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Acute monocytic leukemia
 
 
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Acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL, or AML-M5) is considered a type of acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia , also known as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a cancer of the myeloid line of white blood cells, characterized by the rapid proliferation of abnormal cells which accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with haematopoiesis....
.

rder to fulfill World Health Organization
World Health Organization

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health....
 (WHO) criteria for AML-5, a patient must have greater than 20% blasts in the marrow, and of these, greater than 80% must be of the monocytic lineage. A further subclassification (M5a versus M5b) is made depending on whether the monocytic cells are predominantly monoblasts (>80%) (acute monoblastic leukemia) or a mixture of monoblasts and promonocytes (<80% blasts).






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Acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL, or AML-M5) is considered a type of acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia , also known as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a cancer of the myeloid line of white blood cells, characterized by the rapid proliferation of abnormal cells which accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with haematopoiesis....
.

Diagnosis

In order to fulfill World Health Organization
World Health Organization

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health....
 (WHO) criteria for AML-5, a patient must have greater than 20% blasts in the marrow, and of these, greater than 80% must be of the monocytic lineage. A further subclassification (M5a versus M5b) is made depending on whether the monocytic cells are predominantly monoblasts (>80%) (acute monoblastic leukemia) or a mixture of monoblasts and promonocytes (<80% blasts). Monoblasts can be distinguished by having a roughly circular nucleus, delicate lacy chromatin, and abundant, often basophilic cytoplasm. These cells may also have pseudopods. By contrast, promonocytes have a more convoluted nucleus, and their cytoplasm may contain metachromatic granules. Monoblasts are typically MPO negative and promonocytes are MPO variable. Both monoblasts and promonocytes stain positive for non-specific esterase (NSE), however NSE may often be negative.

Immunophenotypically, M5-AML variably express myeloid (CD13, CD33
CD33

CD33 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage. It is usually considered myeloid-specific, but it can also be found on some lymphoid cells....
) and monocytic (CD11b, CD11c
CD11c

CD11c, also known as Integrin, alpha X , is a human gene.CD11c is a type I transmembrane protein found at high levels on most human dendritic cells, but also on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells that induces cellular activation and helps trigger neutrophil respiratory burst; expressed in hairy cell leukemi...
) markers. Cells may aberrantly express B-cell marker CD20
CD20

CD20 is a non-glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all mature B-cells.Membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 1, also known as MS4A1, is a human gene....
 and the NK marker CD56. Monoblasts may be positive for CD34
CD34

CD34 molecule is a cluster of differentiation molecule present on certain cells within the human body. It is a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor....
.

Causes

M5 is associated with characteristic chromosomal abnormalities, often involving 11q23 or t(9;11)affecting the MLL locus, however the MLL translocation is also found in other AML subtypes. MLL is believed to be prognostically unfavorable in AML-M5 compared to other genetic alterations involving MLL such as t(9;11) The t(8;16) translocation in MLL is associated with hemophagocytosis.

AML-M5 is thought to be associated with exposure to epidophyllotoxins.

Treatment

AML-M5 is treated with intensive chemotherapy
Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer....
 (such as anthracyclines) or with bone marrow transplantation.

External links

  • at Nagoya University
    Nagoya University

    , abbreviated to , is a Japanese national university headquartered in Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, and is considered as one of the most prestigious universities in Japan....
  • at hmds.org.uk
  • at University of Virginia
    University of Virginia

    The University of Virginia is a public university research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson. Conceived by 1800 and established in 1819, it is the only university in the United States to be designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, an honor it shares with nearby Monticello....
  • at Marist College
    Marist College

    Marist College is a private liberal arts college of 180 acres , located on the east bank of the Hudson River near Poughkeepsie , New York, New York, on US 9....