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Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
Encyclopedia
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder
and David R. Lindberg
in 1997, is an older taxonomy
of the class Gastropoda
, the class
of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs. The full name of the work in which this taxonomy was published is Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters.
This taxonomy assigns the various Gastropods into ranked categories, such as sub-orders and families
, but does not address the classification of genera
or individual species
. This classification scheme is based on the molluscs' internal and external shapes and forms, but did not take into account any analysis of their DNA
or RNA
.
The classification below was the most recent until Bouchet and Rocroi published their revised taxonomy in 2005
, which differs primarily in that the higher taxa are expressed as unranked clade
s where known, and termed "informal groups" or groups" where monophyly (a single lineage) has not yet been determined, and where polyphyly
(more than one lineage) is suspected.
Ponder & Lindberg (1997) used only four families to analyze the Euthyneura
. Further work by Dayrat & Tillier (2002) provided a great deal of detail about the relationships between within the Euthyneura.
Ponder & Lindberg (1997) did not use Linnean taxonomical ranks
in their work, but the results of their paper were widely adapted and used with Linnean taxonomical ranks by other authors. An example of such taxonomy follows:
Cuvier
, 1797
Incertæ sedis
Subclass Eogastropoda
Ponder
& David R. Lindberg
, 1996 (earlier: Prosobranchia
)
Subclass Orthogastropoda
Ponder
& David R. Lindberg
, 1996 (earlier Prosobranchia
, Opisthobranchia
)
Incertæ sedis
Superorder Cocculiniformia Haszprunar, 1987
Superorder "Hot Vent Taxa" Ponder
& David R. Lindberg
, 1997
Superorder Vetigastropoda
Salvini-Plawen, 1989 (limpets)
Superorder Neritaemorphi Koken, 1896
Superorder Caenogastropoda
Cox, 1960
Superorder Heterobranchia
J.E. Gray
, 1840
Other extant classes of the Mollusca are Bivalvia
, Scaphopoda, Aplacophora
, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora
and Cephalopoda.
Winston Ponder
Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
and David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
in 1997, is an older taxonomy
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
of the class Gastropoda
Gastropoda
The Gastropoda or gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca. The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to quite large...
, the class
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order...
of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs. The full name of the work in which this taxonomy was published is Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters.
This taxonomy assigns the various Gastropods into ranked categories, such as sub-orders and families
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
, but does not address the classification of genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
or individual species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
. This classification scheme is based on the molluscs' internal and external shapes and forms, but did not take into account any analysis of their DNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
or RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
.
The classification below was the most recent until Bouchet and Rocroi published their revised taxonomy in 2005
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
, which differs primarily in that the higher taxa are expressed as unranked clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
s where known, and termed "informal groups" or groups" where monophyly (a single lineage) has not yet been determined, and where polyphyly
Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is one whose members' last common ancestor is not a member of the group.For example, the group consisting of warm-blooded animals is polyphyletic, because it contains both mammals and birds, but the most recent common ancestor of mammals and birds was cold-blooded...
(more than one lineage) is suspected.
Ponder & Lindberg (1997) used only four families to analyze the Euthyneura
Euthyneura
Euthyneura is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes species from the sea, the land and freshwater; marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the clade Heterobranchia....
. Further work by Dayrat & Tillier (2002) provided a great deal of detail about the relationships between within the Euthyneura.
Ponder & Lindberg (1997) did not use Linnean taxonomical ranks
Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
in their work, but the results of their paper were widely adapted and used with Linnean taxonomical ranks by other authors. An example of such taxonomy follows:
Taxonomy
Class GastropodaGastropoda
The Gastropoda or gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca. The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to quite large...
Cuvier
Georges Cuvier
Georges Chrétien Léopold Dagobert Cuvier or Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier , known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist...
, 1797
Incertæ sedis
- Order Bellerophontinaka (fossil)
- Order Mimospirina (fossil)
Subclass Eogastropoda
Eogastropoda
Eogastropoda was a previously used taxonomic category of snails or gastropods, a subclass which was erected by Ponder and Lindberg in 1997. It was one of two great divisions of the class Gastropoda, the snails. The other subclass of gastropods was the Orthogastropoda.Eogastropoda were the more...
Ponder
Winston Ponder
Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1996 (earlier: Prosobranchia
Prosobranchia
Not to be confused with the bivalve order Protobranchia.Prosobranchia was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s...
)
- Order Euomphalida de Koninck 1881 (fossil)
-
- Superfamily MacluritoideaMacluritoideaThe Macluritoidea,Macluritacea as originally spelled is a superfamily of hyperstrophically coiled, Upper Cambrian to Devonian, archaeogastropods, or paragastropods according to Linsely and Kier ....
- Superfamily EuomphaloideaEuomphaloideaEuomphaloidea, originally Euomphalacea, is an extinct superfamily of marine molluscs that lived from the Early Ordovician to the Late Cretaceous, included in the Gastropoda but speculated as instead perhaps Monoplacophora.-Description:...
- Superfamily Platyceratoidea
- Superfamily Macluritoidea
-
- Order PatellogastropodaPatellogastropodaPatellogastropoda, common name true limpets and historically called Docoglossa, is a major phylogenetic group of marine gastropods, seen either as a clade or as a taxonomic order.-Taxonomy:Patellogastropoda was proposed by David R...
LindbergDavid R. LindbergDavid R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1986 (true limpets)
-
- Suborder Patellina Van Ihering, 1876
- Superfamily Patelloidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Suborder Nacellina David R. LindbergDavid R. LindbergDavid R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1988- Superfamily Acmaeoidea Carpenter, 1857
- Superfamily Nacelloidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1891
- Suborder Lepetopsina McLean, 1990
- Superfamily Lepetopsoidea McLean, 1990
- Suborder Patellina Van Ihering, 1876
Subclass Orthogastropoda
Orthogastropoda
Orthogastropoda was a major taxonomic groupings of snails and slugs, an extremely large subclass within the huge class Gastropoda according to the older taxonomy of the Gastropoda ....
Ponder
Winston Ponder
Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1996 (earlier Prosobranchia
Prosobranchia
Not to be confused with the bivalve order Protobranchia.Prosobranchia was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s...
, Opisthobranchia
Opisthobranchia
Opisthobranchs are a large and diverse group of specialized complex marine gastropods previously united under Opisthobranchia within the Heterobranchia, but no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping...
)
Incertæ sedis
- Order Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960 (fossil)
-
- Superfamily MurchisonioideaMurchisonioideaMurchisonioidea is an extinct superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.This superfamily was previously included in the Caenogastropoda by Ponder and Warén and by Bandel in studies published in 1993 and 1997. However, studies by Tracey et al. ...
Koken, 1889 - Superfamily LoxonematoideaLoxonematoideaLoxonematoidea is an extinct taxonomic superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.Families:* † Loxonematidae* † Palaeozygopleuridae...
Koken, 1889 - Superfamily Lophospiroidea Wenz, 1938
- Superfamily Straparollinoidea
- Superfamily Murchisonioidea
- Grade SubulitoideaSubulitoideaSubulitoidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.-Taxonomy:Families within the superfamily Subulitoidea are as follows:* † Family Subulitidae* † Family Ischnoptygmatidae...
Lindström, 1884
-
Superorder Cocculiniformia Haszprunar, 1987
-
-
- Superfamily CocculinoideaCocculinoideaThe Cocculinoidea, as now designated, is a superfamily of deepwater limpets, marine gastropods, the only superfamily in the clade Cocculiniformia, one of the main clades of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ....
Dall, 1882 - Superfamily LepetelloideaLepetelloideaLepetelloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, small deepwater limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda...
Dall, 1882 (deep sea limpets)
- Superfamily Cocculinoidea
-
Superorder "Hot Vent Taxa" Ponder
Winston Ponder
Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg
David R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1997
- Order Neomphaloida Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1983
-
- Superfamily NeomphaloideaNeomphaloideaNeomphaloidea is a superfamily of deep-sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda...
