Virginia's Eighth Congressional District is a U.S. congressional district

Congressional district

A congressional district is “a geographical division of a state from which one member of the House of Representatives is elected.”Congressional Districts are made up of three main components, a representative, constituents, and the specific land area that both the representative and the...

 in the Commonwealth

U.S. state

A U.S. state is any one of the 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of...

 of Virginia

Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...

. The residents of the 8th District are currently represented by Democratic

Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...

 Congressman Jim Moran

Jim Moran

James Patrick "Jim" Moran, Jr. is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1991. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district is located in Northern Virginia and includes the cities of Falls Church and Alexandria, all of Arlington County, and a portion of Fairfax County.Jim Moran was...

, first elected to the 8th's seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990.

Voting

Election results from presidential races
Year	Office	Results
2008	President United States presidential election, 2008 The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on November 4, 2008. Democrat Barack Obama, then the junior United States Senator from Illinois, defeated Republican John McCain, the senior U.S. Senator from Arizona. Obama received 365...	Obama Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...  69 - 30%
2004	President United States presidential election, 2004 The United States presidential election of 2004 was the United States' 55th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004. Republican Party candidate and incumbent President George W. Bush defeated Democratic Party candidate John Kerry, the then-junior U.S. Senator...	Kerry John Kerry John Forbes Kerry is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, the 10th most senior U.S. Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2004 presidential election, but lost to former President George W...  64 - 35%
2000	President United States presidential election, 2000 The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Republican candidate George W. Bush, then-governor of Texas and son of former president George H. W. Bush , and Democratic candidate Al Gore, then-Vice President....	Gore Al Gore Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. served as the 45th Vice President of the United States , under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election....  58 - 38%

Geography

Encompassing much of Northern Virginia

Northern Virginia

Northern Virginia consists of several counties and independent cities in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in a widespread region generally radiating southerly and westward from Washington, D.C...

's suburbs of Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....

, Virginia's 8th District includes Arlington County

Arlington County, Virginia

Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal capital district. On February 27, 1801, the United States Congress organized the area as a subdivision of...

, parts of Fairfax County

Fairfax County, Virginia

Fairfax County is a county in Virginia, in the United States. Per the 2010 Census, the population of the county is 1,081,726, making it the most populous jurisdiction in the Commonwealth of Virginia, with 13.5% of Virginia's population...

, and the independent cities of Alexandria

Alexandria, Virginia

Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of 2009, the city had a total population of 139,966. Located along the Western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately six miles south of downtown Washington, D.C.Like the rest of northern Virginia, as well as...

 and Falls Church

Falls Church, Virginia

The City of Falls Church is an independent city in Virginia, United States, in the Washington Metropolitan Area. The city population was 12,332 in 2010, up from 10,377 in 2000. Taking its name from The Falls Church, an 18th-century Anglican parish, Falls Church gained township status within...

.

Demographics

As of 2000, the district has 643,503 residents, 13.7% are African American, 9.5% are Asian, 16.4% are Hispanic and 64.5% are white.

Virginia's eighth congressional district is traditionally a Democratic stronghold, most notably in the urban communities of Arlington and Alexandria.

List of representatives

Representative	Lived	Party	Term	Note
District created: March 4, 1789
Josiah Parker Josiah Parker Josiah Parker was an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia in the First through Sixth United States Congresses.-Life:...	(1751–1810)	Anti-Administration Anti-Administration Party (United States) Anti-Administration "Party" was the informal faction comprising the opponents of the policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in the first term of President George Washington. This was not an organized political party but an unorganized faction...	March 4, 1789 - March 3, 1793	Elected to Virginia 11th District Virginia's 11th congressional district Virginia's Eleventh Congressional District is a U.S. congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It comprises most of Fairfax County, all of the city of Fairfax, and part of eastern Prince William County...
Thomas Claiborne Thomas Claiborne (1749-1812) Thomas Claiborne was a planter and politician from Brunswick County, Virginia, and represented Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1793 to 1799 and from 1801 to 1805....	(1749–1812)	Anti-Administration Anti-Administration Party (United States) Anti-Administration "Party" was the informal faction comprising the opponents of the policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in the first term of President George Washington. This was not an organized political party but an unorganized faction...	March 4, 1793 - March 3, 1795
		Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1795 - March 3, 1799	Defeated
Samuel Goode Samuel Goode Samuel Goode was a United States Representative from Virginia. Born in "Whitby," Chesterfield County, he completed preparatory studies, studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced. During the American Revolutionary War he served as a lieutenant in the Chesterfield Troop of Horse and later...	(1756–1822)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1799 - March 3, 1801	Defeated
Thomas Claiborne Thomas Claiborne (1749-1812) Thomas Claiborne was a planter and politician from Brunswick County, Virginia, and represented Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1793 to 1799 and from 1801 to 1805....	(1749–1812)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1801 - March 3, 1803	Elected to Virginia 17th District Virginia's 17th congressional district Virginia Congressional District 17 is an obsolete congressional district. It was eliminated in 1843 after the 1840 U.S. Census. Its last Congressman was Alexander H. H. Stuart.-History:...
Walter Jones	(1745–1815)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1803 - March 3, 1811	Declined to run
John P. Hungerford John Hungerford (congressman) John Pratt Hungerford was an 18th- and 19th-century politician and lawyer from Virginia.Born in Leeds, Virginia, Hungerford received an elementary education under private teachers as a child. He studied law and was admitted to the bar...	(1761–1833)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1811 - November 29, 1811	Election invalid
John Taliaferro John Taliaferro John Taliaferro was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer and librarian from Virginia.-Early life and education:Born on "Hays" near Fredericksburg, Virginia, Taliaferro attended the common schools as a child...	(1768–1852)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	November 29, 1811 - March 3, 1813	Defeated
Joseph Lewis, Jr. Joseph Lewis, Jr. Joseph Lewis, Jr. was an 18th century and 19th century politician and lawyer from Virginia.Born in Virginia, Lewis served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1799 to 1803. He was then elected a Federalist to the United States House of Representatives in 1802, serving from 1803 to 1817...	(1772–1834)	Federalist Federalist Party (United States) The Federalist Party was the first American political party, from the early 1790s to 1816, the era of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801...	March 4, 1813 - March 3, 1817	Defeated
Charles F. Mercer Charles F. Mercer Charles Fenton Mercer was a nineteenth century politician, U.S. Congressman, and lawyer from Loudoun County, Virginia....	(1778–1858)	Federalist Federalist Party (United States) The Federalist Party was the first American political party, from the early 1790s to 1816, the era of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801...	March 4, 1817 - March 3, 1823	Elected to Virginia 14th District Virginia's 14th congressional district Virginia Congressional District 14 is an obsolete congressional district. It was eliminated in 1853 after the 1850 U.S. Census. Its last Congressman was James M. H. Beale.-List of representatives:-References:*...
Burwell Bassett Burwell Bassett Burwell Bassett, Jr. was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1787 to 1789, and the Virginia Senate from 1794 to 1805.-Biography:...	(1764–1841)	Crawford D-R Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1823 - March 3, 1825
		Jackson	March 4, 1825 - March 3, 1829	Defeated
Richard Coke, Jr. Richard Coke, Jr. Richard Coke, Jr. was a nineteenth century congressman and lawyer from Virginia. He was the uncle of politician Richard Coke....	(1790–1851)	Jackson	March 4, 1829 - March 3, 1833	Declined to run
Henry A. Wise Henry A. Wise Henry Alexander Wise was an American politician and governor of Virginia, as well as a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.-Early life:...	(1806–1876)	Jackson	March 4, 1833 - March 3, 1837
		Whig Whig Party (United States) The Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic...	March 4, 1837 - March 3, 1843	Elected to Virginia 7th District Virginia's 7th congressional district Virginia's Seventh Congressional District is a U.S. congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The district is currently represented by Republican Congressman Eric Cantor, the current House majority leader, first elected in 2000.-Voting:...
Willoughby Newton Willoughby Newton Willoughby Newton was a nineteenth century congressman and lawyer from Virginia.-Biography:Born at "Lee Hall" near Hague, Virginia, he was the son of Willoughby Newton and Sarah "Sally" Bland Poythress , the widow of Richard "Squire" Lee and daughter of Peter Poythress of "Branchester", and...	(1802–1874)	Whig Whig Party (United States) The Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic...	March 4, 1843 - March 3, 1845	Defeated
Robert M. T. Hunter Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter -References:* Patrick, Rembert W. . Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 90–101.-External links:* – A speech by R. M. T. Hunter before the U.S. House of Representatives, May 8th, 1846...	(1809–1887)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1845 - March 3, 1847	Elected to U.S. Senate
Richard L. T. Beale	(1819–1893)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1847 - March 3, 1849	Declined to run
Alexander R. Holladay Alexander Holladay Alexander Richmond Holladay was a 19th century politician and lawyer from Virginia.-Early life and background:...	(1811–1877)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1849 - March 3, 1853	Declined to run
