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Apostolic Penitentiary
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The Apostolic Penitentiary, more formally the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary, is one of the three tribunals of the Roman Curia. The Apostolic Penitentiary is chiefly a tribunal of mercy, responsible for issues relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Roman Catholic Church.
The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum. Its work falls mainly into these categories:
The head of the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Major Penitentiary, is one of the few Vatican officials who retains his position sede vacante.
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The Apostolic Penitentiary, more formally the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary, is one of the three tribunals of the Roman Curia. The Apostolic Penitentiary is chiefly a tribunal of mercy, responsible for issues relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Roman Catholic Church.
The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum. Its work falls mainly into these categories:
- the absolution of excommunications latæ sententiæ reserved to the Holy See,
- the dispensation of sacramental impediments reserved to the Holy See, and
- the issuance and governance of indulgences.
The head of the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Major Penitentiary, is one of the few Vatican officials who retains his position sede vacante. If the Major Penitentiary is a cardinal elector he is one of only three persons in the conclave allowed to communicate with those outside the conclave, so that he can continue to fulfill his duties. The Major Penitentiary is a titular archbishop and is normally a cardinal. The Major Penitentiary is James Francis Cardinal Stafford.
Historical duties
Up until the 18th century, the Apostolic Penitentiary also considered cases of confessor-penitent disputes involving violations against what was termed the "external forum."
For particularly heinous sins (for example, rape or murder), or for serious sins committed by penitents of high political or cultural standing, it was often the practice to impose rather harsh penances. This practice was particularly true in the medieval Church, for sins referred to a bishop for absolution. If a penitent felt that the penance imposed was disproportionate to the sins committed, he could submit the dispute to the Apostolic Penitentiary. The alleged offense was said to be against the "external forum"; that is, related to public acts required of the penitent.
If the tribunal decided in favor of the penitent, they would issue a formal statement confirming that appropriate recompense had already been made, that the penitent's sins were forgiven, and that the matter was closed.
These statements were transcribed by legal clerks, who were paid by fees assessed by Apostolic Penitentiary for the transcription of their decisions. This practice prompted claims that the tribunal, and by extension the Church, accepted money for the forgiveness of sins.
Absolutions and dispensations
Normally confessions of even the most heinous of crimes and sins — such as genocide or mass murder — are handled at the local level by priests and their bishops and are not heard by the tribunal. However, its work involves those sins that are reserved for the pope — considered so serious that a local priest or bishop is not qualified to grant absolution. These sins include defiling the Eucharist, which Catholics believe is the body and blood of Christ. In late 2006 Cardinal Stafford said this offence is occurring with more and more frequency, by ordinary faithful who receive Communion and then remove the host from their mouths and spit it out or otherwise desecrate it. Other sins that are handled by the Penitentiary include a priest breaking the seal of the confessional by revealing the nature of the sin and the person who sought penance, or a priest who has sex with someone and then offered forgiveness for the act. These sins bring automatic excommunication from the Church. Once absolution is granted, the excommunication is then lifted. A fourth type of case that comes to the tribunal involves a man who has contributed towards facilitating an abortion — such as by paying for it — or directly so by performing one, who then seeks to become a priest or deacon.
Persons who wish to receive an absolution or dispensation reserved to the Holy See write a petition to the Penitentiary. Usually, this petition is written through their initial confessor. The petition must use pseudonyms when explaining the situation to avoid revealing the identity of the persons involved, and the tribunal itself acts in complete secrecy. The Major Penitentiary considers the matter himself, unless it is particularly important, in which case the whole of the tribunal considers the petition. The members of the tribunal only give advice regarding the petition; the Major Penitentiary has the ultimate decision on whether the dispensation or absolution should be granted. If the Major Penitentiary is uncertain as to whether he has authority in a given case, he submits the matter to the Pope. The impediment or act in question must not be public; otherwise, the impediment or act is a matter of the external forum and cannot be absolved or dispensed by the Penitentiary.
Indulgences
The Apostolic Penitentiary also issues decrees which proclaim opportunities for the faithful to receive indulgences. For example, one such decree was issued on August 7, 2005, in anticipation of World Youth Day 2005. The decree began:
- The gift of an Indulgence is granted to the faithful who, on the occasion of the 20th World Youth Day, going on pilgrimage to or arriving in Cologne, take part in the sacred rites, as well as to all the other faithful, wherever they may be, as long as they pray to God, during this event, to help young Christians strengthen their faith and lead a holy life.
The degree provided for both plenary indulgences and partial indulgences:
- A Plenary Indulgence is conceded on the usual conditions (sacramental Confession, Eucharistic Communion and prayers for the Supreme Pontiff's intentions) to members of the faithful who, in a spirit of total detachment from any sin, will take part attentively and devoutly in some of the celebrations for the 20th World Youth Day in Cologne and in its solemn conclusion.
