Éponine
Encyclopedia
Les Misérables
Les Misérables
Les Misérables , translated variously from the French as The Miserable Ones, The Wretched, The Poor Ones, The Wretched Poor, or The Victims), is an 1862 French novel by author Victor Hugo and is widely considered one of the greatest novels of the nineteenth century...
by Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romantic movement in France....
.
Éponine in the novel
As children, Éponine and her younger sister Azelma are described as pretty, well-dressed, charming and a delight to see. They are pampered and spoiled by their parents the ThénardiersThénardiers
The Thénardiers, commonly known as Thénardier and Madame Thénardier , are two of the primary villains in Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables and the stage musical of the same name...
. They also tease and mistreat Cosette
Cosette
Euphrasie "Cosette" Fauchelevant is a fictional character in the novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo.- Cosette in the novel :...
.
As an adolescent, Éponine and her family descend into poverty due to the bankruptcy of her parents' inn. Éponine becomes a "pale, puny, meagre creature," with a hoarse voice like "a drunken galley slave’s" due to it being "roughened by brandy and by liquors." She now wears dirty and tattered clothing that consists of a chemise and a skirt. She also has missing teeth, mangled hair, bony shoulders, heavy brooding drooping eyes, and a premature-aging face with only a trace of beauty lingering.
Éponine brings Marius
Marius Pontmercy
Marius Pontmercy is a principal fictional character in Victor Hugo’s 1862 novel Les Misérables. He is young, intense, and in love with Cosette. He fights at the barricades with Enjolras and the Friends of the ABC when %C3%89ponine tricks him into going to the barricade and he resolves to die...
and Cosette together, even though she is in love with him herself and jealous of Cosette.
Early life
Éponine is the elder daughter of M. and Mme. ThénardierThénardiers
The Thénardiers, commonly known as Thénardier and Madame Thénardier , are two of the primary villains in Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables and the stage musical of the same name...
, who run an inn in the town of Montfermeil
Montfermeil
Montfermeil is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris.Montfermeil is famous as the location of Thénardier's inn in Les Misérables. It has made the headlines due to troubles in its social estate called "les...
. A woman named Fantine
Fantine
Fantine is a character in Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables.- Backstory :"Fantine was one of those beings which are brought forth from the heart of the people... She was called Fantine because she had never been known by any other name...""All four were ravishingly beautiful. As to Fantine,...
and her illegitimate daughter Cosette
Cosette
Euphrasie "Cosette" Fauchelevant is a fictional character in the novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo.- Cosette in the novel :...
arrive. Upon seeing Éponine and Azelma, Fantine asks the Thénardiers to take care of Cosette while she goes to look for work in her hometown. The Thénardiers agree on the condition that she send them money to pay for the child. However, the Thénardiers abuse Cosette and use her as forced labor while pampering Éponine and Azelma. They also send letters to Fantine requesting financial help for Cosette, which is their own fraudulent way to extort money from her for themselves. This occurs for five years.
On Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve refers to the evening or entire day preceding Christmas Day, a widely celebrated festival commemorating the birth of Jesus of Nazareth that takes place on December 25...
1823, Jean Valjean
Jean Valjean
Jean Valjean is the protagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables...
arrives at the inn with Cosette after finding her retrieving water at night in the woods alone. During the short time he stays, it becomes apparent that Éponine and Azelma are unkind to Cosette as well, telling on her to their mother when she tries to play with their discarded doll. After seeing this, Valjean briefly leaves the inn and returns with a beautiful new doll (which Éponine and Azelma had admired on a shop window earlier) to give to Cosette, which she happily accepts. Éponine and Azelma become jealous of Cosette for the first time.
The next morning, Christmas Day, Valjean pays off all of Fantine's debts to the Thénardiers and takes Cosette away.
Life in Paris
Éponine is not seen again for nine years. In ParisParis
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, she and her family have lost their inn and now live under the family name "Jondrette" in an apartment at Gorbeau House, next door to that of Marius Pontmercy
Marius Pontmercy
Marius Pontmercy is a principal fictional character in Victor Hugo’s 1862 novel Les Misérables. He is young, intense, and in love with Cosette. He fights at the barricades with Enjolras and the Friends of the ABC when %C3%89ponine tricks him into going to the barricade and he resolves to die...