McLean, 1981 (hydrothermal vents limpets) - Superfamily Peltospiroidea McLean, 1989
- Superfamily Neomphaloidea
-
Superorder Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major taxonomic group of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that form a very ancient lineage. Taxonomically Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an order although they are a clade in Bouchet and Rocroi, 2005....
Salvini-Plawen, 1989 (limpets)
-
-
- Superfamily Fissurelloidea Fleming, 1822 (keyhole limpets)
- Superfamily HaliotoideaHaliotoideaHaliotoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda .- Families :...
Rafinesque, 1815 (abalones) - Superfamily LepetodriloideaLepetodriloideaLepetodriloidea is a superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.-Families :Families within the superfamily Lepetodriloidea include:*Family Lepetodrilidae McLean, 1988*Family Clypeosectidae McLean, 1989...
McLean, 1988 (hydrothermal vent limpets) - Superfamily PleurotomarioideaPleurotomarioideaPleurotomarioidea is a superfamily of small to large marine gastropods included in the Vetigastropoda.These are the slit shells, originally named Pleurotomariacea, in keeping with the convention for naming superfamilies at the time....
Swainson, 1840 (slit shells) - Superfamily SeguenzioideaSeguenzioideaSeguenzioidea is a superfamily of minute to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda. - 2007-2009 taxonomy :Kano et al...
Verrill, 1884 - Superfamily TrochoideaTrochoidea (superfamily)Trochoidea is a superfamily of small to very large vetigastropod sea snails with gills and an operculum.They have nacre as the inner shell layer...
Rafinesque, 1815 (top shells)
-
Superorder Neritaemorphi Koken, 1896
- Order Cyrtoneritomorpha (fossil)
- Order Neritopsina Cox & Knight, 1960
-
- Superfamily NeritoideaNeritoideaNeritoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of mostly sea snails, nerites and their allies, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha ....
LamarckJean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist...
, 1809
- Superfamily Neritoidea
-
Superorder Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade of a large diverse group of mostly marine gastropods.Caenogastropoda contains a majority of the families of shelled marine molluscs including such families as the periwinkles, cowries, wentletraps, moon snails, and cone snails.About 60% of all living gastropods...
Cox, 1960
- Order ArchitaenioglossaArchitaenioglossaArchitaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda....
Haller, 1890-
- Superfamily AmpullarioideaAmpullarioideaAmpullarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the informal group Architaenioglossa, which belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda....
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1824 - Superfamily CyclophoroideaCyclophoroideaCyclophoroidea is a superfamily of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropods within the informal group Architaenioglossa, that belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda....
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1847 (terrestrials)
- Superfamily Ampullarioidea
-
- Order SorbeoconchaSorbeoconchaSorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.-1997 taxonomy:...
PonderWinston PonderWinston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& David R. LindbergDavid R. LindbergDavid R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1997- Suborder Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884
- Superfamily CampaniloideaCampaniloideaThe Campaniloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The Campaniloidea are included in the clade Sorbeoconcha.-Taxonomy:The following four families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :...
Douvillé, 1904 - Superfamily CerithioideaCerithioideaThe Cerithioidea is a superfamily of marine, brackish water and freshwater gastropod containing more than 200 genera. The Cerithoidea are included in the clade Sorbeoconcha. The original name of this superfamily was Cerithiacea, in keeping with common superfamily endings at the time.- Ecology...
FérussacAndré Étienne d'Audebert de FérussacBaron André Étienne Justin Pascal Joseph François d'Audebert de Férussac was a French naturalist best known for his studies of molluscs...
, 1822
- Superfamily Campaniloidea
- Suborder HypsogastropodaHypsogastropodaAccording to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Hypsogastropoda is a clade of parasitic marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda....
PonderWinston PonderWinston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& David R. LindbergDavid R. LindbergDavid R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1997 - Infraorder LittorinimorphaLittorinimorphaLittorinimorpha is a large clade of gastropods within Hypsogastropoda consisting primarily of marine species, but also aquatic and terrestrial species as well....
