Rosminians
Encyclopedia
The Rosminians, officially the Institute of Charity or Societas a charitate nuncupata, are a Roman Catholic religious congregation founded by Antonio Rosmini
and first organised in 1828.
The order was formally approved by the Holy See
in 1838, and took its name from "charity" as the fullness of Christian virtue. Its members are commonly called Fathers of Charity and use the postnominal letters IC.
(1797-1855), also known as Antonio Rosmini, an Italian from Rovereto
in the Austrian Tyrol
, ordained in 1821, had been organising his life along the principles of striving to put God's prompting first and his own wishes second.
His two life-principles, written down at this time were:
First, to apply himself to correct his faults and purify his soul by prayer and living a life as close to the teaching of Christ
as possible. Second, to accept any opportunity to do charitable work. This principle was soon put to the test when the Marchioness di Canossa
asked him to establish an institute for the education of poor boys. Rosmini saw this as God's hand at work.
In 1827 Rosmini was in Milan
and met the Abbé Loewenbruck who informed him that he had been thinking about establishing a religious institute
which would help to promote better education and spirituality
in the clergy. Again, Rosmini saw the hand of God in this request.
Still, as Rosmini believed that God would do the necessary prompting, he did not seek out anyone to join the new society he planned to establish. Two or three people who knew his thoughts joined him by their own request, and the three began to live according to the principles Rosmini had established.
Pius VIII, who was elected pope
in the following March, called him to an audience. "If you think", said Pius, "of beginning with something small, and leaving all the rest to God, we gladly approve; not so if you thought of starting on a large scale." Rosmini answered that he had always proposed a very humble beginning. In the autumn of 1830 he gave the institute something of its current form; and all the community began to pass through stages of religious training.
Such was the state of affairs when on 2 February 1831, Rosmini's friend, Cardinal Cappellari, was chosen pope and took the name of Gregory XVI. Gregory was a supporter of the institute, and published a papal brief
in March, calling the new society by its name and rejoicing in its progress under the approval of the bishops.
It was not until March, 1837, that Rosmini submitted the constitutions of his religious society for papal approval. The matter was entrusted to the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars, which declared, on 16 June, its general commendation, but also its judgment that it was as yet too young to be approved as a regular congregation. There was also a problem with Rosmini's understanding of the religious vow of poverty. The normal practise was for members of a religious community
to renounce all possessions, whereas the constitutions drawn up by Rosmini permitted members to hold personal property.
On 20 December 1838, the Vatican
's congregation met again and gave its opinion that the society should have the status of a religious congregation; the pope immediately ratified this decision. On the following 25 March the vows were first made, by 20 in Italy and 5 in England. Five of these then went to Rome
and on 22 August, in the Catacombs of St Sebastian
made the fourth vow of special obedience to the pope. Apostolic letters embodying Rosmini's own summary of the constitutions were issued on 20 September, naming Rosmini as the first provost-general of the institute for life.
- through the request of someone in need;
- through someone speaking on behalf of a person in need;
- through the needs themselves being seen.
The first are those who take on themselves the discipline of the society and bind themselves by vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. The second is normally composed of people who are married, but may include those who are single but do not feel called to the religious life. These people strive to live according to the Rosminian charism, to pray daily and meet with others when possible.
As with all religious communities, a person who wishes to embrace the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, goes through a period of intense discernment. After two years of noviceship first profession is made which includes the temporary vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. He thus becomes a scholastic, but is not incorporated into the institute until he becomes a coadjutor after a further period of religious, spiritual and academic preparation. Coadjutors add the promise of not seeking any promotion either within the society or outside. Religious vows are renewed at this time, but now for life.
The main houses in Italy
are Monte Calvario, which has long been both a novitiate and house of theological study; the college founded in 1839 for young boys at Stresa
, and the large college for older ones at Domodossola
built in 1873. The care of the Sanctuary of S. Michele della Chiusa
, an ancient abbey on a steep mountain-peak near Turin
, was accepted in 1835.
The founding of the English province is inseparably linked with the names of Luigi Gentili and Ambrose de Lisle. They were sent by Rosmini in 1835 with two companions to teach both lay and church students. Invited to the Midland district, the fathers taught for a while at Old Oscott
, and in 1841 opened the mission of Loughborough
. Many converts were made and some missions founded in the neighbourhood, and in 1843 the first public mission ever preached in England was given by Gentili. In the same year at Ratcliffe
, near Leicester
, the foundations were laid for a novitiate designed by Pugin
, but it became a school
.
The Rosminians serve in 15 parishes throughout England and Wales
.
, together with three other priests were exposed after Cunningham's death as paedophiles.
While at Soni, Cunningham perpetrated sexual abuse that made the school, according to one pupil, "a loveless, violent and sad hellhole". Other pupils recall being photographed naked, hauled out of bed at night to have their genitals fondled and other sexual abuse.
Although known about by the Rosminians before Cunningham's death in 2010, the abuse was only publicly revealed by the media in 2011.
, England are suing the Rosminians. Their abuse was catalogued in the BBC documentary Abused: Breaking the Silence.
, both of which were investigated by the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse
.
, since Rosmini's death were
Other names deserving mention are:
Antonio Rosmini-Serbati
Blessed Antonio Rosmini-Serbati was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and philosopher. He founded the Rosminians, officially the Institute of Charity or Societas a charitate nuncupata.-Biography:...
and first organised in 1828.
The order was formally approved by the Holy See
Holy See
The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...
in 1838, and took its name from "charity" as the fullness of Christian virtue. Its members are commonly called Fathers of Charity and use the postnominal letters IC.
Foundation
Antonio Rosmini-SerbatiAntonio Rosmini-Serbati
Blessed Antonio Rosmini-Serbati was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and philosopher. He founded the Rosminians, officially the Institute of Charity or Societas a charitate nuncupata.-Biography:...
(1797-1855), also known as Antonio Rosmini, an Italian from Rovereto
Rovereto
Rovereto is a city and comune in Trentino in northern Italy, located in the Vallagarina valley of the Adige River.-History:Rovereto was an ancient fortress town standing at the frontier between the bishopric of Trento - an independent state until 1797 - and the republic of Venice, and later...
in the Austrian Tyrol
County of Tyrol
The County of Tyrol, Princely County from 1504, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1814 a province of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary...
, ordained in 1821, had been organising his life along the principles of striving to put God's prompting first and his own wishes second.
His two life-principles, written down at this time were:
First, to apply himself to correct his faults and purify his soul by prayer and living a life as close to the teaching of Christ
Christ
Christ is the English term for the Greek meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew , usually transliterated into English as Messiah or Mashiach...
as possible. Second, to accept any opportunity to do charitable work. This principle was soon put to the test when the Marchioness di Canossa
Magdalen of Canossa
Magdalene of Canossa was an Italian nun. She was born to a Veronese family; her father died in 1779 and her mother abandoned her in 1781...
asked him to establish an institute for the education of poor boys. Rosmini saw this as God's hand at work.
In 1827 Rosmini was in Milan
Milan
Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...
and met the Abbé Loewenbruck who informed him that he had been thinking about establishing a religious institute
Religious institute
In the Roman Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows, either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when the period of time has elapsed, and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common".-Distinctions...
which would help to promote better education and spirituality
Spirituality
Spirituality can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality; an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the “deepest values and meanings by which people live.” Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to develop...
in the clergy. Again, Rosmini saw the hand of God in this request.
Still, as Rosmini believed that God would do the necessary prompting, he did not seek out anyone to join the new society he planned to establish. Two or three people who knew his thoughts joined him by their own request, and the three began to live according to the principles Rosmini had established.
Pius VIII, who was elected pope
Pope
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle...
in the following March, called him to an audience. "If you think", said Pius, "of beginning with something small, and leaving all the rest to God, we gladly approve; not so if you thought of starting on a large scale." Rosmini answered that he had always proposed a very humble beginning. In the autumn of 1830 he gave the institute something of its current form; and all the community began to pass through stages of religious training.
Such was the state of affairs when on 2 February 1831, Rosmini's friend, Cardinal Cappellari, was chosen pope and took the name of Gregory XVI. Gregory was a supporter of the institute, and published a papal brief
Papal brief
The Papal Brief is a formal document emanating from the Pope, in a somewhat simpler and more modern form than a Papal Bull.-History:The introduction of briefs, which occurred at the beginning of the pontificate of Pope Eugenius IV , was clearly prompted for the same desire for greater simplicity...
in March, calling the new society by its name and rejoicing in its progress under the approval of the bishops.
It was not until March, 1837, that Rosmini submitted the constitutions of his religious society for papal approval. The matter was entrusted to the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars, which declared, on 16 June, its general commendation, but also its judgment that it was as yet too young to be approved as a regular congregation. There was also a problem with Rosmini's understanding of the religious vow of poverty. The normal practise was for members of a religious community
Religious community
A religious community is a community who practice the same religion.In the wider sense it may describe members of one religion who live near or intermingled with members of other religions, who may often mix together in everyday life but worship separately. One might speak of the Catholic...
to renounce all possessions, whereas the constitutions drawn up by Rosmini permitted members to hold personal property.
On 20 December 1838, the Vatican
Roman Curia
The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Catholic Church, together with the Pope...
's congregation met again and gave its opinion that the society should have the status of a religious congregation; the pope immediately ratified this decision. On the following 25 March the vows were first made, by 20 in Italy and 5 in England. Five of these then went to Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
and on 22 August, in the Catacombs of St Sebastian
San Sebastiano fuori le mura
San Sebastiano fuori le mura , or San Sebastiano ad Catacumbas , is a basilica in Rome, central Italy...
made the fourth vow of special obedience to the pope. Apostolic letters embodying Rosmini's own summary of the constitutions were issued on 20 September, naming Rosmini as the first provost-general of the institute for life.
Spirit and organisation
The spirit of the Rosminian community is strongly characterised by the belief that God speaks to people in a variety of ways, and makes His will known according to the abilities of each person. For the Rosminian, the main ways God prompts people are:- through the request of someone in need;
- through someone speaking on behalf of a person in need;
- through the needs themselves being seen.
Membership
There are two kinds of membership in the Institute of Charity.The first are those who take on themselves the discipline of the society and bind themselves by vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. The second is normally composed of people who are married, but may include those who are single but do not feel called to the religious life. These people strive to live according to the Rosminian charism, to pray daily and meet with others when possible.
As with all religious communities, a person who wishes to embrace the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, goes through a period of intense discernment. After two years of noviceship first profession is made which includes the temporary vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. He thus becomes a scholastic, but is not incorporated into the institute until he becomes a coadjutor after a further period of religious, spiritual and academic preparation. Coadjutors add the promise of not seeking any promotion either within the society or outside. Religious vows are renewed at this time, but now for life.
Vows
For Rosminians, poverty does not mean relinquishing all possessions, but rather in not being possessed by one's possessions; to this end, members of the congregation have always been permitted to own personal possessions. The vow of chastity is understood in the sense of not only remaining unmarried and abstaining from sexual activity, but also in how people are to be treated. The vow of obedience means listening to the requests of those in charge, taking into account the good of God's people, and prayerfully seeking to see the hand of God in what is being asked.Further information
The institute is governed by a provost-general chosen by elected members. He has full powers except for a few exceptional cases. The institute is divided into provinces. The Provincial Superior of the Gentili Province which covers England and Wales, Ireland, the United States and New Zealand is Father David Myers.The main houses in Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
are Monte Calvario, which has long been both a novitiate and house of theological study; the college founded in 1839 for young boys at Stresa
Stresa
Stresa is a town and comune of about 5,000 inhabitants on the shores of the Lago Maggiore in the region of Piedmont, northern Italy; it is situated on the road and rail routes to the Simplon pass, about 90 km north-west of Milan. Since the early 20th century, the main source of income has been the...
, and the large college for older ones at Domodossola
Domodossola
Domodossola is a city and comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in the region of Piedmont, northern Italy...
built in 1873. The care of the Sanctuary of S. Michele della Chiusa
Sacra di San Michele
The Sacra di San Michele, sometimes known as Saint Michael’s Abbey, is a religious complex on Mount Pirchiriano, situated on the south side of the Val di Susa overlooking the villages of Avigliana and Chiusa di San Michele, northern Italy. The abbey, which for much of its history came under...
, an ancient abbey on a steep mountain-peak near Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...
, was accepted in 1835.
The founding of the English province is inseparably linked with the names of Luigi Gentili and Ambrose de Lisle. They were sent by Rosmini in 1835 with two companions to teach both lay and church students. Invited to the Midland district, the fathers taught for a while at Old Oscott
Old Oscott
Old Oscott is an area of Great Barr, Birmingham, England . The suburb forms a triangle bounded to the north by Pheasey, to the west by Perry Beeches, and to the east by Kingstanding. The Birmingham City Council ward that covers the area is called simply Oscott.The area has been known locally as...
, and in 1841 opened the mission of Loughborough
Loughborough
Loughborough is a town within the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, England. It is the seat of Charnwood Borough Council and is home to Loughborough University...
. Many converts were made and some missions founded in the neighbourhood, and in 1843 the first public mission ever preached in England was given by Gentili. In the same year at Ratcliffe
Ratcliffe on the Wreake
Ratcliffe on the Wreake is a village and civil parish in the Charnwood district of Leicestershire, England. It is just to the north of the River Wreake, opposite East Goscote....