- A Partial Indulgence will be granted to other members of the faithful, wherever they may be at the time of the aforesaid Meeting, if, at least with a contrite heart, they ask God with fervent prayers to strengthen young Christians in the profession of the Faith, to reinforce their love and respect for their parents, and to firmly commit themselves to shaping, in accord with the holy norms of the Gospel and Mother Church, the new family that they themselves will form or have formed, or their own life in accordance with the vocation that God has indicated to each one.
List of Major Penitentiaries
Until 20th century:
- Nicola de Romanis (1216-1219)
- Tommaso da Capua (1219 — 1239 or 1243)
- Hugh of Saint-Cher (ca.1245-1263)
- (1265-1273 – probably Vacant)
- (1276-1279 – probably Vacant)
- Bentivenga de Bentivengis (1279-1289)
- Matteo di Aquasparta (1289-1302)
- Gentile Partino (1302-1305)
- Gauscelin de Jean (ca.1327-1348)
- Egidio Albornoz (1352-1367)
- Francesco degli Atti (substitute penitentiary ca.1353-1361)
- Guillaume Bragose (substitute penitentiary 1361-1367, grand penitentiary 1367)
- Galhardus de Boscoviridi (regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1367-1369)
- Etienne de Poissy (1369-1373)
- Jean du Cros (1373-1378)
- Giovanni d'Amelia (regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1378)
- Eleazario da Sabrano (1378-1379)
- Augustin de Lanzano (regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1379-1382)
- Luca Rodolfucci de Gentili (1382-1388)
- Augustin de Lanzano (regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1388-1389)
- Niccolo Caracciolo Moschino (1389)
- Antonio Caetani (1405-1412)
- Pierre Girard (1409-1415)
- Giuliano della Rovere (1476-1503)
- Pedro Luis de Borja-Lanzol de Romaní (1503-1511)
- Leonardo Grosso della Rovere (1511-1520)
- Lorenzo Pucci (1520-1529)
- Antonio Pucci (1529-1544)
- Roberto Pucci (1545-1547)
- Carlo Borromeo (1565-1572)
- Giovanni Aldobrandini (1572-1573)
- Stanislaw Hozjusz (1574-1579)
- Filippo Boncompagni (1579-1586)
- Giulio Antonio Santori (1592-1602)
- Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini (1605-1610)
- Orazio Giustiniani, Orat. (1647-1649)
- Niccolo Albergati-Ludovisi (1650-1687)
- Leandro Colloredo, Orat. (1688-1709)
- Fabrizio Paolucci, pro-penitentiary (1709-1710); penitentiary (1710-1721)
- Bernardo Maria Conti, O.S.B.Cas. (1721-1730)
- Vincenzo Petra, pro-penitentiary (1730); penitentiary (1730-1747)
- Gioacchino Besozzi, O.Cist. (1747-1755)
- Antonio Andrea Galli, C.R.SS.S. (1755-1767)
- Giovanni Carlo Boschi (1767-1788)
- Francesco Saverio Zelada (1788-1801)
- Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (1821-1829)
- Castruccio Castracane degli Antelminelli (1839-1852)
- Gabriele Ferretti (1852-1860)
- Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo (1860-1867)
- Antonio Maria Panebianco, O.F.M.Conv. (1867-1877)
- Raffaele Monaco La Valletta (1884-1896)
20th Century
- Serafino Cardinal Vannutelli (20 November, 1899-19 August, 1915)
- Willem Marinus Cardinal van Rossum, CSSR (1 October, 1915-12 March, 1918)
- Oreste Cardinal Giorgi (12 March, 1918-30 December, 1924)
- Andreas Franz Cardinal Frühwirth, O.P. (8 January, 1925-31 July, 1927)
- Lorenzo Cardinal Lauri (31 July, 1927-8 October, 1941)
- Nicola Cardinal Canali (15 October, 1941–3 August, 1961)
- Arcadio Maria Cardinal Larraona Saralegui, C.M.F. (13 August, 1961-2 February, 1962)
- Fernando Cardinal Cento (12 February, 1962-7 April, 1967)
- Giuseppe Antonio Cardinal Ferretto (7 April, 1967-1 March, 1973)
- Giuseppe Cardinal Paupini (21 March, 1973-8 April, 1984)
- Luigi Cardinal Dadaglio (Pro-Major Penitentiary: 8 April, 1984-27 May, 1985; Major Penitentiary: 27 May, 1985-6 April, 1990)
- William Wakefield Cardinal Baum (6 April, 1990-11 November, 2001)
21st Century
- Luigi de Magistris (Pro-Major Penitentiary: 22 November, 2001-4 October, 2003)
- James Francis Cardinal Stafford (4 October, 2003-present)
External links
- at the Vatican website.
- S. Miranda
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