. They live in utter squalor. Éponine and Azelma, reduced to being ragged, emaciated and barefoot, now help their parents beg for money, writing to rich people under different names. They run past Marius while running away from the police, unaware that they dropped their package of begging letters. Marius picks up the package and takes it back to his apartment.
The next day, Éponine visits Marius at his apartment and gives him a letter, begging for money. As Marius reads the letter, he discovers the handwriting and the stationery
Stationery
Stationery has historically meant a wide gamut of materials: paper and office supplies, writing implements, greeting cards, glue, pencil case etc.-History of stationery:...
are identical to the four letters from the package. Éponine suddenly spots Marius’ mirror and goes to it to look at it while singing to herself. To impress him further, she proves that she is literate by reading aloud from one of his books and writing "The cognes (police) are here" on a piece of paper. Éponine then compliments Marius, telling him that he is handsome, and also mentions that she has previously noticed him a number of times before. Changing the subject, Marius hands her back the other letters. She gleefully takes them. Éponine then reveals to Marius about her current life, telling him how she and her family once lived under the arches of bridges the previous winter, her contemplating about drowning herself in the water and having hallucinations. Pitying her, Marius gives her five francs. Seeing the coin, she takes it from him and thanks him in a chain of argot
Argot
An Argot is a secret language used by various groups—including, but not limited to, thieves and other criminals—to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. The term argot is also used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, hobby, job,...
.
Éponine leaves and some time later Marius observes her and her family in their apartment nextdoor. She had claimed that she had arranged for a philanthropist from the local church to come to their home and give them money to help pay the rent. In an effort to make his family look poorer, Jondrette orders Azelma to punch out the window, which she does, cutting her hand open which makes his wife angry at her husband. It turns out that the "philanthropist" is in reality Jean Valjean. Cosette is with him, with whom Marius has fallen in love with eariler at the Luxembourg Gardens. Valjean promises to return later with money for them.
As soon as Valjean and Cosette leave, Marius attempts to follow them but is unable to pay for a cab due to giving Éponine his remaining five francs. While returning morosely to his room, Éponine follows him. She notices Marius unhappy and offers to assist him on what is troubling him. Marius decides to ask her to find the address of the father and daughter that just visited her family earlier. Éponine reacts bitterly upon hearing Marius’ request, realizing that he has an interest in the philanthropist’s daughter, but agrees to do so after he promises to give her anything she wishes in return.
After Éponine leaves, Marius overhears Jondrette and his wife begin to plot to rob and murder Valjean, as they recognize him as the man who adopted Cosette, and want their revenge. To help in this they enlist the aid of the Patron-Minette
Patron-Minette
Patron-Minette was the name given to a street gang in Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables and the musical of the same name. They acted as secondary villains and were referred to, in the book, as "Devils of Crime". The gang consisted of Montparnasse, Claquesous, Babet, and Gueulemer...
street gang.
Determined to prevent this crime against his beloved and her father, Marius informs Javert
Javert
Javert is a fictional character from the novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo. He is a prison guard, and later policeman, who devotes his life to the law. He is always referred to just simply as "Javert" or "Inspector Javert" by the narrator and other characters throughout the novel; his first name...
of the planned crime, and Javert gives him two pistols with the order to fire one when the crime is going to happen. Marius returns to his house and waits. Éponine and Azelma are sent outside the building to watch for the police, but the police sneak in the back door and prepare to spring their trap once Marius fires his pistol. Valjean returns to the Jondrettes' home; they capture him and Jondrette reveals his true identity to him: Thénardier. Marius, recognizing the name as that of the man who "saved" his father at Waterloo
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands...
, is torn. He does not want to let Valjean die, but he does not want to betray his father’s "savior." Seeing the scrap of paper Éponine wrote on earlier, he tosses it frantically into the room via the crack in the wall. Thénardier reads the note and, recognizing Éponine's writing, thinks that she threw it inside. They try to escape, but nonetheless Javert enters and arrests the Thénardiers and the street gang, while Valjean escapes unnoticed.
