Todd Dufresne
Encyclopedia
Todd Dufresne is a Canadian social and cultural theorist best known for his work on Freud and the history of psychoanalysis
. He is Professor
of Philosophy
at Lakehead University
in Thunder Bay
, Ontario
.
Dufresne (PhD
Social & Political Thought, York University
, Toronto
) was a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the now defunct Psychoanalytic Thought Program at Trinity College
, University of Toronto
, before moving to Lakehead University
in 1998. His administrative posts have included Chair
of Philosophy, Interim Division Head of Human Sciences at the Northern Ontario School of Medicine
, and Founding Director of The Advanced Institute for Globalization and Culture (aig+c). From 2008-2010 he was Research Chair of Social & Cultural Theory at Lakehead University
, and from 2008-2011 he was an "affiliated scholar" at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto
. He teaches in the areas of Continental philosophy
, film
, cultural studies
, and social
and political philosophy
.
from works of mere "Freud bashing." According to Dufresne, CFS refers to scholarship on Freud and psychoanalysis
that is not overtly driven by partisan
interests and agendas, and that begins with skeptical responses to Ernest Jones
's official biography
of Freud's "life and work" that was published in the 1950s. The critical "after-Jones" period begins in the 1960s with historian
Henri Ellenberger
, political scientist
Paul Roazen
, and philosopher Frank Cioffi, and includes contemporary scholars like historian
Frank Sulloway
, literary critic Frederick Crews, and philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen
. Despite the differences between the many figures of CFS, they have been subjected to the same kinds of criticisms as the so-called "Freud bashers": Oedipal
-inspired parricide
, negative transference
, infantilism
, naïve positivism
, objectivism
, and even, absurdly, fascism
and anti-Semitism
. By "killing Freud" Dufresne attempts to "own" the overblown rhetoric
of the defenders of Freud even as he mocks them, a playful and irreverent side of his writing that isn't to everyone's taste. In an interview Dufresne puts it this way: "the claim that critics are 'killing Freud' is merely a melodramatic way of saying that some of us cannot believe in the claims of psychoanalysis
and are willing to demonstrate why to anyone willing to read our arguments."
Arguably his best-known book is Tales From the Freudian Crypt of 2000. In it Dufresne provides the fullest historical and theoretical discussion available of Freud's influential theory of the "death drive," Todestriebe, announced in Beyond the Pleasure Principle
. Dufresne's own interpretation appears in the last chapter, where he demonstrates that the narcissistic
, biologically-encoded death drive theory insulated Freud's findings from any concern or contact with "sociality" – that is, with human relations. He writes: "Freud made psychoanalysis
nothing more than an elaborate detour on the way to what is truly meaningful: a metapsychology
[theory of psychoanalysis] on the scent of death
. Psychoanalysis
thus becomes one way among others for coping with the world, itself a regrettable piece of sociality that plays at death
even as it forestalls that end according to an inscrutable logic of conservation." He also claims, less convincingly, that the death drive theory is a kind of elaborate ruse
Freud adopts to avoid responsibility for the failures of his therapy, and to forever put off any reckoning with those others called "critics." Dufresne has recently returned to Freud's Beyond the Pleasure Principle in an edited work (with a new translation
by G.C. Richter) that collects together over 20 key responses, ranging from Melanie Klein
and Herbert Marcuse
to Jacques Derrida
and Slavoj Žižek
. In it Dufresne has shifted his emphasis slightly: "to speak of the 'death of psychoanalysis' is just another way of saying that Freud is finally where he belongs: beyond psychoanalysis
, in philosophy
."
For favorable and unfavorable interpretations of Dufresne's work, compare two reviews of Killing Freud: Justin Wintle
's in The Independent
and Naomi Morgenstern's in the University of Toronto Quarterly. The conflicted reception of his work suggests that Dufresne has become a key part of the Critical Freud Studies he champions, and perhaps that readers are still divided into anti-Freudian and pro-Freudian camps.
For readily available examples of Dufresne's basic position about Freud and the mental health
field today, see his 2004 Op-Ed
for The Los Angeles Times called "Freud is Dead – So How Does That Make You Feel?"; and "Is Psychiatry a Failure?," a 2009 double-review featured in The Globe and Mail
, Canada's national newspaper. For another, more insightful, rebuttal of Dufresne's anti-Freudian position, see Slavoj Žižek
's "Freud Lives!" (Feature, 2006) in The London Review of Books. For a sampling of Dufresne's work outside of Freud Studies, see his criticism of the appropriation of film
by analytic philosophers after 1999 in Film and Philosophy.
Selected Essays
Journal
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
. He is Professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
of Philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
at Lakehead University
Lakehead University
Lakehead University is a public research university in Thunder Bay, and Orillia, Ontario, Canada.Lakehead University, shortened to 'Lakehead U', or 'LU', is non-denominational and provincially supported. It has undergraduate and graduate programs and a medical school.The school has more than 45,000...
in Thunder Bay
Thunder Bay
-In Canada:Thunder Bay is the name of three places in the province of Ontario, Canada along Lake Superior:*Thunder Bay District, Ontario, a district in Northwestern Ontario*Thunder Bay, a city in Thunder Bay District*Thunder Bay, Unorganized, Ontario...
, Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa....
.
Dufresne (PhD
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
Social & Political Thought, York University
York University
York University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's third-largest university, Ontario's second-largest graduate school, and Canada's leading interdisciplinary university....
, Toronto
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...
) was a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the now defunct Psychoanalytic Thought Program at Trinity College
Trinity College
-Australia:* Trinity Catholic College Lismore, a Catholic secondary school in New South Wales* Trinity College , part of the University of Melbourne, in Melbourne, Victoria* Trinity College, Gawler, Adelaide, South Australia...
, University of Toronto
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada...
, before moving to Lakehead University
Lakehead University
Lakehead University is a public research university in Thunder Bay, and Orillia, Ontario, Canada.Lakehead University, shortened to 'Lakehead U', or 'LU', is non-denominational and provincially supported. It has undergraduate and graduate programs and a medical school.The school has more than 45,000...
in 1998. His administrative posts have included Chair
Chair
A chair is a stable, raised surface used to sit on, commonly for use by one person. Chairs are most often supported by four legs and have a back; however, a chair can have three legs or could have a different shape depending on the criteria of the chair specifications. A chair without a back or...
of Philosophy, Interim Division Head of Human Sciences at the Northern Ontario School of Medicine
Northern Ontario School of Medicine
The Northern Ontario School of Medicine is a medical school in the Canadian province of Ontario, created through a partnership between Laurentian University in Sudbury and Lakehead University in Thunder Bay...
, and Founding Director of The Advanced Institute for Globalization and Culture (aig+c). From 2008-2010 he was Research Chair of Social & Cultural Theory at Lakehead University
Lakehead University
Lakehead University is a public research university in Thunder Bay, and Orillia, Ontario, Canada.Lakehead University, shortened to 'Lakehead U', or 'LU', is non-denominational and provincially supported. It has undergraduate and graduate programs and a medical school.The school has more than 45,000...
, and from 2008-2011 he was an "affiliated scholar" at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada...
. He teaches in the areas of Continental philosophy
Continental philosophy
Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage, refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe. This sense of the term originated among English-speaking philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, who used it to refer to a range of thinkers and...
, film
Film
A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects...
, cultural studies
Cultural studies
Cultural studies is an academic field grounded in critical theory and literary criticism. It generally concerns the political nature of contemporary culture, as well as its historical foundations, conflicts, and defining traits. It is, to this extent, largely distinguished from cultural...
, and social
Social philosophy
Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social behavior . Social philosophy addresses a wide range of subjects, from individual meanings to legitimacy of laws, from the social contract to criteria for revolution, from the functions of everyday actions to the effects of...
and political philosophy
Political philosophy
Political philosophy is the study of such topics as liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it...
.
Controversy
Dufresne is a late figure of "Critical Freud Studies" (CFS), a field he coined as such in 2000 but formalized in 2003's Killing Freud. The name CFS is intended to distinguish critical work on psychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
from works of mere "Freud bashing." According to Dufresne, CFS refers to scholarship on Freud and psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
that is not overtly driven by partisan
Partisan
-Political matters:*Partisan In politics, partisan literally means organized into political parties. The expression "partisan politics" usually refers to fervent, sometimes militant, support of a party, cause, faction, person, or idea...
interests and agendas, and that begins with skeptical responses to Ernest Jones
Ernest Jones
Alfred Ernest Jones was a British neurologist and psychoanalyst, and Sigmund Freud’s official biographer. Jones was the first English-speaking practitioner of psychoanalysis and became its leading exponent in the English-speaking world where, as President of both the British Psycho-Analytical...
's official biography
Biography
A biography is a detailed description or account of someone's life. More than a list of basic facts , biography also portrays the subject's experience of those events...
of Freud's "life and work" that was published in the 1950s. The critical "after-Jones" period begins in the 1960s with historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...