, near Leicester
Leicester
Leicester is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest...
, the foundations were laid for a novitiate designed by Pugin
Pugin
Pugin most commonly refers to Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin , English architect and designer.Other members of his family include:...
, but it became a school
Ratcliffe College
Ratcliffe College is an independent Catholic boarding and day school in Leicestershire, England. The College, situated in of parkland on the Fosse Way about six miles north of Leicester, was founded on the instructions of Blessed Father Antonio Rosmini-Serbati in 1845 as a seminary. In 1847, the...
.
The Rosminians serve in 15 parishes throughout England and Wales
England and Wales
England and Wales is a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom. It consists of England and Wales, two of the four countries of the United Kingdom...
.
St Michael's Catholic Boarding School, Soni, Tanzania
A prominent United Kingdom member of the order, Fr Kit CunninghamKit Cunningham
Christopher Basil "Kit" Cunningham IC, MBE was a British priest. For almost 30 years, as the rector of St Etheldreda's Church, Ely Place, Cunningham was one of London’s best-known Roman Catholic parish priests. His death, in 2010, was widely reported in the media...
, together with three other priests were exposed after Cunningham's death as paedophiles.
While at Soni, Cunningham perpetrated sexual abuse that made the school, according to one pupil, "a loveless, violent and sad hellhole". Other pupils recall being photographed naked, hauled out of bed at night to have their genitals fondled and other sexual abuse.
Although known about by the Rosminians before Cunningham's death in 2010, the abuse was only publicly revealed by the media in 2011.
Grace Dieu Manor Catholic School, UK
Victims of abuse by staff at Grace Dieu Manor SchoolGrace Dieu Manor School
Grace Dieu Manor School is a preparatory school for pupils aged 3 to 13 set among of countryside. Opened in May 1933 by the Rosminians, it is a privately run Catholic school which welcomes children from all denominations and faiths. It acts as a prep school for Ratcliffe College...
, England are suing the Rosminians. Their abuse was catalogued in the BBC documentary Abused: Breaking the Silence.
Industrial schools in Ireland
The Rosminians ran St Joseph’s Industrial School, Clonmel (known as Ferryhouse) and St Patrick's Industrial School, UptonSt. Patrick's Industrial School, Upton
St. Patrick's Industrial School, Upton was an industrial school in Upton, County Cork, Ireland.-History:A local judge suggested setting up a reformatory school to serve Cord and the local Society of Saint Vincent de Paul set up a committee in 1858 to plan it. They bought a farm near Upton, County...
, both of which were investigated by the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse
Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse
The Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse is one of a range of measures introduced by the Irish Government to investigate the extent and effects of abuse on children from 1936 onwards. It is commonly known in Ireland as the Ryan Commission , after its chair, Justice Seán Ryan...
.
Apology for English Abuse By Provincial of English Rosminians
According to a online news story, issued on 23 June 2011,: "Following the U.K. broadcast of a documentary detailing the abuse of some 35 boys by four Rosminian priests in the 1960s, the order's provincial in England released an apology for the acts of abuse and for our "inadequate response.""People
The elected provost-generalsProvost (religion)
A provost is a senior official in a number of Christian churches.-Historical Development:The word praepositus was originally applied to any ecclesiastical ruler or dignitary...
, since Rosmini's death were
- Giambattista Pagani, who succeeded in 1855,
- Bertetti (1860),
- Cappa (1874),
- Lanzoni (1877),
- Bernardino Balsari (1901)
- Giuseppe Bozzetti (1935)
- Giovanni Gaddo (1956)
- Giambattista Zantedeschi (1989)
- James Flynn, an IrishIrelandIreland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
priest (1997).
Other names deserving mention are:
- Aloysius GentiliAloysius GentiliAloysius Luigi Gentili was an Italian Rosminian cleric.-Biography:His early life was that of a brilliant young man of the world. He sought admission into the Society of Jesus but was refused because of his health. He made the acquaintance of Father Rosmini who accepted him as a postulant of the...
(1801-1848), missionary in England and Ireland; - Vincenzo de VitVincenzo de VitVincenzo de Vit was an Italian Latin scholar and historian of Ancient Rome....
(1810-1892), known principally for two works of vast labour and research, the Lexicon totius Latinitatis, a new and greatly enlarged edition of ForcelliniEgidio ForcelliniEgidio Forcellini , Italian philologist, was born at Fener in the district of Treviso and belonged to a very poor family.He went to the seminary at Padua in 1704, studied under Facciolati, and in due course attained the priesthood. From 1724 to 1730 he held the office of rector of the seminary at...
