Method (music)
Encyclopedia
In music, a method is a kind of textbook
for a specified musical instrument
or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument.
A method usually contains fingering
charts or tablature
s, etc., scales
and numerous different exercises, sometimes also simple etude
s, in different key
s, in ascending order as to difficulty (= in methodical progression) or with a focus on isolated aspects like fluency, rhythm
, dynamics
, articulation
and the like. Sometimes there are even recital
pieces, also with accompaniment. Such methods differ from etude books in that they are meant as a linear course for a student to follow, with consistent guidance, whereas volumes of etudes are not as comprehensive.
As typical instrumental methods are meant to function as textbooks supporting an instrumental teacher (rather than to facilitate self-teaching), usually no basic or special playing techniques are covered in any depth. Detailed instructions in this respect are only found in special, autodidactical
methods.
Some methods are especially tailored for students on certain skill
levels or stages of psychosocial development
. In contrast, a 'complete' method (sometimes in multiple volumes) is meant to accompany the student until he or she becomes an advanced player.
Methods of certain authors or editors have achieved the status of standard works (reflecting regional and cultural differences) and are published or reissued by different publishing
companies and in divers (new) arrangement
s. The Suzuki Method
is probably the most well known example of this.
The following is a list of various methods of historical interest.
Textbook
A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions...
for a specified musical instrument
Musical instrument
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can serve as a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the...
or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument.
A method usually contains fingering
Fingering
In music, fingering is the choice of which fingers and hand positions to use when playing certain musical instruments. Fingering typically changes throughout a piece; the challenge of choosing good fingering for a piece is to make the hand movements as comfortable as possible without changing hand...
charts or tablature
Tablature
Tablature is a form of musical notation indicating instrument fingering rather than musical pitches....
s, etc., scales
Musical scale
In music, a scale is a sequence of musical notes in ascending and descending order. Most commonly, especially in the context of the common practice period, the notes of a scale will belong to a single key, thus providing material for or being used to conveniently represent part or all of a musical...
and numerous different exercises, sometimes also simple etude
Étude
An étude , is an instrumental musical composition, most commonly of considerable difficulty, usually designed to provide practice material for perfecting a particular technical skill. The tradition of writing études emerged in the early 19th century with the rapidly growing popularity of the piano...
s, in different key
Key (music)
In music theory, the term key is used in many different and sometimes contradictory ways. A common use is to speak of music as being "in" a specific key, such as in the key of C major or in the key of F-sharp. Sometimes the terms "major" or "minor" are appended, as in the key of A minor or in the...
s, in ascending order as to difficulty (= in methodical progression) or with a focus on isolated aspects like fluency, rhythm
Rhythm
Rhythm may be generally defined as a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions." This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time may be applied to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or...
, dynamics
Dynamics (music)
In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...
, articulation
Articulation (music)
In music, articulation refers to the musical direction performance technique which affects the transition or continuity on a single note or between multiple notes or sounds.- Types of articulations :...
and the like. Sometimes there are even recital
Recital
A recital is a musical performance. It can highlight a single performer, sometimes accompanied by piano, or a performance of the works of a single composer.The invention of the solo piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt....
pieces, also with accompaniment. Such methods differ from etude books in that they are meant as a linear course for a student to follow, with consistent guidance, whereas volumes of etudes are not as comprehensive.
As typical instrumental methods are meant to function as textbooks supporting an instrumental teacher (rather than to facilitate self-teaching), usually no basic or special playing techniques are covered in any depth. Detailed instructions in this respect are only found in special, autodidactical
Autodidacticism
Autodidacticism is self-education or self-directed learning. In a sense, autodidacticism is "learning on your own" or "by yourself", and an autodidact is a person who teaches him or herself something. The term has its roots in the Ancient Greek words αