Samuel Marinus Zwemer
Encyclopedia
Samuel Marinus Zwemer nicknamed The Apostle to Islam, was an American
missionary
, traveler, and scholar. He was born at Vriesland, Michigan. In 1887 he received an A.B. from Hope College
, Holland, Mich.
, and in 1890, he received an M.A. from New Brunswick Theological Seminary
, New Brunswick, N. J.
. His other degrees include a D.D. from Hope College in 1904, a L.L.D. from Muskingham College in 1918, and a D.D. from Rutgers College in 1919.
After being ordained to the Reformed Church ministry by the Pella, Iowa
Classis in 1890, he was a missionary at Busrah
, Bahrein, and at other locations in Arabia from 1891 to 1905. He was a member of the Arabian Mission (1890–1913). Zwemer served in Egypt
from 1913–1929. He also traveled widely in Asia Minor
, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
of London.
In 1929 he was appointed Professor of Missions and Professor of the History of Religion at the Princeton Theological Seminary
where he taught until 1937. He had married Amy Elizabeth Wilkes on May 18, 1896. He was famously turned down by the American Missionary Society which resulted in him going overseas alone. He founded and edited the publication The Moslem World for 35 years. He was influential in mobilizing many Christians to go into missionary work in Islamic Countries.
Zwemer retired from active work on the faculty of Princeton College Seminary at the age of seventy, but continued to write and publish books and articles as well as doing a great deal of public speaking. Zwemer died in New York City at the age of eighty-four.
According to Ruth A. Tucker, Samuel Zwemer's converts were "probably less than a dozen during his nearly forty years of service" and his "greatest contribution to missions was that of stirring Christians to the need for evangelism among Muslims"
in 1929 and marked an era of equipping and recruiting for the missionary movement, though this had been a significant aspect of his career from the beginning. In an extended period of furlough he was a traveling representative for the SVM and his speaking ability in motivating for missions was legendary. His itinerary was herculean: in America in 1914 he gave 151 addresses in 113 days across the country. W.H.T. Gairdner called him ‘a steam engine in breeches’. His talent for fundraising was equally impressive, one year raising $32,886 for the Reformed Board of Foreign Missions, when the salary of a missionary on the field at this time was $900 a year. J. Christy Wilson Jr. summarises: ‘Speer and Zwemer probably influenced more young men and women to go into missionary service than any two individuals in all of Christian history.’
of St. Christopher’s Cathedral continues to this day. It is impossible to know how many people were affected by the large volume of tracts and scripture that he helped distribute. His books continue to make a significant difference today and his quarterly journal remains in publication as a significant scholarly journal. Through the work of the Student Volunteer Movement
, with which Zwemer was strongly connected, 14,000 young people went out to the mission field.
of his parents, was that he saw the supremacy of God in all things. The Bible was programatic in his faith and his thinking of his ministry, and emanated in his vocabulary. He studied Islamic Doctrine of God, initially drawing stark contrasts with the God of the Bible, then nuancing his view over time. He praised the all encompassing idea of God in Islam, seeing it as the ‘Calvinism of the Orient,’ and even placed the Bismillah
on his study wall in Cairo
and on the cover of his journal "The Moslem World". He saw Islam’s grasp of Monotheism
as its great strength and yet also its great deficiency. For him, without an understanding of the Trinity
, God was unknowable and impersonal. Hence, he cherished the doctrines of the Incarnation
and the Atonement, writing major works on the topics: The Glory of the Manger and, his favourite, The Glory of the Cross. Though a stumbling block for Muslims, he saw them as crucial in evangelism. Zwemer’s God was glorious and all-encompassing: ‘never be satisfied with compromise or concessions’, demanding instead ‘unconditional surrender’.
: ‘The chief end of missions is not the salvation of men but the glory of God.’ He sees this grand vision as coming directly from Calvin: ‘God has created the entire world that it should be the theater of his glory by the spread of his Gospel.’ It was this unshakable belief in the infinite power and supremacy of God that drove Zwemer to the ‘cradle of Islam’ as a demonstration of the ‘Glory of the Impossible’. His confidence of the victory of the Gospel in the Middle East was equally unshakable. Still, this missiology of victory is fundamentally shaped by the cross: ‘Christ is a conqueror whose victories have always been won through loss and humiliation and suffering.’ This was hardly academic for Zwemer, since he had lost his brother and two daughters in the field. Dr. Lyle Vander Werff describes Zwemer’s missiological approach as ‘Christocentric-anthropological’, that is, the Gospel message is the greatest need of the Muslim as opposed to Western Civilisation or ‘philanthropic programs of education’. Zwemer summarises his theology of mission: ‘With God’s sovereignty as basis, God’s glory as goal, and God’s will as motive, the missionary enterprise today can face the most difficult of all missionary tasks—the evangelization of the Moslem world.’
and Innocent III
. He longed for the day Orthodox churches would join in with Muslim evangelism. His opening editorial for The Moslem World stated that it aimed ‘to represent no faction or fraction of the Church, but to be broad in the best sense of the word.’ His slogan was: ‘In essentials it seeks unity, in non-essentials liberty, and in all things charity.’ Yet, he was clear and precise about what the essentials were. Such desire for ecumenism
was fed by his all-pervasive passion for mission to Islam: ‘the issues at stake are too vital and the urgency too great for anything but united front.’
He also wrote an article describing his travels in Oman
and the Trucial Coast (now U.A.E.), which famously features the earliest known photograph of the Qasr al-Hosn
in Abu Dhabi
:
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
missionary
Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to do evangelism or ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care and economic development. The word "mission" originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin...
, traveler, and scholar. He was born at Vriesland, Michigan. In 1887 he received an A.B. from Hope College
Hope College
Hope College is a medium-sized , private, residential liberal arts college located in downtown Holland, Michigan, a few miles from Lake Michigan. It was opened in 1851 as the Pioneer School by Dutch immigrants four years after the community was first settled...
, Holland, Mich.
Holland, Michigan
Holland is a city in the western region of the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated near the eastern shore of Lake Michigan on Lake Macatawa, which is fed by the Macatawa River ....
, and in 1890, he received an M.A. from New Brunswick Theological Seminary
New Brunswick Theological Seminary
New Brunswick Theological Seminary is a professional and graduate school founded in 1784, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, to educate ministers for the congregations of the Reformed Church in America...
, New Brunswick, N. J.
New Brunswick, New Jersey
New Brunswick is a city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, USA. It is the county seat and the home of Rutgers University. The city is located on the Northeast Corridor rail line, southwest of Manhattan, on the southern bank of the Raritan River. At the 2010 United States Census, the population of...
. His other degrees include a D.D. from Hope College in 1904, a L.L.D. from Muskingham College in 1918, and a D.D. from Rutgers College in 1919.
After being ordained to the Reformed Church ministry by the Pella, Iowa
Pella, Iowa
Pella is a city in Marion County, Iowa, United States. The population was 9,832 at the 2000 census. Pella is the home of Central College as well as several manufacturing companies, including Pella Corporation and Vermeer Manufacturing Company.- History :...
Classis in 1890, he was a missionary at Busrah
Basra
Basra is the capital of Basra Governorate, in southern Iraq near Kuwait and Iran. It had an estimated population of two million as of 2009...
, Bahrein, and at other locations in Arabia from 1891 to 1905. He was a member of the Arabian Mission (1890–1913). Zwemer served in Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
from 1913–1929. He also traveled widely in Asia Minor
Asia Minor
Asia Minor is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey...
, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
Royal Geographical Society
The Royal Geographical Society is a British learned society founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences...
of London.
In 1929 he was appointed Professor of Missions and Professor of the History of Religion at the Princeton Theological Seminary
Princeton Theological Seminary
Princeton Theological Seminary is a theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church located in the Borough of Princeton, New Jersey in the United States...
where he taught until 1937. He had married Amy Elizabeth Wilkes on May 18, 1896. He was famously turned down by the American Missionary Society which resulted in him going overseas alone. He founded and edited the publication The Moslem World for 35 years. He was influential in mobilizing many Christians to go into missionary work in Islamic Countries.
Zwemer retired from active work on the faculty of Princeton College Seminary at the age of seventy, but continued to write and publish books and articles as well as doing a great deal of public speaking. Zwemer died in New York City at the age of eighty-four.
According to Ruth A. Tucker, Samuel Zwemer's converts were "probably less than a dozen during his nearly forty years of service" and his "greatest contribution to missions was that of stirring Christians to the need for evangelism among Muslims"
Career
In his biography of Raymond Lull, Zwemer divided Lull’s ministry threefold and we may use the same broad categories to examine Zwemer’s own ministry: Evangelism, Writing and Recruitment.Evangelism
Zwemer saw his first milestone in his ministry as leaving for Arabia in 1890 to work directly with the Muslim community. At this time, his main mode of evangelism was distribution of literature and personal conversation. He combined models of confrontational and a more irenic approach of presenting the love of Christ, ‘characteristic of the student volunteers’. Stories of his spontaneous interaction with people suggest that he was a capable and creative personal evangelist.Writing
In the tradition of Lull, Zwemer ‘left behind a mighty highway of print almost a book a year in English for over half a century.’ As part of this great literary undertaking, he settled in Cairo in 1912 to work with the Nile Mission Press to make it ‘a production point for Christian Literature for Muslims.’ As an outcome of the Edinburgh World Missionary Conference in 1910, he established the quarterly The Moslem World in 1911 because ‘If the Churches of Christendom are to reach the Moslem world with the Gospel, they must know of it and know it.’ He edited it until 1947, paying for much of it out of his own pocket. He founded the American Christian Literature Society for Moslems (A.C.L.S.M) which raised over a quarter of a million dollars for the production of evangelical literature. Its Constitution expressed Zwemer’s belief that the printed page ‘has a unique value as a means of carrying the Gospel to Mohammedans... [it] finds an entrance into many doors closed to the living witness and can proclaim the Gospel persistently, fearlessly and effectively.’ Zwemer saw printed page as ‘the “leaves for the healing of the nations” in his program of mission strategy.’Recruitment
Zwemer’s third milestone was accepting a professorship at PrincetonPrinceton Theological Seminary
Princeton Theological Seminary is a theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church located in the Borough of Princeton, New Jersey in the United States...
in 1929 and marked an era of equipping and recruiting for the missionary movement, though this had been a significant aspect of his career from the beginning. In an extended period of furlough he was a traveling representative for the SVM and his speaking ability in motivating for missions was legendary. His itinerary was herculean: in America in 1914 he gave 151 addresses in 113 days across the country. W.H.T. Gairdner called him ‘a steam engine in breeches’. His talent for fundraising was equally impressive, one year raising $32,886 for the Reformed Board of Foreign Missions, when the salary of a missionary on the field at this time was $900 a year. J. Christy Wilson Jr. summarises: ‘Speer and Zwemer probably influenced more young men and women to go into missionary service than any two individuals in all of Christian history.’
Legacy
As a result of his direct pioneering work, four mission stations had been set up, and though only small in number, ‘the converts showed unusual courage in professing their faith.’ The resulting church in BahrainBahrain
' , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,214,705, including 235,108 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.Bahrain is...
of St. Christopher’s Cathedral continues to this day. It is impossible to know how many people were affected by the large volume of tracts and scripture that he helped distribute. His books continue to make a significant difference today and his quarterly journal remains in publication as a significant scholarly journal. Through the work of the Student Volunteer Movement
Student Volunteer Movement
The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions was an organization founded in 1886 that sought to recruit college and university students in the United States for missionary service abroad. It also sought to publicize and encourage the missionary enterprise in general...
, with which Zwemer was strongly connected, 14,000 young people went out to the mission field.
Theology
Zwemer’s theology, following the CalvinismCalvinism
Calvinism is a Protestant theological system and an approach to the Christian life...
of his parents, was that he saw the supremacy of God in all things. The Bible was programatic in his faith and his thinking of his ministry, and emanated in his vocabulary. He studied Islamic Doctrine of God, initially drawing stark contrasts with the God of the Bible, then nuancing his view over time. He praised the all encompassing idea of God in Islam, seeing it as the ‘Calvinism of the Orient,’ and even placed the Bismillah
Bismillah
There are multiple uses of Bismillah :* Bismillah is first word of the Basmala phrase of Islam.* Bismillah , born in Oruzgan, Afghanistan, in 1952...
on his study wall in Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...
and on the cover of his journal "The Moslem World". He saw Islam’s grasp of Monotheism
Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one and only one god. Monotheism is characteristic of the Baha'i Faith, Christianity, Druzism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Samaritanism, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism.While they profess the existence of only one deity, monotheistic religions may still...
as its great strength and yet also its great deficiency. For him, without an understanding of the Trinity
Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity defines God as three divine persons : the Father, the Son , and the Holy Spirit. The three persons are distinct yet coexist in unity, and are co-equal, co-eternal and consubstantial . Put another way, the three persons of the Trinity are of one being...
, God was unknowable and impersonal. Hence, he cherished the doctrines of the Incarnation
Incarnation
Incarnation literally means embodied in flesh or taking on flesh. It refers to the conception and birth of a sentient creature who is the material manifestation of an entity, god or force whose original nature is immaterial....
and the Atonement, writing major works on the topics: The Glory of the Manger and, his favourite, The Glory of the Cross. Though a stumbling block for Muslims, he saw them as crucial in evangelism. Zwemer’s God was glorious and all-encompassing: ‘never be satisfied with compromise or concessions’, demanding instead ‘unconditional surrender’.