, and the Onomasticon, a dictionary of proper names; - Paolo Perez, formerly professor at PaduaPaduaPadua is a city and comune in the Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Padua and the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua's population is 212,500 . The city is sometimes included, with Venice and Treviso, in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, having...
, and master of a singularly delicate Italian style; - Lorenzo Gastaldi (1815-1883), bishop of SaluzzoSaluzzoSaluzzo is a town and former principality in the province of Cuneo, Piedmont region, Italy.The city of Saluzzo is built on a hill overlooking a vast, well-cultivated plain. Iron, lead, silver, marble, slate etc...
, afterwards Archbishop of Turin; - Peter HuttonPeter Hutton (priest)Peter Hutton was an English Roman Catholic priest and headmaster of Ratcliffe College.-Life:...
headmaster of Ratcliffe - William Lockhart (1820–1892), was an English convert
- Francisco Cardozo Ayres (1821-1870), Bishop of PernambucoPernambucoPernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. To the north are the states of Paraíba and Ceará, to the west is Piauí, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean. There are about of beaches, some of the most beautiful in the...
(Suriname), who died at Rome during the First Vatican CouncilFirst Vatican CouncilThe First Vatican Council was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, after a period of planning and preparation that began on 6 December 1864. This twentieth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held three centuries after the Council of Trent, opened on 8 December 1869 and adjourned...
, and whose incorrupt body has lately been transported with great veneration to his see; - Giuseppe Calza (1821-1898), noteworthy as a philosopher;
- Joseph CostaJoseph CostaA widely known evangelical preacher from the Middle East, Joseph Massoud Costa was born on June 7, 1931, in Beirut, Lebanon. Joseph, born "Yousef" was the third of six children, born to Massoud Yousef Costa and Saada Simaan Ghantous. A self-made man, Joseph took on the surrogate responsibilities...
(1823-1917), missionary in the United StatesUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
; - two English priests, Richard Richardson, organizer of a temperance campaign, and enroller in it of 70,000 names, and Joseph Hirst, member of the Royal Archaeological InstituteRoyal Archaeological InstituteThe Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is a learned society, established in 1844, primarily devoted to the publication of the Archaeological Journal, a production of archaeological news that has been in print since 1844....
; - Clemente ReboraClemente ReboraClemente Rebora was a poet from Milan, Italy. From 1913 to 1922, he wrote anonymous "Songs" and lyrics. Previously an atheist, he had a spiritual crisis in 1928 and became a devout Catholic. In 1930, he entered a seminary; in 1936, he became a Rosminian priest...
(1885-1957), poet; - Eugene Arthurs (1916-1978), Irishman, first bishop of TangaRoman Catholic Diocese of TangaThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanga is a diocese located in the city of Tanga in the Ecclesiastical province of Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania.-History:* April 18, 1950: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Tanga from the Apostolic Vicariate of Kilima-Njaro...
(TanzaniaTanzaniaThe United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state...
); - Clemente Riva (1922-1999), Auxiliary Bishop of RomeAuxiliary Bishop of RomeAn Auxiliary Bishop of Rome is an auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic church, fulfilling episcopal duties for the diocese of Rome in lieu of its diocesan bishop . Appointees have included Giuseppi Angelini, Ettore Cunial, Fiorenzo Angelini, Clemente Riva and Enzo Dieci...
, known for his interest in ecumenismEcumenismEcumenism or oecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation. It is used predominantly by and with reference to Christian denominations and Christian Churches separated by doctrine, history, and practice...
, and particularly for his friendship with the Jewish communityHistory of the Jews in ItalyThe history of the Jews in Italy goes back over two thousand years. Jews have been present in Italy from the Roman period until the present.-Antiquity:-Pre-Christian Rome:...
of RomeRomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
; - Antonio RiboldiAntonio RiboldiAntonio Riboldi, I.C. is an Italian Prelate of Roman Catholic Church.Antonio Riboldi was born in Triuggio, Italy, ordained a priest on June 29, 1951 from the religious order of the Institute of Charity. Riboldi was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Acerra on January 25, 1978 and ordained March...
(1923- ), Rebora's pupil, bishop emeritus of AcerraAcerraAcerra is a town and comune of Campania, southern Italy, in the Province of Naples, about 20 km northeast of the provincial capital in Naples. It is part of the Agro Acerrano plain.-History:...
.