.0 37.2 46.0 70.9 46.2 54.0 70.0 58.5 64.4 69.4 69.2 72.5 69.1 79.2 80.7 69.0 82.8 83.8 68.9 88.3 88.8 68.8 94.7 95.0 68.8 96.2 96.4

Spectral data

UV-Vis
Ionization potential Ionization potential The ionization energy of a chemical species, i.e. an atom or molecule, is the energy required to remove an electron from the species to a practically infinite distance. Large atoms or molecules have a low ionization energy, while small molecules tend to have higher ionization energies.The property...	9.24 eV (74525.6 cm-1)
S1 Electronic state Electronic state is a quantum state of a system consisting of electrons . The state with lowest energy is called ground state, states with higher energy are excited states.See Energy level....	4.75 eV (38311.3 cm-1)
S2 Electronic state Electronic state is a quantum state of a system consisting of electrons . The state with lowest energy is called ground state, states with higher energy are excited states.See Energy level....	6.05 eV (48796.5 cm-1)
λmax	255 nm Nanometre A nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre. The name combines the SI prefix nano- with the parent unit name metre .The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on the atomic scale: the diameter...
Extinction coefficient Molar absorptivity The molar absorption coefficient, molar extinction coefficient, or molar absorptivity, is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a given wavelength... , ε	?
IR Infrared Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres , and extending conventionally to 300 µm...
Major absorption bands	(liquid film) Wave number transmittance 3091 cm−1 42% 3072 cm−1 49% 3036 cm−1 27% 1961 cm−1 77% 1815 cm−1 70% 1526 cm−1 81% 1479 cm−1 20% 1393 cm−1 84% 1176 cm−1 86% 1038 cm−1 49% 674 cm−1 4%
NMR NMR spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained...
Proton NMR Proton NMR Proton NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules. In samples where natural hydrogen is used, practically all of the hydrogen consists of the...
Carbon-13 NMR Carbon-13 NMR Carbon-13 NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to carbon. It is analogous to proton NMR and allows the identification of carbon atoms in an organic molecule just as proton NMR identifies hydrogen atoms...
Other NMR data
MS Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles.It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and...
Masses of main fragments

Safety data

Material Safety Data Sheet

Material safety data sheet

A Material Safety Data Sheet is a form with data regarding the properties of a particular substance....

 for benzene

Benzene

Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6....

:

Common synonyms	None
Physical properties	Form: colorless liquid
	Stability: Stable, but very flammable
	Melting point: 5.5 C
	Water solubility: negligible
	Specific gravity: 0.87
Principal hazards	*** Benzene is a carcinogen Carcinogen A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes... (cancer-causing agent).
	*** Very flammable. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk.
Safe handling	Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available.
	If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard.
	Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves.
Emergency	Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes
	and call for immediate medical help.
	Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin
	reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
	If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal	It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage
	and presents a fire risk. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local
	environmental rules. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition)
	for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents.
Protective equipment	Safety glasses. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials.