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Tobramycin
 
 
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Tobramycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside

An aminoglycoside is a molecule composed of a glycoside group and an amino group.Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacterium....
 antibiotic
Antibiotic

In common usage, an antibiotic is a substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics belong to the group of antimicrobial compounds used to treat infections caused by microorganisms, including fungus and protozoa....
 used to treat various types of bacteria
Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
l infections, particularly Gram-negative
Gram-negative

Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain is added after the crystal violet, coloring all Gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink color....
 infections.

amycin works by binding to a site on the bacterial 30S
30s

Events and Trends*circa 33 ? Jesus is Good Friday and, according to Christian doctrine, is Easter.*Establishment of a Christian church at Antioch, the forerunner of churches in the Syriac Christianity tradition....
 and 50S
50s

Events and Trends*The Roman emperor Claudius is murdered , succeeded by Nero*The Tocharian empire is united under Kujula Kadphises, and becomes the Kushan Empire....
 ribosome
Ribosome

Ribosomes are complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cell s. Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, the three domains of life on Earth, have significantly different structure and RNA....
, preventing formation of the 70S complex. As a result, mRNA cannot be translated into protein and cell death ensues. Tobramycin is preferred over gentamicin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia due to better lung penetration and bactericidal activity.

all aminoglycosides, tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic
Systemic

Systemic may refer to:*Any body system in general, usually the nervous system.*An insecticide or fungicide whose mode of action is via uptake into a plant, entering the pest when the plant is consumed....
 use it can only be given intravenously
Intravenous therapy

File:Infuuszakjes.jpgIntravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. It can be intermittent or continuous; continuous administration is called an intravenous drip....
 or intramuscularly
Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection is the medical injection of a substance directly into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications ....
.






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Tobramycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside

An aminoglycoside is a molecule composed of a glycoside group and an amino group.Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacterium....
 antibiotic
Antibiotic

In common usage, an antibiotic is a substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics belong to the group of antimicrobial compounds used to treat infections caused by microorganisms, including fungus and protozoa....
 used to treat various types of bacteria
Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
l infections, particularly Gram-negative
Gram-negative

Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain is added after the crystal violet, coloring all Gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink color....
 infections.

Mechanism of action

Tobramycin works by binding to a site on the bacterial 30S
30s

Events and Trends*circa 33 ? Jesus is Good Friday and, according to Christian doctrine, is Easter.*Establishment of a Christian church at Antioch, the forerunner of churches in the Syriac Christianity tradition....
 and 50S
50s

Events and Trends*The Roman emperor Claudius is murdered , succeeded by Nero*The Tocharian empire is united under Kujula Kadphises, and becomes the Kushan Empire....
 ribosome
Ribosome

Ribosomes are complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cell s. Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, the three domains of life on Earth, have significantly different structure and RNA....
, preventing formation of the 70S complex. As a result, mRNA cannot be translated into protein and cell death ensues. Tobramycin is preferred over gentamicin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia due to better lung penetration and bactericidal activity.

Administration

Like all aminoglycosides, tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic
Systemic

Systemic may refer to:*Any body system in general, usually the nervous system.*An insecticide or fungicide whose mode of action is via uptake into a plant, entering the pest when the plant is consumed....
 use it can only be given intravenously
Intravenous therapy

File:Infuuszakjes.jpgIntravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. It can be intermittent or continuous; continuous administration is called an intravenous drip....
 or intramuscularly
Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection is the medical injection of a substance directly into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications ....
. This formulation for injection is branded Nebcin. Patients with cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis is a Genetic disorder affecting the exocrine glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure....
 will often take an inhalational
Inhaler

An inhaler or puffer is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. It is mainly used in the treatment of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ....
 form (Tobi) for suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium which can cause disease in animals and humans. It is found in soil, water, and most man-made environments throughout the world....
 infections. Tobramycin is also combined with dexamethasone
Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug....
 as an ophthalmic solution
TobraDex

TobraDex is a prescription medication marketed in the United States by Alcon Labs. The active ingredients are tobramycin 0.3% and dexamethasone 0.1% ....
 (TobraDex).

Bausch & Lomb Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Bausch & Lomb

Bausch & Lomb is an United States company based in Rochester, Monroe County, New York, is one of the world's leading suppliers of eye health products, such as contact lenses and lens care products today....
 makes a sterile Tobramycin Ophthalmic
Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the Eye diseases and Eye surgery of the visual pathways, including the eye, brain, and areas surrounding the eye, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids....
 Solution (eye-drops) with a tobramycin concentration of 0.3%, which is available by prescription only in the United States and Canada. (In some countries, such as Italy, it is available over the counter.) It is mixed with 0.01% benzalkonium chloride
Benzalkonium chloride

Benzalkonium chloride, also known as alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and ADBAC, is a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides of various even-numbered alkyl chain lengths....
 as a preservative. These concentrations result in 3 mg per ml and 0.1 mg per ml, respectively.

Side effects

Like other aminoglycosides, tobramycin can cause deafness or a loss of equilibrioception
Equilibrioception

Equilibrioception or sense of balance is one of the physiology senses. It helps prevent humans and animals from falling over when walking or standing still....
 (vertigo) in genetically susceptible individuals. These individuals have a normally harmless mutation in their DNA, that allows the tobramycin to affect their cells. The cells of the ear
Ear

The ear is the sense organ that detects sounds. The vertebrate ear shows a common biology from fish to humans, with variations in structure according to order and species....
 are particularly sensitive to this.

Tobramycin can also be highly toxic to the kidney
Kidney

The kidneys are Organ that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostasis balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting Metabolomics#Metabolitess and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water , as urine....
s, particularly if multiple doses accumulate over a course of treatment.

For these reasons, when tobramycin is given parenteral
Parenteral

Parenteral refers to a route of administration that involves piercing the skin or mucous membrane.Total parenteral nutrition refers to providing nutrition via the veins....
ly, it is usually dosed by body weight
Body weight

Although many people prefer the less-ambiguous term body mass, the term body weight is overwhelmingly used in daily English speech and in biological and medical science contexts to describe the mass of an organism's body....
. Various formulae exist for calculating tobramycin dosage. Also serum levels of tobramycin are monitored during treatment.