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975- Superfamily Calyptraeoidea LamarckJean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist...
, 1809 - Superfamily Capuloidea J. Fleming, 1822
- Superfamily Carinarioidea BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1818 (formerly called Heteropoda) - Superfamily CingulopsoideaCingulopsoideaThe Cingulopsoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:The following three families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :*Family Cingulopsidae Fretter & Patil, 1958...
Fretter & Patil, 1958 - Superfamily CypraeoideaCypraeoideaCypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies, is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropods included in the clade Littorinimorpha. This superfamily was previously called Cypraeacea and was named by Rafinesque in 1815.-Shell description:...
Rafinesque, 1815 (cowries) - Superfamily Ficoidea Meek, 1864
- Superfamily Laubierinoidea Warén & Bouchet, 1990
- Superfamily LittorinoideaLittorinoideaLittorinoidea is a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum, terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha....
(Children), 1834 (periwinkles) - Superfamily Naticoidea Forbes, 1838 (moon shells)
- Superfamily RissooideaRissooideaRissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Grey, 1847, is a large taxonomic superfamily of small and minute saltwater, brackish water, freshwater, and semi-terrestrial snails which have gills and an operculum...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1847 (Risso shells) (includes genus OncomelaniaOncomelaniaOncomelania is a genus of very small tropical freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pomatiopsidae.These Oncomelania snails are distantly related to the marine periwinkle, and more closely related to the small marine snails of the family Rissoidae.-Species:There are two species...
, schistosomiasis transmission vector) - Superfamily StromboideaStromboideaThe Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Shell description:...
Rafinesque, 1815 (true conchs) - Superfamily TonnoideaTonnoideaTonnoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:Families within the superfamily Tonnoidea include:*Family Tonnidae*Family Bursidae*Family Laubierinidae*Family Personidae*Family Pisanianuridae...
SuterHenry SuterHenry Suter was a New Zealand zoologist, naturalist, palaeontologist, and malacologist.- Biography :...
, 1913 - Superfamily Trivioidea Troschel, 1863
- Superfamily VanikoroideaVanikoroideaVanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:Families within the superfamily Vanikoroidea include:*Family Vanikoridae Gray, 1840 *Family Haloceratidae Warén & Bouchet, 1991...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840 - Superfamily VelutinoideaVelutinoideaVelutinoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Taxonomy:*Family Velutinidae Gray, 1840**Subfamily Velutininae Gray, 1840**Subfamily Lamellariinae d'Orbigny, 1841*Family Triviidae Troschel, 1863...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840 - Superfamily Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (worm shells)
- Superfamily XenophoroideaXenophoroideaThe Xenophoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Taxonomy:The following families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :* family Xenophoridae* family † Lamelliphoridae...
Troschel, 1852 (carrier shells)
- Superfamily Calyptraeoidea Lamarck
- Infraorder PtenoglossaPtenoglossaThe Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails.It was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg in their classification of the molluscs.-Taxonomy:*Superfamily Epitonioidea**Family Epitoniidae**Family Janthinidae...
J.E. Gray, 1853- Superfamily EulimoideaEulimoideaThe Eulimoidea is a superfamily of ectoparasitic sea snails, terrestrial and marine gastropod molluscs within the informal group Ptenoglossa.-Taxonomy:Families and subfamilies within this superfamily are as follows:*Family Eulimidae R.A. Philippi, 1853...
PhilippiRodolfo Amando PhilippiRodolfo Amando Philippi was a German-Chilean paleontologist and zoologist....
, 1853 - Superfamily Janthinoidea LamarckJean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist...
, 1812 - Superfamily TriphoroideaTriphoroideaThe Triphoroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromollusks within the informal group Ptenoglossa.-Taxonomy:Families and subfamilies within this superfamily are as follows:...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1847
- Superfamily Eulimoidea
- Infraorder NeogastropodaNeogastropodaNeogastropoda is an unranked taxonomic clade of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. For many years prior to 2005 Neogastropoda was an order.- Description :...
ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1929- Superfamily BuccinoideaBuccinoideaBuccinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of very small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.This superfamily is in the clade Neogastropoda according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...
(whelks, false tritions) - Superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes & Hanley, 1851
- Superfamily ConoideaConoideaConoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species...
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily MuricoideaMuricoideaMuricoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.This superfamily includes the murex snails, the chank snails, the true whelks, the dove snails, the crown conchs and busycon whelks, the spindle and tulip snails, the volutes and...
Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Buccinoidea
- Suborder Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884
Superorder Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs or Euthyneura, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes species from the sea, the land and freshwater; marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks....
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray
John Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840
- Order HeterostrophaHeterostrophaHeterostropha was a previously used taxonomic category, an order of sea snails, within the superorder Heterobranchia. In the most current gastropod taxonomy, that of Bouchet & Rocroi, this taxon is no longer in use....
P. Fischer, 1885-
- Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840 - Superfamily NerineoideaNerineoidea†Nerineoidea is a superfamily of extinct sea snails, fossil marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.-Families:Families within the superfamily Nerineoidea include:* † Family Nerineidae* † Family Ceritellidae...
ZittelKarl Alfred von ZittelKarl Alfred Ritter von Zittel was a German palaeontologist.-Biography:He was born at Bahlingen in Baden, and educated at Heidelberg, Paris and Vienna. For a short period he served on the Geological Survey of Austria, and as assistant in the mineralogical museum at Vienna...
, 1873 (fossil) - Superfamily OmalogyroideaOmalogyroideaOmalogyroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia....
G.O. SarsGeorg SarsGeorg Ossian Sars was a Norwegian marine biologist.Georg Ossian Sars was born on April 20, 1837, in Kinn, Norway , the son of Michael Sars and Maren Sars; the historian Ernst Sars was his elder brother, and the singer Eva Nansen was his younger sister. He grew up in Manger, Hordaland, where his...
, 1878 - Superfamily PyramidelloideaPyramidelloideaPyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gastropod superfamily.Pyramidelloidea has both fossil and...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840 - Superfamily Rissoelloidea J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1850 - Superfamily ValvatoideaValvatoideaValvatoidea is a superfamily of minute freshwater and marine snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.-Taxonomy:*Family Valvatidae*Family Cornirostridae*Family Hyalogyrinidae* † Family Provalvatidae...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840
- Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray
-
- Order OpisthobranchiaOpisthobranchiaOpisthobranchs are a large and diverse group of specialized complex marine gastropods previously united under Opisthobranchia within the Heterobranchia, but no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping...
Milne-EdwardsAlphonse Milne-EdwardsAlphonse Milne-Edwards was a French mammalologist, ornithologist and carcinologist. He was English in origin, the son of Henri Milne-Edwards and grandson of Bryan Edwards, a Jamaican planter who settled at Bruges .Milne-Edwards obtained a medical degree in 1859 and became assistant to his father...
, 1848- Suborder CephalaspideaCephalaspideaThe suborder Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a clade of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia....
P. Fischer, 1883- Superfamily ActeonoideaActeonoideaActeonoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi , the superfamily Acteonoidea has been included into the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" , also known as the Allogastropoda.Only one of analyses by Jörger...
D'OrbignyAlcide d'OrbignyAlcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology....
, 1835 - Superfamily BulloideaBulloideaBulla is a genus of medium to large hermaphrodite sea snails, shelled marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. These herbivorous snails are in the suborder Cephalaspidea, headshield slugs, and the order Opisthobranchia...
LamarckJean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist...
, 1801 - Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 (has to be included in the Sacoglossa) - Superfamily DiaphanoideaDiaphanoideaDiaphanoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails....
OdhnerNils Hjalmar OdhnerNils Hjalmar Odhner was a Swedish zoologist who studied mollusks, a malacologist. During his lifetime he was professor of invertebrate zoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm...
, 1914 - Superfamily HaminoeoideaHaminoeoideaHaminoeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails or bubble shells, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails....
Pilsbry, 1895 - Superfamily PhilinoideaPhilinoideaPhilinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically headshield slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea.-Anatomy:They are generally small animals, and have no shell or gills...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1850 - Superfamily Ringiculoidea PhilippiRodolfo Amando PhilippiRodolfo Amando Philippi was a German-Chilean paleontologist and zoologist....
, 1853
- Superfamily Acteonoidea
- Suborder SacoglossaSacoglossaSacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "sap-sucking sea slugs", are a clade of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia...
Von Ihering, 1876- Superfamily OxynooideaOxynooideaOxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Sacoglossa.Oxynooidea is the only superfamily in the clade Oxynoacea.-Taxonomy:* clade Oxynoacea...
H. AdamsHenry Adams (zoologist)Henry Adams was an English naturalist and conchologist.With his brother Arthur Adams, also a noted conchologist, he wrote three volumes, 1858.-References:...
& A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1854
- Superfamily Oxynooidea
- Suborder Anaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 (sea hares)
- Superfamily Akeroidea Pilsbry, 1893
- Superfamily Aplysioidea LamarckJean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist...
, 1809
- Suborder NotaspideaNotaspideaNotaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, was a suborder which included both sea slugs and sea snails or false limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the subclass Orthogastropoda....
P. Fischer, 1883- Superfamily Tylodinoidea J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1847 - Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea Férussac, 1822
- Superfamily Tylodinoidea J.E. Gray
- Suborder ThecosomataSea butterflySea butterflies, also known as Thecosomata or flapping snails, are a taxonomic suborder of small pelagic swimming sea snails. These are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the informal group Opisthobranchia. They include some of the world's most abundant gastropod species.This group...
BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1824 (sea butterflies)- Infraorder Euthecosomata
- Superfamily Limacinoidea
- Superfamily CavolinioideaCavolinioideaThe superfamily Cavolinioidea is the most speciose group of sea butterflies. Sea butterflies are pelagic marine gastropods, so called because they swim by flapping their wing-like parapodia.-Distribution:...
- Infraorder Pseudothecosomata
- Superfamily Peraclidoidea
- Superfamily CymbulioideaCymbulioideaCymbulioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of pelagic "sea butterflies". These are holoplanktonic opisthobranch molluscs in the clade Thecosomata.-Anatomy:...
- Infraorder Euthecosomata
- Suborder Gymnosomata BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1824 (sea angels)- Family ClionidaeClionidaeClionidae is a family of sea angels, which are a group of pelagic marine gastropods.They are shaped a little like angels, and have flapping "wings", hence their common name. They are gelatinous, mostly transparent pteropods, and they only have shells in their embryonic stage...
Rafinesque, 1815 - Family CliopsidaeCliopsidaeCliopsidae, common name sea angels, are a taxonomic family of small free-swimming sea slugs, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the order Opisthobranchia....
Costa, 1873 - Family HydromylidaeHydromylidaeHydromylidae is a taxonomic family of small sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the suborder Gymnosomata, the sea angels.Hydromyles species are pelagic, carnivorous and viviparous.-Description:...
Pruvot-FolAlice Pruvot-FolAlice Pruvot-Fol was a French opisthobranch malacologist.She was the author of many new species, mostly described on the basis of preserved animals....
, 1942 - Family LaginiopsidaeLaginiopsidaeLaginiopsidae are a taxonomic family of floating and swimming sea snails, sea slugs or sea angels, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the suborder Gymnosomata, the sea angels....
Pruvot-FolAlice Pruvot-FolAlice Pruvot-Fol was a French opisthobranch malacologist.She was the author of many new species, mostly described on the basis of preserved animals....
, 1922 - Family NotobranchaeidaeNotobranchaeidaeNotobranchaeidae is a taxonomic family of floating sea slugs or "sea angels", pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.The small pelagic snails of this family have no shell...
PelseneerPaul PelseneerJean Paul Louis Pelseneer was a Belgian malacologist, morphologist, ethologist and phylogenist....
