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Multi-paradigm programming language
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A multi-paradigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm. As Lead designer Tim Budd holds it: The idea of a multiparadigm language is to provide a framework in which programmers can work in a variety of styles, freely intermixing constructs from different paradigms. The design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
An example is Oz, which has subsets that are a logic language (Oz descends from logic programming), a functional language, an object-oriented language, a dataflow concurrent language, and more.
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A multi-paradigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm. As Lead designer Tim Budd holds it: The idea of a multiparadigm language is to provide a framework in which programmers can work in a variety of styles, freely intermixing constructs from different paradigms. The design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
An example is Oz, which has subsets that are a logic language (Oz descends from logic programming), a functional language, an object-oriented language, a dataflow concurrent language, and more. Oz was designed over a ten-year period to combine in a harmonious way concepts that are traditionally associated with different programming paradigms.
Multiparadigm languages
Languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.
Paradigm summaries
A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.
- Dataflow - forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. Spreadsheets)
- Visual programming language - manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink)
- Declarative programming - describes actions (e.g. HTML describe a page but not how to actually display it)
- Imperative programming - explicit statements that change a program state
- Functional programming - uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
- Object-Oriented programming - uses classes and instances, inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism
- Prototype-based programming - object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via the cloning of instances
- Parallel computing - simultaneous execution with the necessary communication and synchronization between processes/threads
- Actor model - concurrent computation with "actors" that makes local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behavior)
- Pipeline programming - no nested function calls, but a simple flow structures with easy to visualize/understand data flow through the program
- Constraint programming - relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
- Rule-based programming - a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
- Logic programming - uses logical facts to create a model that can prove consistency, deduce further truths or answer questions about the model (e.g. Dogs are animals! Dogs are red! Are some animals red?)
- Reflective programming - special case of metaprogramming (modification of programs as data by another program or ability to do part of the work in runtime instead of compile time) in which the program modifies or extends itself
Two paradigms
Three paradigms
- imperative,visual,object-oriented
- concurrent, dataflow, functional
- concurrent, functional, distributed
- concurrent, functional, logic
- concurrent, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
- dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual
- functional, imperative, logic
- functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
- functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based)
- generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
Four paradigms
- imperative, generic, reflective, object-oriented (class-based)
- functional, imperative, generic (template metaprogramming), object-oriented (class-based)
- functional, imperative, concurrent (Actor model), object-oriented (class-based)
- functional, imperative, concurrent (Actor model), object-oriented (prototype-based)
- functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based)
- functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), dialected
- imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based
- functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective
- Common Lisp (although there are other paradigms implemented as libraries)
Five paradigms
- functional (only lambda support), imperative, generic, reflective, object-oriented (class-based)
- functional, imperative, generic, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming
- functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming, reflective
- concurrent (rendezvous and monitor-like based), distributed, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
- functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based), reflective
- functional, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective
Eight paradigms
See also
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