Charles J. Faulkner, Sr. Charles J. Faulkner Charles James Faulkner was a nineteenth century politician and lawyer from Virginia and West Virginia. He was the father of Charles James Faulkner....	(1806–1884)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1853 - March 3, 1859	Appointed Minister to France United States Ambassador to France This article is about the United States Ambassador to France. There has been a United States Ambassador to France since the American Revolution. The United States sent its first envoys to France in 1776, towards the end of the four-centuries-old Bourbon dynasty...
Alexander R. Boteler Alexander Boteler Alexander Robinson Boteler was a nineteenth century politician and clerk from Virginia.-Biography:Born in Shepherdstown, Virginia , Boteler graduated from Princeton College in 1835 and engaged in agriculture and literary pursuits...	(1815–1892)	Opposition Opposition Party (United States) The Opposition Party in the United States is a label with two different applications in Congressional history, as a majority party in Congress 1854-58, and as a Third Party in the South 1858-1860....	March 4, 1859 - March 3, 1861	Declined to run
Vacant			March 4, 1861 - January 28, 1870	Civil War American Civil War The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
James K. Gibson James K. Gibson James King Gibson was a nineteenth century politician, merchant, sheriff and banker from Virginia.Born in Abingdon, Virginia, Gibson attended the common schools as a child. He moved to Huntsville, Alabama in 1833, but moved back to Abingdon in 1834 and engaged in mercantile pursuits...	(1812–1879)	Conservative Conservative Party of Virginia The Conservative Party of Virginia was a short-lived United States political party in the state of Virginia during the late 19th century. During its history, the party was successful in electing just six congressmen to the U.S...	January 28, 1870 - March 3, 1871	Declined to run
William Terry	(1824–1888)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1871 - March 3, 1873	Defeated
Eppa Hunton Eppa Hunton Eppa Hunton II was a U.S. Representative and Senator from Virginia and a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.-Early years:...	(1822–1908)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1873 - March 3, 1881	Declined to run
John S. Barbour, Jr. John S. Barbour, Jr. John Strode Barbour, Jr. was a Representative and a Senator from Virginia. He is best remembered for taking power in Virginia from the short-lived Readjuster Party in the late 1880s, forming the first political machine of "Conservative Democrats", whose power was to last 80 years until the demise...	(1820–1892)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1881 - March 3, 1887	Declined to run
William H. F. Lee William Henry Fitzhugh Lee William Henry Fitzhugh Lee , known as Rooney Lee or W.H.F. Lee, was the second son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Randolph Custis. He was a planter, a Confederate cavalry General in the American Civil War, and later a member of the U.S. Congress.-Early life:Lee was born at Arlington House in...	(1837–1891)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1887 - October 15, 1891	Died
Vacant			October 16, 1891 - December 8, 1891	Special election
Elisha E. Meredith Elisha E. Meredith Elisha Edward Meredith was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born in Sumter County, Alabama, Meredith attended Hampden–Sydney College, Virginia.He studied law....	(1848–1900)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	December 9, 1891 - March 3, 1897	Declined to run
John F. Rixey John Franklin Rixey John Franklin Rixey was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from Virginia's 8th congressional district from 1897 to 1907....	(1854–1907)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1897 - February 8, 1907	Died
Vacant			February 9, 1907 - November 4, 1907
Charles C. Carlin Charles Creighton Carlin Charles Creighton Carlin was a U.S. representative from Virginia.Born in Alexandria, Virginia, Carlin attended the public schools and Alexandria Academy. He was graduated from National University Law School, Washington, D.C....	(1866–1938)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	November 5, 1907 - March 3, 1919	Resigned
Vacant			March 4, 1919 - April 26, 1919	Special election April 1919
R. Walton Moore R. Walton Moore Robert Walton "Judge" Moore was a Virginia lawyer, U.S. Representative from Virginia, Assistant Secretary of State, and one of the few Virginia politicians to embrace the New Deal....	(1859–1941)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	April 27, 1919 - March 3, 1931	Declined to run
Howard W. Smith Howard W. Smith Howard Worth Smith , Democratic U.S. Representative from Virginia, was a leader of the conservative coalition who supported both racial segregation and women's rights.-Early life and education:...	(1883–1976)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1931 - March 3, 1933	Elected to Virginia At-Large District Virginia's At-large congressional district -48th Congress:After the 1880 census, a tenth seat in the United States House of Representatives was added to Virginia's nine districts. For the 48th Congress , that seat was elected at-large state-wide...
District eliminated March 4, 1933
District recreated: January 3, 1935
Howard W. Smith Howard W. Smith Howard Worth Smith , Democratic U.S. Representative from Virginia, was a leader of the conservative coalition who supported both racial segregation and women's rights.-Early life and education:...	(1883–1976)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	January 3, 1935 - January 3, 1967	Defeated
William L. Scott William L. Scott William Lloyd Scott was a Republican politician from Virginia.Scott was born in Williamsburg, Virginia. He received a law degree from George Washington University, and was employed by the federal government 1934–1961, principally as trial attorney with Department of Justice...	(1915–1997)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	January 3, 1967 - January 3, 1973	Elected to U.S. Senate
Stanford E. Parris Stanford E. Parris Stanford Elmer "Stan" Parris was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He represented Virginia's 8th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for six two year terms. He served in the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, Virginia House of Delegates, and also as...	(1929–2010)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	January 3, 1973 - January 3, 1975	Defeated
Herbert E. Harris Herbert Harris Herbert Eugene Harris, II was a Democratic member of the U.S. Representative from Virginia. His district included part of Fairfax County.-Early life:Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Harris attended St...	(b. 1926)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	January 3, 1975 - January 3, 1981	Defeated
Stanford E. Parris Stanford E. Parris Stanford Elmer "Stan" Parris was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He represented Virginia's 8th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for six two year terms. He served in the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, Virginia House of Delegates, and also as...	(1929–2010)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	January 3, 1981 - January 3, 1991	Defeated
James P. Moran, Jr. Jim Moran James Patrick "Jim" Moran, Jr. is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1991. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district is located in Northern Virginia and includes the cities of Falls Church and Alexandria, all of Arlington County, and a portion of Fairfax County.Jim Moran was...	(b. 1945)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	January 3, 1991 - Present