Missiology
Zwemer’s all-encompassing vision of God was the driving force of his missiologyMissiology
Missiology is the area of practical theology that investigates the mandate, message, and mission of the Christian church, especially the nature of missionary work...
: ‘The chief end of missions is not the salvation of men but the glory of God.’ He sees this grand vision as coming directly from Calvin: ‘God has created the entire world that it should be the theater of his glory by the spread of his Gospel.’ It was this unshakable belief in the infinite power and supremacy of God that drove Zwemer to the ‘cradle of Islam’ as a demonstration of the ‘Glory of the Impossible’. His confidence of the victory of the Gospel in the Middle East was equally unshakable. Still, this missiology of victory is fundamentally shaped by the cross: ‘Christ is a conqueror whose victories have always been won through loss and humiliation and suffering.’ This was hardly academic for Zwemer, since he had lost his brother and two daughters in the field. Dr. Lyle Vander Werff describes Zwemer’s missiological approach as ‘Christocentric-anthropological’, that is, the Gospel message is the greatest need of the Muslim as opposed to Western Civilisation or ‘philanthropic programs of education’. Zwemer summarises his theology of mission: ‘With God’s sovereignty as basis, God’s glory as goal, and God’s will as motive, the missionary enterprise today can face the most difficult of all missionary tasks—the evangelization of the Moslem world.’
Ecclesiology
For Zwemer, the Church was precious because it was indeed ‘the Church of God which He purchased with His own blood.’ His view on denominations was ecumenical and generous and far from the parochial tendency occasionally demonstrated in the Reformed tradition. The Arabian Board he set up was expressly ‘undenominational.’ He is able to praise Popes Gregory VIIPope Gregory VII
Pope St. Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Sovana , was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal...
and Innocent III
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni....
. He longed for the day Orthodox churches would join in with Muslim evangelism. His opening editorial for The Moslem World stated that it aimed ‘to represent no faction or fraction of the Church, but to be broad in the best sense of the word.’ His slogan was: ‘In essentials it seeks unity, in non-essentials liberty, and in all things charity.’ Yet, he was clear and precise about what the essentials were. Such desire for ecumenism
Ecumenism
Ecumenism or oecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation. It is used predominantly by and with reference to Christian denominations and Christian Churches separated by doctrine, history, and practice...
was fed by his all-pervasive passion for mission to Islam: ‘the issues at stake are too vital and the urgency too great for anything but united front.’
Works
Besides editing The Moslem World, a quarterly scholarly periodical – 37 vols.(1911-47), and the Quarterly Review (London), he wrote the following books:- Arabia, the Cradle of Islam (1900) – http://www.archive.org/details/ArabiaTheCradleOfIslam
- Topsy Turvy Land (1902), with his wife, Mrs. Amy E. Zwemer – http://www.archive.org/details/topsyturvyland00zwem
- Raymond LullRamon LlullRamon Llull was a Majorcan writer and philosopher, logician and tertiary Franciscan. He wrote the first major work of Catalan literature. Recently-surfaced manuscripts show him to have anticipated by several centuries prominent work on elections theory...
(1902) – http://www.archive.org/details/raymondlullfirst00zwem - Moslem Doctrine of God (1906)
- The Mohammedan World of Today (1906)
- Islam: a challenge to faith: studies on the Mohammedan religion and the needs and opportunities of the Mohammedan world (1907)
- Our Moslem sisters: a cry of need from lands of darkness interpreted by those who heard it, (1907) — edited with Annie van Sommer
- The Moslem World (1908) – http://www.archive.org/details/moslemworld00zwem
- The Nearer and Farther East: Outline studies of Moslem lands, and of Siam, Burma, and Korea (1908), with Arthur Judson Brown – http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022962983
- The Unoccupied Mission Fields (1910)
- The Moslem Christ (1911)
- The Unoccupied Mission Fields of Africa and Asia (1911) – http://www.archive.org/details/unoccupiedmissio11zwem
- Daylight In The Harem: A New Era For Moslem Women (1911) — Papers on present-day reform movements, conditions and methods of work among Moslem women read at the Lucknow Conference
- Zigzag Journeys in the Camel Country (1912) – http://www.archive.org/details/zigzagjourneysin00zwem
- Childhood in the Moslem World (1915)
- Mohammed or Christ? An account of the rapid spread of Islam in all parts of the globe, the methods employed to obtain proselytes, its immense press, its strongholds, & suggested means to be adopted to counteract the evil (1916) – http://www.archive.org/details/mohammedorchrist00zwemrich
- The Disintegration of Islam (1916) — student lectures on missions at Princeton TS – http://www.archive.org/details/disintegrationof00zwem
- A Moslem Seeker after God: Showing Islam at its best in the life and teaching of al-Ghazali, mystic and theologian of the eleventh century (1920) – http://www.archive.org/details/amoslemseeker00zwemuoft
- The Influence of Animism on Islam : An Account of Popular Superstitions (1920) – http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029170731
- The Law of Apostasy in Islam (1924)
- Moslem Women (1926), with his wife, Mrs. Amy E. Zwemer
- The Glory of the Cross (1928)
- Across the world of Islam (1929)
- The exalted name of Christ (1932), translated from Arabic by Oskar Hermansson and Gustaf AhlbertGustaf AhlbertGustaf Ahlbert was a Swedish missionary and linguist. He served with the Mission Union of Sweden in Chinese Turkestan .Ahlbert had a competent knowledge of Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and Uyghur....