Henri Ellenberger
Henri Ellenberger
Henri F. Ellenberger was a Canadian-Swiss psychiatrist, medical historian, and criminologist, sometimes considered the founding historiographer of psychiatry....
, political scientist
Political science
Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior...
Paul Roazen
Paul Roazen
Paul Roazen was a political scientist who became a preeminent historian of psychoanalysis.Roazen studied at Harvard University and in Chicago and Oxford. Later he returned to Harvard. The subject of his dissertation was Freud's political thinking...
, and philosopher Frank Cioffi, and includes contemporary scholars like historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...
Frank Sulloway
Frank Sulloway
Frank J. Sulloway is a visiting Scholar in the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley, and a Visiting Professor in the Department of Psychology....
, literary critic Frederick Crews, and philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen
Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen
Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen , is Professor of Comparative Literature and French at the University of Washington in Seattle. Born to Danish parents, he began his studies in France and emigrated to the United States in 1986. He is the author of many works on the history and philosophy of psychiatry,...
. Despite the differences between the many figures of CFS, they have been subjected to the same kinds of criticisms as the so-called "Freud bashers": Oedipal
Oedipus complex
In psychoanalytic theory, the term Oedipus complex denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrate upon a boy’s desire to sexually possess his mother, and kill his father...
-inspired parricide
Parricide
Parricide is defined as:*the act of murdering one's father , mother or other close relative, but usually not children ....
, negative transference
Transference
Transference is a phenomenon in psychoanalysis characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another. One definition of transference is "the inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood." Another definition is "the...
, infantilism
Infantilism
Paraphilic infantilism, also known as autonepiophilia and adult baby syndrome is a sexual fetish that involves role-playing a regression to an infant-like state. Behaviors may include drinking from a bottle or wearing diapers...
, naïve positivism
Positivism
Positivism is a a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information....
, objectivism
Objectivism
Objectivism or Objectivist may refer to:* Any standpoint that stresses objectivity, including;* Philosophical objectivity, realism, the conviction that reality is mind-independent* Moral objectivism, the view that some ethics are absolute...
, and even, absurdly, fascism
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
and anti-Semitism
Anti-Semitism
Antisemitism is suspicion of, hatred toward, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage. According to a 2005 U.S...
. By "killing Freud" Dufresne attempts to "own" the overblown rhetoric
Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the Western...
of the defenders of Freud even as he mocks them, a playful and irreverent side of his writing that isn't to everyone's taste. In an interview Dufresne puts it this way: "the claim that critics are 'killing Freud' is merely a melodramatic way of saying that some of us cannot believe in the claims of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
and are willing to demonstrate why to anyone willing to read our arguments."
Arguably his best-known book is Tales From the Freudian Crypt of 2000. In it Dufresne provides the fullest historical and theoretical discussion available of Freud's influential theory of the "death drive," Todestriebe, announced in Beyond the Pleasure Principle
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
"Beyond the Pleasure Principle" is an essay by Sigmund Freud. It marked a turning point and a major modification of his previous theoretical approach. Before this essay, Freud was understood to have placed the sexual instinct, Eros, or the libido, centre stage, in explaining the forces which drive...
. Dufresne's own interpretation appears in the last chapter, where he demonstrates that the narcissistic
Narcissism
Narcissism is a term with a wide range of meanings, depending on whether it is used to describe a central concept of psychoanalytic theory, a mental illness, a social or cultural problem, or simply a personality trait...
, biologically-encoded death drive theory insulated Freud's findings from any concern or contact with "sociality" – that is, with human relations. He writes: "Freud made psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
nothing more than an elaborate detour on the way to what is truly meaningful: a metapsychology
Metapsychology
Metapsychology is the philosophical study of psychology. Metapsychology, a speculative psychology, is a systematic attempt to discern and describe what lies beyond the facts and laws of psychology, such as the relations between body and mind or concerning the place of the mind in the universe...
[theory of psychoanalysis] on the scent of death
Death
Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury....
. Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
thus becomes one way among others for coping with the world, itself a regrettable piece of sociality that plays at death
Death
Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury....
even as it forestalls that end according to an inscrutable logic of conservation." He also claims, less convincingly, that the death drive theory is a kind of elaborate ruse
Deception
Deception, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, bad faith, and subterfuge are acts to propagate beliefs that are not true, or not the whole truth . Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda, and sleight of hand. It can employ distraction, camouflage or concealment...