Éponine and Montparnasse avoid being arrested due to abandoning the scene earlier. However, Éponine is caught at a later time and joins Azelma in prison. Both sisters are released two weeks later due to lack of evidence.
Marius, Cosette, and Éponine
While in jail, Babet sends Éponine a letter through Magnon to investigate a house at the Rue Plumet, and she does so. Discovering that Valjean and Cosette live there and knowing that Marius is trying to find "that girl" (Cosette), Éponine sends back a biscuit to Babet (which is code for "nothing to do"). After she learns of Marius' whereabouts from the churchwarden Mabeuf, she finds Marius in a park called "The Field of the Lark." She tells him that she knows where Cosette lives, hoping to impress him and make him happy. Marius makes Éponine swear not to tell the address to her father, which she promises not to. She then reminds him that he promised to give her something in return for finding Cosette, and he offers her his last five-franc coin. She sadly lets the coin fall to the ground, saying she does not want his money.Marius visits Cosette several times, and each time Éponine secretly watches him walking to the Rue Plumet. On one occasion, Éponine follows him to the house and sits down by the gates, lost in thought. At that moment, Thénardier, Patron-Minette and Brujon arrive to rob the house after breaking out of jail. Out of love for Marius, Éponine threatens to scream and alert the police if they try to carry out their plans. They retire, and Éponine has saved both the house from being robbed and Marius and Cosette from being discovered. Meanwhile, Cosette informs Marius that she and Valjean will be leaving for England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
soon, which causes them much concern about what will happen to their relationship.
The next day, Éponine swaps clothing with a man, disguising herself as a boy. She finds Valjean sitting in an embankment in the Champ de Mars
Champ de Mars
The Champ de Mars is a large public greenspace in Paris, France, located in the seventh arrondissement, between the Eiffel Tower to the northwest and the École Militaire to the southeast. The park is named after the Campus Martius in Rome, a tribute to the Roman god of war...
and secretly throws to him a written message, which reads "remove." After reading it, he returns to the Rue Plumet and reconfirms with Cosette that they will relocate to their other house and leave for England in a week. Cosette quickly writes a letter to Marius with this information. She finds Éponine outside the gates and, thinking her to be a workman, gives her five francs and asks her to deliver the letter to Marius. Éponine takes the letter, but does not deliver it.
On the night of the insurrection, Éponine visits Courfeyrac (one of the revolutionary students from the Friends of the ABC) and asks for Marius, but he informs her that he does not know where Marius is. Éponine discovers Courfeyrac is going to the barricades and decides to accompany him. After learning the barricade's location, she goes to the Rue Plumet, expecting Marius to visit Cosette at his usual time. When he arrives, he discovers that Cosette is no longer at the house. Keeping herself hidden, Éponine tells Marius that his friends are waiting for him at the barricade at the Rue de la Chanvrerie. She goes back there.
Death
Distraught over the loss of Cosette, Marius goes to the barricade. He is armed with the two pistols Javert gave him months ago, and uses them both during the fighting. While he is unarmed and searching for a weapon, a soldier makes it inside the barricade and aims at Marius. Éponine puts her hand, and her body, in front of the musket, and the musket ball enters her, saving Marius’ life. Marius does not think much of it, and it is not until later that he recognizes her, when she is lying at his feet. She tells him that she had taken the bullet for him, piercing through her hand and then through her back. She requests to him that he lay her on his knees, and he complies. After he does so, Éponine reveals to Marius that it was she who led him to the barricades, hoping that the two of them would die and be united in heaven together. Yet, when the musket was aimed at him, she still blocked the bullet despite her hopes. She, herself, states that she does not understand her actions: "And still when I saw him aiming at you, I put up my hand upon the muzzle of the musket. How droll it is!" Éponine tells Marius that her reason for doing so is that she wanted to die first, but does not provide an explanation to this afterwards. She then reminisces on her and Marius’ previous encounters together, and says she is happy that everyone will die. She reveals that GavrocheGavroche
Gavroche is a fictional character from the novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo.-Gavroche in the novel:Gavroche is the eldest son of M. and Mme Thénardier. He has two sisters, Éponine and Azelma, and two unnamed younger brothers. He is also technically unnamed; the reader is told he chooses the...
