CD34

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CD34

CD34 molecule is a cluster of differentiation

Cluster of differentiation

The cluster of differentiation is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on leukocytes. CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptor or ligand important to the cell....
molecule

Molecule

In chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable, electric charge neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong chemical bonds....
present on certain cells within the human body. It is a cell surface glycoprotein

Glycoprotein

Not to be confused with peptidoglycan or proteoglycan.Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to their Peptide side-chains....
and functions as a cell-cell adhesion

Adhesion

Adhesion is the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces....
factor

Factor

A factor, a Latin word meaning 'who/which acts' may refer to:* Factor , a person who acts for another, notably a mercantile and/or colonial agent...
. It may also mediate the attachment of stem cells to bone marrow

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is the flexible biological tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells....
extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells

Stroma

Stroma may refer to:*Stroma, Scotland, an island off the northern coast of Scotland*Stroma , the connective, functionally supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ...
. CD34 is also the name for the human gene

Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
that encodes the protein.

CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin

Mucin

Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylation proteins produced by many epithelial tissues in vertebrates. Although some mucins are cell membrane-bound due to the presence of a hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain that favors retention in the plasma membrane, most mucins are secretion onto mucosae or secreted to become...
proteins that show expression on early hematopoietic and vascular-associated tissue.

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Encyclopedia

CD34 molecule is a cluster of differentiation

Cluster of differentiation

Molecule

Glycoprotein

Adhesion

Adhesion is the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces....
factor

Factor

Bone marrow

Stroma

Gene

Function

The CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin

Mucin

T cell

T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors ....
s to enter lymph node

Lymph node

A Lymph node is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles....
s. It is expressed on lymph node endothelia

Endothelium

The endothelium is the thin layer of cell that line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall....
whereas the L-selectin

L-selectin

L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognise sialylated carbohydrate groups....
to which it binds is on the T cell.

Tissue distribution

Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the umbilical cord

Umbilical cord

In placental mammals, the umbilical cord is the connecting cord from the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord comes from the same zygote as the fetus and normally contains two arteries and one vein , buried within Wharton's jelly....
and bone marrow

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is the flexible biological tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells....
as hematopoeitic cells, endothelial progenitor cells

Endothelial progenitor cell

Endothelial progenitor cells are bone marrow-derived cells that circulate in the blood and have the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells, the cells that make up the lining of blood vessels....
, endothelial cells of blood vessels but not lymphatics (except pleural lymphatics), mast cells, a sub-population dendritic cell

Dendritic cell

Dendritic cells are immune cells and form part of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system, thus functioning as antigen-presenting cells....
s (which are factor XIII

Factor XIII

Factor XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor is an enzyme of the coagulation that crosslinks fibrin. When thrombin has converted fibrinogen to fibrin, the latter forms a proteinaceous network in which every E-unit is crosslinked to only one D-unit....
a negative) in the interstitium and around the adnexa

Adnexa

In anatomy, adnexa refers to the Appendage of an organ. ...
of dermis

Dermis

File:EpidermisPainted.svgThe dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis_ and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary_dermis and reticular dermis....
of skin, as well as cells in soft tissue tumors like DFSP

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare neoplasm of the dermis layer of the skin, and is classified as a sarcoma. In many respects, the disease behaves as a benign tumor, but in 2-5% of cases it can metastasis, so it should be considered to have malignant potential....
, GIST

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor is a rare disease tumor of the gastrointestinal tract . They are a type of mesenchyme tumor and typically defined as tumors whose behavior is driven by genetic mutations in the CD117 gene or PDGFRA gene, and may or may not staining positively for Kit....
, PNST

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor or malignant neurolemmoma is a form of cancer of the connective tissue surrounding nerves. Given its origin and behavior it is classified as a sarcoma....
s etc.

Clinical applications

CD34+ cells may be isolated from blood

Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells....
samples using immunomagnetic

Magnetic-activated cell sorting

Magnetic-activated cell sorting is a trademark name for a method for separation of various cell populations depending on their surface antigens ....
or immunofluorescent

Flow cytometry

Flow cytometry is a technique for counting, examining, and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. It allows simultaneous Parametric model analysis of the physical and/or chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electronic detection apparatus....
methods.

Antibodies are used to quantify and purify hematopoietic progenitor stem cells for research and for clinical bone marrow transplantation. However, counting CD34+ mononuclear cells may overestimate myeloid

Myeloid

The term myeloid suggests an origin in the bone marrow or spinal cord, or a resemblance to the marrow or spinal cord.In hematopoiesis, the term "myeloid cell" is used to describe any leukocyte that is not a lymphocyte....
blasts in bone marrow smears due to hematogones (B lymphocyte precursors) and CD34+ megakaryocytes.

Cells observed as CD34+ and CD38- are of an undifferentiated

Differentiation

Differentiation can mean the following:* The act of finding the derivative in mathematics* Differentiated instruction in education,* Cellular differentiation in biology...
, primitive form; i.e. they are pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell

Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell

Hematopoietic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types including myeloid , and lymphoid lineages . The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has undergone considerable revision in the last two decades....
s. Thus, because of their CD34+ expression, such undifferentiated cells can be sorted out.

In tumors, CD34 is found in alveolar soft part sarcoma

Alveolar soft part sarcoma

Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a very rare type of Soft tissue sarcoma - a slow growing tumor of an unknown origin that arises mainly in children and young adults....
, preB-ALL (positive in 75%), AML (40%), AML-M7 (most), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Stromal tumor

A stromal tumor is a tumor that arises in the supporting connective tissue of an organ....
s, giant cell fibroblastoma

Giant cell fibroblastoma

Giant cell fibroblastoma is a rare type of soft tissue tumor marked by painless nodules in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. These tumors may come back after surgery, but they do not spread to other parts of the body....
, granulocytic sarcoma

Granulocytic sarcoma

A myeloid sarcoma , is a solid tumor composed of immature white blood cells called myeloblasts. A chloroma is an extramedullary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia; in other words, it is a solid collection of leukemic cells occurring outside of the bone marrow....
, Kaposi’s sarcoma, liposarcoma

Liposarcoma

Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises in Adipose tissue in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum.They are typically large bulky tumors which tend to have multiple smaller satellites extending beyond the main confines of the tumor....
, malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a type of histiocytoma that is the most common Sarcoma of late adult life, most commonly occurring between age 50-70....
, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, mengingeal hemangiopericytoma

Hemangiopericytoma

A hemangiopericytoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that originates in the pericytes in the walls of capillary.It was characterized in 1942....
s, meningioma

Meningioma

Meningiomas are the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system, arising from the arachnoid "cap" cells of the arachnoid villi in the meninges....
s, neurofibroma

Neurofibroma

A neurofibroma is a benign nerve sheath tumor in the peripheral nervous system. Usually found in individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 , a genetic disorder, they can result in a range of symptoms from physical disfiguration and pain to cognitive disability....
s, schwannomas, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

A negative CD34 may exclude Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is a malignant round-cell tumor. It is a rare disease in which cancer cells are found in the bone or in soft biological tissue. The most common areas in which it occurs are the pelvis, the femur, the humerus, and the ribs....
/PNET, myofibrosarcoma of the breast, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the stomach.

CD34

Function

Tissue distribution

Clinical applications

Further reading

External links