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South Wales Coalfield
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The South Wales Coalfield is a large region of south Wales that is rich with coal deposits.
The coalfield area
It lies in parts of the districts and traditional counties of Carmarthenshire, Swansea, Neath Port Talbot, Bridgend, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Vale of Glamorgan, Merthyr Tydfil, Cardiff, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen and Powys.
It comprises a fully exposed synclinorium with a varying thickness of "coal measures" (Upper Carboniferous / Pennsylvanian) deposits with thick, workable seams in the lower parts and generally thinner and sparser seams in the upper parts, together with a development of sandstones (Pennant Sandstone).
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Encyclopedia
The South Wales Coalfield is a large region of south Wales that is rich with coal deposits.
The coalfield area
It lies in parts of the districts and traditional counties of Carmarthenshire, Swansea, Neath Port Talbot, Bridgend, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Vale of Glamorgan, Merthyr Tydfil, Cardiff, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen and Powys.
It comprises a fully exposed synclinorium with a varying thickness of "coal measures" (Upper Carboniferous / Pennsylvanian) deposits with thick, workable seams in the lower parts and generally thinner and sparser seams in the upper parts, together with a development of sandstones (Pennant Sandstone). See also the Geology of South Wales. These sandstones have been much used in building construction (including the characteristic terraces of former miners' houses) and give rise to bleak uplands rising to 300-600 metres above sea level between the steep-sided valleys in which most deep mines were developed.
The coal generally increases in grade or "rank" from east to west, with bituminous coals in the east, and anthracite in the west. The Rhondda Valley was particularly known for steam coals which fuelled steam ships of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Exploiting the coal
Communications along the valley bottoms provided the main routeways for exporting coal south to ports and docks such as Newport, Cardiff and Barry. Early activity was mainly by levels or adits driven into coal seams from outcrop in the valley sides. Development of the coalfield was slow until the early to mid 19th century; for instance, deep mining in the previously entirely rural Rhondda Valley did not become significant until about 1850. Tramway-fed canals such as the Swansea Canal and Glamorganshire Canal were supplemented, and then superseded, by the development of numerous competing railway branches which fed docks principally at Swansea, Cardiff, Newport Docks, Llanelli and Barry. These towns grew dramatically as a result. Later colliery shafts were sunk as deep as 800 metres (760 yards) in order to reach the thicker, better quality seams.
The cost of the rush for black gold was seen in south Wales's disasters and mining accidents, which included Britain's worst at Senghenydd, claiming 439 lives, and all too many others at Abercarn, Risca, in the Rhondda Valleys, Aberdare, Tondu and Aberbeeg, culminating in the Aberfan disaster.
Iron ore was also extracted from the coal measures, principally from the north crop area (including Merthyr Tydfil and Blaenavon. The availability of coal and nearby limestone (as a flux) gave rise to a substantial local iron and steel industry which was perpetuated in the 20th century by the location of modern steelworks at Ebbw Vale and Cardiff (both now closed)and Port Talbot. These used imported iron ore.
Decline
Economic hardship struck the coalfield after the First World War, especially after Winston Churchill ordered that the Royal Navy replace their coal-fired boilers with oil. Hardship continued to the 1926 United Kingdom general strike and continued irregularly through the 1930s Great Depression in the United Kingdom, World War II and thereafter. The 1937 novel The Citadel and the 1939 novel How Green Was My Valley (later filmed, with an inaccurately represented "colliery village") describe such hardship, as do the poems of Idris Davies the miner, teacher and poet of Rhymney.
New collieries, particularly in the western part of the coalfield where anthracite is found, were developed into the 1960s by the National Coal Board (for instance, Cynheidre Colliery No 1 shaft, at 798 yards deep (729 m) was sunk in 1954/6). Following the general collapse of the UK coal industry, most pits closed during the 1980s and the last deep mine, at Tower Colliery on the north crop, ceased mining in January 2008. However, a few small licensed mines continue to work seams, mostly from outcrop, on the hillsides. Although some areas of the coalfield are effectively worked out, considerable reserves remain. However, geological difficulties make the cost of significant further extraction high. The coalfield experienced a late-stage development when opencast mining was commenced on a large scale, mostly on the gently-dipping north crop. Most of these sites have been filled and landscaped.
Following the Aberfan disaster of 1966, when a coal-tip slurry flow buried a school, mine-waste tips, which had been piled precariously on hilltops in many cases, were extensively regraded and reclaimed. This work continues. Landslipping of the steep valley slopes, and subsidence caused by the coal extraction, have also posed problems.
In the later 20th century, coal mining was gradually replaced by other economic activities, such as electronics factories, and within ten years of the UK miners' strike (1984-1985) the evidence of the coal extractive industry quickly became less obvious to the uninformed observer.
See also
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