, 1886 - Family PneumodermatidaePneumodermatidaePneumodermatidae is a family of sea angels, or small floating predatory sea snails or sea slugs. They are pelagic marine heterobranch opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata....
Latreille, 1825 - Family Thliptodontidae Kwietniewski, 1910
- Family Clionidae
- Suborder Cephalaspidea
-
- Suborder Nudibranchia BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1814 (nudibranchs) - Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
- Superfamily DoridoideaDoridoideaDoridoidea, commonly known as dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic superfamily of medium to large, shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea, included in the clade Nudibranchia....
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily DoridoxoideaDoridoxoideaDoridoxidae, commonly known as dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic family of medium to large, shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Nudibranchia within the clade Dexiarchia....
Bergh, 1900 - Superfamily OnchidoridoideaOnchidoridoideaOnchidoridoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of colorful sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks.-Families:Families within the superfamily Onchidoridoidea are based on the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi as follows:...
Alder & Hancock, 1845 - Superfamily PolyceroideaPolyceroideaPolyceroidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea.-Families:Families within the superfamily Polyceroidea include:*Family Polyceridae...
Alder & Hancock, 1845
- Superfamily Doridoidea
- Infraorder CladobranchiaCladobranchiaThe Cladobranchia are a taxonomic clade of nudibranch sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Dexiarchia.-Taxonomy:**Family Charcotiidae**Family Dironidae**Family Dotidae**Family Embletoniidae**Family Goniaeolididae**Family Heroidae...
Willan & Morton, 1984- Superfamily DendronotoideaDendronotoideaDendronotoidea was a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs.This superfamily name is not used in the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda . Instead, most of the families that were in this superfamily are now placed in the superfamily...
Allman, 1845 - Superfamily ArminoideaArminoideaArminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia.Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida.-Families :A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is paraphyletic....
Rafinesque, 1814 - Superfamily MetarminoideaMetarminoideaMetarminoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of colorful sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Nudibranchia.-Families:Families within the superfamily Metarminoidea include:* Charcotiidae* Dironidae...
OdhnerNils Hjalmar OdhnerNils Hjalmar Odhner was a Swedish zoologist who studied mollusks, a malacologist. During his lifetime he was professor of invertebrate zoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm...
in Franc, 1968 - Superfamily AeolidioideaAeolidioideaAeolidioidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, the aeolid nudibranchs. They are gastropod mollusks.-2005 taxonomy :The superfamily Aeolidioidea consists of the following four families :* Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827* Facelinidae Bergh, 1889* Glaucidae Gray, 1827* Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970Synonyms...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1827
- Superfamily Dendronotoidea
- Suborder Nudibranchia Blainville
- Order PulmonataPulmonataThe Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills...
CuvierGeorges CuvierGeorges Chrétien Léopold Dagobert Cuvier or Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier , known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist...
in BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1814 (pulmonates)- Suborder SystellommatophoraSystellommatophoraThe Systellommatophora is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...
Pilsbry, 1948- Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily OtinoideaOtinoideaOtinoidea is a superfamily of small, air-breathing sea snail and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusks....
H. AdamsHenry Adams (zoologist)Henry Adams was an English naturalist and conchologist.With his brother Arthur Adams, also a noted conchologist, he wrote three volumes, 1858.-References:...
& A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1855 - Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
- Suborder BasommatophoraBasommatophoraBasommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails...
Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 (freshwater pulmonates, pond snails)- Superfamily Acroloxoidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily AmphiboloideaAmphiboloideaAmphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.- 2005 taxonomy :According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , it is a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora, within the Pulmonata....
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840 - Superfamily ChilinoideaChilinoideaChilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila....
H. AdamsHenry Adams (zoologist)Henry Adams was an English naturalist and conchologist.With his brother Arthur Adams, also a noted conchologist, he wrote three volumes, 1858.-References:...