is her brother when they hear him singing nearby, and she asks Marius that Gavroche not see her in fear that he will "scold" her. Éponine then says to Marius that she cannot lie to him, and confesses she has a letter for him (which is the letter that Cosette gave to her a day earlier). She tells him she kept it and did not want it to reach him, but decides to give it to him in hopes that he will not be angry with her in the afterlife. After Marius takes the letter, Éponine asks him to promise that he kiss her on the forehead after she dies, which he agrees to do. With her dying breath, Éponine confesses her love for him, saying, "And then, do you know, Monsieur Marius, I believe I was a little in love with you." Éponine dies and Marius kisses her on the forehead as he had promised as "a thoughtful and gentle farewell to an unhappy soul."
Éponine in the musical
Éponine is also featured in the stage musical Les MisérablesLes Misérables (musical)
Les Misérables , colloquially known as Les Mis or Les Miz , is a musical by Claude-Michel Schönberg, based on the novel of the same name by Victor Hugo....
. She is played by two actors, a young girl for Young Éponine in the Montfermeil scenes, and by a young woman for the adolescent Éponine in the later Parisian scenes. Actors playing Young Éponine and Young Cosette sometimes interchange roles in different performances to equalize performance opportunities and vocal strain.
Differences in the musical
There are a few notable plot differences in the musical adaptation.(For other similarities and differences to the novel, see the "Songs" category below.)
- Although still ragged, Éponine’s appearance and voice is more appealing and her personality is moderately more approachable.
- Éponine and Marius are portrayed as friends when in the novel Marius does not care much about her.
- Éponine's younger sister Azelma and their two youngest brothers are completely cut from the musical.
- In the novel, Gavroche is Éponine’s other younger brother and the Thénardiers’ eldest son. Although he is featured in the musical, he is portrayed as if he is not related to the Thénardiers at all. This could imply that Éponine is the Thénardiers’ only child.
- In the novel, it is mentioned that Éponine drinks. In the musical, no reference of this is made.
- In the novel, Éponine is missing a few teeth. In the musical, they are all intact.
- In the musical, Éponine is sent by Marius to deliver a letter to Cosette. In the novel, Gavroche is sent to deliver it.
- In the novel, it is mentioned and demonstrated that Éponine does a great deal of distributing letters, such as hand-delivering begging letters from her father to wealthy people, anonymously throwing a note to Valjean, and handing Marius a letter from Cosette. In the musical, Éponine, her parents and Patron-Minette pass on their messages verbally to each other, and the only note-passing that she does is during her interaction with Valjean when he intercepts Marius' letter to Cosette.
- In the musical, Éponine wears pants and a long overcoat as her disguise as a boy (she keeps her chemise). In the novel, the disguise is more simple, consisting of a grey blouse and cotton-velvet trousers.
- At the time of her death, it isn't speculated where Éponine got shot at first. After she collapses, Marius notices she is hurt as there is blood on her hair. He opens her coat and remarks "Oh God, it's everywhere!" indicating she has been shot in the chest, instead of through her hand then through her back, like in the novel.
- In the novel, Éponine asks Marius to kiss her forehead after she dies, and he does so. In the musical, she pulls herself up and kisses him with the last of her strength, then falls back and dies. In the revival, she pulls herself up to attempt to kiss him but dies before she can.
- The musical gives a pointedly sympathetic depiction of Éponine, which has made her one of the show's most popular characters. Throughout the musical, the ragged, headstrong and independent Éponine serves as a clear foilFoil (literature)In fiction, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character in order to highlight particular qualities of another character....
for Cosette, who is soft, demure, pretty and innocent.
Songs
Éponine is featured in the following songs in the musical:Castle On A Cloud (silent): Young Éponine makes her first appearance as an eight-year-old child. As soon as she comes in, her mother Mme. Thénardier praises her for looking well "in that little blue hat." Éponine is shown to be unkind to Cosette (who actually vocalizes the entitled song), including pointing to Cosette to reveal to her mother that she did not leave to retrieve water and making faces at her while pushing her towards the door.