, assisted by Abdu Vali Akhond - Thinking Missions with Christ (1934)
- Taking hold of God : studies on the nature, need and power of prayer (1936) – http://www.archive.org/details/takingholdofgod00zwemuoft
- It's Hard To Be A Christian: Some Aspects of the Fight for Character in the Life of the Pilgrim (1937)
- The Solitary Throne, addresses Given at the Keswick Convention on the Glory and Uniqueness of the Christian Message (1937)
- The Golden Milestone : Reminiscences of Pioneer Days Fifty Years in Arabia (1938), with James Cantine – http://www.archive.org/details/MN41707ucmf_2
- Dynamic Christianity and the World Today (1939)
- Studies in Popular Islam: A Collection of papers dealing with the Superstitions & Beliefs of the Common People (1939)
- The Glory of the Manger: Studies on the Incarnation (1940)
- The Art of Listening to God (1940)
- The Cross Above the Crescent (1941)
- Islam in Madagascar (1941)
- Into All the World (1943)
- Evangelism Today: Message Not Method (1944)
- The Origin of Religion: Evolution or Revelation (1945) — based on the Smyth Lectures 1935
- Heirs of the Prophets (1946)
- A factual survey of the Moslem world with maps and statistical tables (1946)
- The Glory of the Empty Tomb (1947)
- How Rich the Harvest (1948)
- Sons of Adam: Studies of Old Testament characters in New Testament light (1951)
- Social And Moral Evils Of Islam (2002) — reprint of an earlier work
He also wrote an article describing his travels in Oman
Oman
Oman , officially called the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the...
and the Trucial Coast (now U.A.E.), which famously features the earliest known photograph of the Qasr al-Hosn
Qasr al-Hosn
The Qasr al-Hosn , is the oldest stone building in the city of Abu Dhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirates.- Location :It is located along Sheikh Zayed the First Street , on the same compound as the .- History :Also known as the 'white fort' The Qasr al-Hosn , is the oldest stone building in...
in Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi , literally Father of Gazelle, is the capital and the second largest city of the United Arab Emirates in terms of population and the largest of the seven member emirates of the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western...
:
- Three Journeys in Northern Oman (1902), The Geographical Journal, Vol XIX, No1
Works in Print (2007)
- Call to Prayer Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-290-9
- Heirs of the Prophets Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-356-2
- Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the Moslems Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-301-2
- The Glory of the Cross Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-353-1
- The Law of Apostasy in Islam Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-300-5
- The Moslem Christ Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-905363-12-4
- The Moslem Doctrine of God Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-240-4
- The Moslem World
- The Influence of Animism on Islam: An Account of Popular Superstitions
External links
- Zwemer Center For Muslim Studies
- Samuel M. Zwemer has a few more biographical details, and several of his works are available as downloads.
- Books and Articles by Samuel Zwemer — at least 10 books & articles by Zwemer are online here.
- Zwemer, Samuel Marinus — at Hope College, Western Theological Seminary, Joint Archives of Holland.
- Samuel Marinus Zwemer - Missionary extraordinaire to Muslims — biographical article by Andrew Marsay published in Evangelicals Now, August 2002.
- The Legacy of Samuel Zwemer by J. Christy Wilson, Jr., from the International Journal of Frontier Missions, Vol. 13(4), October-December, 1996.
- Samuel Zwemer - Pioneer to the Arab World (MP3MP3MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a patented digital audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression...
) by Leon Blosser, delivered during Association of Reformed Baptist Churches of America (ARBCA) Conference March 6–8, 2001. - Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the Muslims by Samuel Zwemer
- http://www.samuelzwemertheologicalseminary.com/
- http://sites.advanceministry.com/samuelzwemertheologicalseminary