& A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1855 - Superfamily Glacidorboidea PonderWinston PonderWinston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
, 1986 - Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily PlanorboideaPlanorboideaPlanorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.The gastropods in this superfamily are all sinistral in shell coiling.The monophyly of Planorboidea has been confirmed by Albrecht et al. ....
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily SiphonarioideaSiphonarioideaSiphonarioidea is a taxonomic group of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets.- 2005 taxonomy :Siphonarioidea was previously a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora within the Pulmonata.- 2010 taxonomy :...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele
- Suborder EupulmonataEupulmonataThe Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.-Linnean taxonomy:...
Haszprunar & Huber, 1990 - Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
- Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- Infraorder StylommatophoraStylommatophoraStylommatophora is a taxon of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon is currently considered to be a clade. It was previously regarded as an infraorder...
A. Schmidt, 1856 (land snails) - Subinfraorder OrthurethraOrthurethraOrthurethra is a clade of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods .In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of Stylommatophora.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
- Superfamily CochlicopoideaCochlicopoideaCochlicopoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra....
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PartuloideaPartuloideaPartuloidea is a a superfamily of air-breathing land snails.According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this superfamily of terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks is in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Orthurethra.- Families:Families within the...
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PupilloideaPupilloideaThe Pupilloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.-Taxonomy:This superfamily contains the following families:*Family Pupillidae*Family Argnidae*Family Chondrinidae...
Turton, 1831
- Subinfraorder SigmurethraSigmurethraSigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an Informal Group which includes the majority of land snails and slugs....
- Superfamily AcavoideaAcavoideaThe Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1895 - Superfamily AchatinoideaAchatinoideaThe Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:...
Swainson, 1840 - Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- Superfamily ArionoideaArionoideaArionoidea is a taxonomic group, a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Families :Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:* Arionidae* Anadenidae* Ariolimacidae* Binneyidae...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
in Turnton, 1840 - Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily ClausilioideaClausilioideaThe Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H...
MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864 - Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- Superfamily GastrodontoideaGastrodontoideaGastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.- Taxonomy:According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , families in this superfamily include:...
Tryon, 1866 - Superfamily HelicoideaHelicoideaHelicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Families:There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to Bouchet & Rocroi .* Helicidae...
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- Superfamily LimacoideaLimacoideaLimacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora ....
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. AdamsHenry Adams (zoologist)Henry Adams was an English naturalist and conchologist.With his brother Arthur Adams, also a noted conchologist, he wrote three volumes, 1858.-References:...
& A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1855 - Superfamily OrthalicoideaOrthalicoideaThe Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.- 2005 taxonomy :...
Albers-Martens, 1860 - Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- Superfamily PunctoideaPunctoideaPunctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra....
Morse, 1864 - Superfamily RhytidoideaRhytidoideaThe Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1893 - Superfamily Sagdidoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Staffordioidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily StreptaxoideaStreptaxoideaStreptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora.- 2005 taxonomy :...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1806 - Superfamily Strophocheiloidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1926 - Superfamily TrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata .- Distribution :...
Hese, 1882 - Superfamily Zonitoidea MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864 - ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 (= Tracheopulmonata)
- ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 (= Heterurethra)
- Superfamily Acavoidea
- Suborder Systellommatophora
Other extant classes of the Mollusca are Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia is a taxonomic class of marine and freshwater molluscs. This class includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and many other families of molluscs that have two hinged shells...
, Scaphopoda, Aplacophora
Aplacophora
Aplacophora is a monophyletic group of small, deep-water, exclusively benthic, shell-less marine mollusks found in all oceans of the world. The group comprises the two clades Solenogastres and Caudofoveata , which between them contain 28 families and about 320 species...
, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora
Monoplacophora
Monoplacophora, meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic class of mollusks with a cap-like shell, living on the bottom of deep sea. Extant representatives were unknown until 1952; previously they were known only from the fossil record.- Definition :...
and Cephalopoda.
Further reading
- Ponder W. F. & Lindberg D. R. (1996). Gastropod phylogeny—challenges for the 90s. p. 135–154. In: Taylor J. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Oxford University Press, Oxford.