Look Down: Éponine re-enters as a ragged young woman and a member of her father's gang. She is introduced to the audience by Gavroche, who says that she "knows her way about" and is "only a kid, but hard to scare."
The Robbery/Javert's Intervention: Éponine meets with Marius and it becomes apparent that she loves him (although he only sees her as a friend). M. and Mme. Thénardier send her off to watch for the police when Thénardier and his gang try to con and then rob Valjean (who comes to the street with Cosette to give money to the poor). Before the gang can rob Valjean, Éponine returns, screaming that everyone must run as Javert is coming. She avoids arrest herself.
Éponine's Errand: Éponine recognizes Cosette from her childhood. When Marius returns, she sees that he has fallen in love with Cosette. He asks Éponine to find where Cosette lives which she agrees to, despite her jealousy (as she wants to please Marius).
In My Life: Éponine brings Marius to Rue Plumet, where Valjean and Cosette live. While Cosette is in the garden and Marius anticipates meeting her, Éponine sings to herself how she loves him and "would be his" if he wished it.
A Heart Full Of Love: After hearing Cosette and Marius meet and declare their love for each other, Éponine knows that Marius never loved her.
The Attack On Rue Plumet: Éponine notices her father and his gang attempting to break into the house to rob Valjean. She first tries to dissuade them by insisting that there is nothing in the house worth stealing and then threatens to scream and awaken everyone inside if they do not leave. When they refuse, she carries out her threat, forcing them to retreat and warning Marius and Cosette. Marius introduces Éponine to Cosette as the one who brought them together and who once more saved them. It was Éponine's scream however, which frightened Valjean into deciding to move to England (Cosette told her father that she saw shadows on the wall and screamed, which Valjean took to mean that Javert had found him once more).
One Day More: The main characters sing their own viewpoints about the next day. In Éponine’s part, she laments her loss of Marius and how she is alone ("One more day all on my own, one more day with him not caring, what a life I might have known, but he never saw me there.") Marius is contemplating whether to follow Cosette to England, or fight with the other students. Éponine then grabs Marius by the arm and they both run off. They are next seen a moment later among Enjolras
Enjolras
Enjolras is the charismatic leader of the Friends of the ABC in the 1862 novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo.- The Friends of the ABC :...
and the students, with Marius telling Enjolras "My place is here, I fight with you."
At The Barricade (Upon These Stones): Éponine appears dressed as a boy. Marius finds her and she tells him that she wants to stay with him. He asks her to take a letter to Cosette, as a means to bid Cosette goodbye and to get Éponine to safety. She is caught in the garden by Valjean, who takes the letter and tells her to be careful on her way home.
On My Own: Éponine's solo song. Éponine walks the streets of Paris and reflects on her solitary life and her love for Marius, ultimately knowing that he can live without her and that there is no hope of them ever being together.
A Little Fall Of Rain: Éponine returns to the barricade but is shot as she re-enters. Marius holds and comforts her while she expresses happiness that they are together for that little time at least. She leans up and kisses him, and then dies in his arms.
Night Of Anguish (silent): Enjolras announces that Éponine is "the first to fall" at the barricade. Marius, still holding Éponine's body, tells him that "her life was cold and dark, yet she was unafraid." The other students resolve to fight in her name, and carry her body away.
Epilogue: Éponine makes one final appearance as a ghost with Fantine to take Valjean to be with God as he dies.
Musical
- MarieMarie-France DufourMarie-France Dufour or Marie was a French singer. She made her hit Sun in 1971, but she is probably best known for representing Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest 1973 in Luxembourg by song "Un train qui part". She died of leukemia at the age of 41 in 1990.-External links:*...
, 1980 Original French Concept Album - Marianne Mille, 1980 Original French Musical
- Frances RuffelleFrances RuffelleFrances Ruffelle is an English musical theatre actress and recording artist. Her mother is Sylvia Young, the founder of the famous theatre school at which Frances trained, and her daughter is recording artist Eliza Doolittle. Her younger sister is actress Alison Ruffelle...
