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The phosphite ion (HPO32-) is a polyatomic ion
Polyatomic ion

A polyatomic ion, also known as a molecular ion, is a charged species composed of two or more atoms Covalent bond or of a complex that can be considered as acting as a single unit in the context of acid and Base chemistry or in the formation of salt ....
 with a phosphorus
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....
 central atom where phosphorus
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....
 has an oxidation state
Oxidation state

In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The formal oxidation state is the hypothetical Electrical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% Ionic bond....
 of +3. Its geometry is approximately tetrahedral.

The bonding can be described in terms of a number of resonance canonicals,(there are three equivalent canonicals containing a single double bond) effectively delocalising the negative charges across the three equivalent oxygen atoms.

Many phosphite salts, such as ammonium phosphite, are highly water soluble.






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The phosphite ion (HPO32-) is a polyatomic ion
Polyatomic ion

A polyatomic ion, also known as a molecular ion, is a charged species composed of two or more atoms Covalent bond or of a complex that can be considered as acting as a single unit in the context of acid and Base chemistry or in the formation of salt ....
 with a phosphorus
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....
 central atom where phosphorus
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....
 has an oxidation state
Oxidation state

In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The formal oxidation state is the hypothetical Electrical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% Ionic bond....
 of +3. Its geometry is approximately tetrahedral.

The bonding can be described in terms of a number of resonance canonicals,(there are three equivalent canonicals containing a single double bond) effectively delocalising the negative charges across the three equivalent oxygen atoms.

Many phosphite salts, such as ammonium phosphite, are highly water soluble. The term phosphite is sometimes used to mean phosphite ester
Phosphite ester

A phosphite ester or organophosphite is a type of chemical compound with the general structure P3. Phosphite esters can be considered as esters of phosphorous acid, H3PO3....
, an organophosphorus
Organophosphorus

Organophosphorus compounds are chemical compounds containing carbon-phosphorus chemical bond, primarily used in pest control and are often persistent organic pollutants....
 compound with the formula P(OR)3.

Phosphorous acid

The conjugate acid
Conjugate acid

Within the Johannes Nicolaus Br?nsted-Martin Lowry theory of acid-base reaction theories, a conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of two compounds that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton....
 of the phosphite anion is phosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid

Phosphorous acid is the Compound described by the chemical formula H3PO3. It can be formulated as HP2 and therefore contains phosphorus in oxidation state +3....
 (H3PO3 formulated HP(O)(OH)2). Other names for this acid are orthophosphorous acid and dihydroxyphosphine oxide. Phosphorous acid is a diprotic acid, since the hydrogen bonded directly to the central phosphorus atom is not ionizable. Thus, a more logical chemical formula for phosphorous acid is HPO(OH)2, since only two hydroxy groups are actually present on the acid.

Acid phosphites

Acid phosphites,(hydrogen phosphites) such as NH4HP(O)2OH, can be prepared from phosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid

Phosphorous acid is the Compound described by the chemical formula H3PO3. It can be formulated as HP2 and therefore contains phosphorus in oxidation state +3....
, HP(O)(OH)2. Hydrogen bonding between anions leads to polymeric anionic structures. Recently some others, RbHPHO3, CsHPHO3, TlHPHO3 have been prepared by reacting phosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid

Phosphorous acid is the Compound described by the chemical formula H3PO3. It can be formulated as HP2 and therefore contains phosphorus in oxidation state +3....
 with the metal carbonate
Carbonate

In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or ester of carbonic acid....
. These compounds contain a layer polymeric anion consisting of HPO3 tetrahedra linked by hydrogen bonds. These layers are interleaved by layers of metal cations.

Pyrophosphites

Pyrophosphites(diphosphites) can be produced by gently heating acid phosphites under reduced pressure. They contain the ion, H2P2O52-which can be formulated [HP(O)2O-P(O)2H]2-.

Naming of phosphite ions

The traditional name for HPO32- is phosphite, and for HPO2(OH)- is hydrogenphosphite or acid phosphite. However IUPAC recommendations are that HPO32- is to be named hydrogenphosphite or phosphonate, HPO2(OH)- is to be named dihydrogenphosphite or hydrogenphosphonate and phosphite is reserved for the (hypothetical) PO32- ion.

Synthesis of phosphite esters

Organophosphorus compounds called phosphite ester
Phosphite ester

A phosphite ester or organophosphite is a type of chemical compound with the general structure P3. Phosphite esters can be considered as esters of phosphorous acid, H3PO3....
s (or sometimes just phosphites) have the formula (R
Alkyl

An alkyl is a univalent Radical consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, arranged in a chain. The Alkyls form homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+1....
O)3P. They are prepared by reacting phosphorus trichloride
Phosphorus trichloride

Phosphorus trichloride is the most important of the three phosphorus chlorides. It is an important Chemical industry, being used for the manufacture of organophosphorus compounds for a wide variety of applications....
 (or phosphorus tribromide
Phosphorus tribromide

Phosphorus tribromide is a colourless liquid with the formula PhosphorusBromine3. It fumes in air due to hydrolysis and has a penetrating odour....
) with an alcohol
Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl Functional group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group....
 and a tertiary amine
Amine

Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that contain a base nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are derivative s of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups....
.

PCl3 + 3 ROH + 3 R'3N ? P(OR)3 + 3R'3NHCl

See also

  • Organophosphorus
    Organophosphorus

    Organophosphorus compounds are chemical compounds containing carbon-phosphorus chemical bond, primarily used in pest control and are often persistent organic pollutants....
  • Phosphine
    Phosphine

    Phosphine is the common name for phosphorus trihydride , also known by the IUPAC name phosphane and, occasionally, phosphamine....
     - PR3
  • Phosphine oxide
    Phosphine oxide

    Phosphine oxides are organophosphorus compounds with the formula - OPR3. Phosphines are often air-sensitive, and can be oxidized to phosphine oxides on prolonged storage....
     - OPR3
  • Phosphinite
    Phosphinite

    Phosphinites are organophosphorus compounds with the formula PR2....
     - P(OR)R2
  • Phosphonite
    Phosphonite

    Phosphonites are organophosphorus compounds with the formula P2R....
     - P(OR)2R
  • Phosphinate
    Phosphinate

    Phosphinates are organophosphorus compounds with the formula OPR2....
     - OP(OR)R2
  • Phosphonate
    Phosphonate

    Phosphonates or Phosphonic acids are organic compounds containing one or more C-PO2 or C-PO2 groups. Bisphosphonates were first synthesized in 1897 by Von Baeyer and Hofmann....
     - OP(OR)2R
  • Phosphate
    Phosphate

    A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
     - OP(OR)3


Further Reading