Freud adopts to avoid responsibility for the failures of his therapy, and to forever put off any reckoning with those others called "critics." Dufresne has recently returned to Freud's Beyond the Pleasure Principle in an edited work (with a new translation
Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of...
by G.C. Richter) that collects together over 20 key responses, ranging from Melanie Klein
Melanie Klein
Melanie Reizes Klein was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that had an impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis...
and Herbert Marcuse
Herbert Marcuse
Herbert Marcuse was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory...
to Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida was a French philosopher, born in French Algeria. He developed the critical theory known as deconstruction and his work has been labeled as post-structuralism and associated with postmodern philosophy...
and Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher, critical theorist working in the traditions of Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. He has made contributions to political theory, film theory, and theoretical psychoanalysis....
. In it Dufresne has shifted his emphasis slightly: "to speak of the 'death of psychoanalysis' is just another way of saying that Freud is finally where he belongs: beyond psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
, in philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
."
For favorable and unfavorable interpretations of Dufresne's work, compare two reviews of Killing Freud: Justin Wintle
Justin Wintle
Justin Wintle is an English author, editor and journalist who has contributed to a wide variety of media-outlets. Born in London, he was educated at Stowe School and Magdalen College, Oxford...
's in The Independent
The Independent
The Independent is a British national morning newspaper published in London by Independent Print Limited, owned by Alexander Lebedev since 2010. It is nicknamed the Indy, while the Sunday edition, The Independent on Sunday, is the Sindy. Launched in 1986, it is one of the youngest UK national daily...
and Naomi Morgenstern's in the University of Toronto Quarterly. The conflicted reception of his work suggests that Dufresne has become a key part of the Critical Freud Studies he champions, and perhaps that readers are still divided into anti-Freudian and pro-Freudian camps.
For readily available examples of Dufresne's basic position about Freud and the mental health
Mental health
Mental health describes either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and...
field today, see his 2004 Op-Ed
Op-ed
An op-ed, abbreviated from opposite the editorial page , is a newspaper article that expresses the opinions of a named writer who is usually unaffiliated with the newspaper's editorial board...
for The Los Angeles Times called "Freud is Dead – So How Does That Make You Feel?"; and "Is Psychiatry a Failure?," a 2009 double-review featured in The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail is a nationally distributed Canadian newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities across the country. With a weekly readership of approximately 1 million, it is Canada's largest-circulation national newspaper and second-largest daily newspaper after the Toronto Star...
, Canada's national newspaper. For another, more insightful, rebuttal of Dufresne's anti-Freudian position, see Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher, critical theorist working in the traditions of Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. He has made contributions to political theory, film theory, and theoretical psychoanalysis....
's "Freud Lives!" (Feature, 2006) in The London Review of Books. For a sampling of Dufresne's work outside of Freud Studies, see his criticism of the appropriation of film
Film
A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects...
by analytic philosophers after 1999 in Film and Philosophy.
As Author
Books- Against Freud: Critics Talk Back, [interview book] Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007
- Killing Freud: 20th Century Culture and the Death of Psychoanalysis, London/New York: Continuum, 2003/2006. Also published in Indonesian and Chinese translations.
- Tales From the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context, preface by Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Also published in Japanese translation (by Tokyo English professor Fuhito Endo).
Selected Essays
- "On Film, Theory, and 'Film as Philosophy': Or, Philosophy Goes 'Pop'," Film and Philosophy, vol. 15 (2011): 139-154.
- "Buying Andy Warhol: Review of The Philosophy of Andy Warhol," European Legacy, 13.2 (2008): 223-25.
- "Psychoanalysis Eats Its Own: Or, The Heretical Saint Roazen," Psychoanalysis and History, 9.1 (2007): 93-109.
- "After 'Beyond' Comes 'The Future': Freud's Absurdist Theatre of Reason," English Studies in Canada, 32.1 (March 2006): 27-43. PDF at: http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/ESC/article/view/3129
As Editor
Books- Beyond the Pleasure Principle, by Sigmund Freud, ed. and intro. T. Dufresne, trans. by Gregory C. Richter, Peterborough: Broadview Books, 2011.
- Returns of the 'French Freud': Freud, Lacan, and Beyond, New York/London: Routledge, 1997.
- Freud Under Analysis, Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Books, 1997.
Journal
- "Special Issue: After Psychoanalysis," Semiotic Review of Books, vol. 13.1 (January). Online: http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/semiotics/vol%2013.1.pdf