, 1985 London Musical, 1987 Broadway Musical - Loretta Bailey, 1989 Original Canadian Cast
- Stéphanie Martin, 1991 Paris Revival
- Vera Mann, 1991 Original Dutch Cast
- Margarita Marbán, 1992 Original Spanish Cast
- Lea SalongaLea SalongaLea Salonga-Chien is a mezzo-soprano singer and actress from the Philippines well known for originating the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon, for which she won the Olivier, Tony, Drama Desk, Outer Critics and Theatre World awards.She was the first Asian to play the roles of Éponine and...
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- Ele Millistfer, 2001 Estonian Cast
- Celia Keenan-Bolger, 2006 Broadway Revival
- Lucy Scherer, 2007 St. Gallen Production
- Sophie Tremblay, 2008 Québec City Production
- Lea MicheleLea MicheleLea Michele Sarfati , known professionally as Lea Michele, is an American actress and singer. Michele began working professionally as a child actress on Broadway in productions such as Ragtime and Les Misérables. She originated the role of Wendla in the musical Spring Awakening and currently plays...
, 2008 Hollywood Bowl Concert - Célene Purcell, 2008-2009 Dutch Revival
- Nancy Sullivan, 2008-2010 West End Production
- Ashley SpencerAshley SpencerAshley Spencer, an Ohio native, was a contestant on NBC's show Grease: You're the One that I Want!. She was the understudy for Barbie in the Barbie in Fairytopia tour, in which she sang and danced ballet.-Grease: You're the One that I Want!:...
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, 2010 West End Production, 25th Anniversary Concert - Rosalind James, 2010 25th Anniversary Tour
- Chasten Harmon, 2010-2011 25th Anniversary Tour (US)
- Lydia Fairén, Current Spanish 25th Anniversary Production Cast
Film and television
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- Orane Demazis, 1934 AdaptationLes Misérables (1934 film)Les Misérables is a 1934 film adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel of the same name. It was written and directed by Raymond Bernard and stars Harry Baur as Jean Valjean and Charles Vanel as Javert...
- Frances Drake, 1935 AdaptationLes Misérables (1935 film)Les Misérables is a 1935 American drama film based upon the famous Victor Hugo novel of the same name. It was adapted by W. P. Lipscomb and directed by Richard Boleslawski...
- Delia Orman, 1948 AdaptationLes Misérables (1948 film)Les Misérables is a 1948 Italian drama film directed by Riccardo Freda. It is based on the Victor Hugo novel of the same name.-Cast:* Gino Cervi – Jean Valjean* Valentina Cortese – Fantina / Cosetta* Hans Hinrich – Javert...
- Silvia MonfortSilvia MonfortSilvia Monfort was a French actress and theatre director. Daughter of the sculptor Charles Favre-Bertin and wife of Pierre Gruneberg....
, 1958 AdaptationLes Misérables (1958 film)Les Misérables is a film version of the Victor Hugo novel released in France on March 12, 1958. Written by Michel Audiard and René Barjavel, the film was directed by Jean-Paul Le Chanois... - Angela Cardile, 1964 Adaptation
- Hermine Karagheuz, 1972 Adaptation
- María RojoMaría RojoMaría de Lourdes Rojo e Incháustegui commonly known as María Rojo — — is a Mexican actress and politician. She is currently Senator of the Republic in the upper house of Mexican Congress....
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- Asia ArgentoAsia ArgentoAria Asia Anna Maria Vittoria Rossa Argento is an Italian actress, singer, model and director.-Family and early life:...
, 2000 Adaptation
External links
- Éponine at the Internet Movie DatabaseInternet Movie DatabaseInternet Movie Database is an online database of information related to movies, television shows, actors, production crew personnel, video games and fictional characters featured in visual entertainment media. It is one of the most popular online entertainment destinations, with over 100 million...
- Search for Éponine at the Internet Broadway DatabaseInternet Broadway DatabaseThe Internet Broadway Database is an online database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel. It is operated by the Research Department of The Broadway League, a trade association for the North American commercial theatre community....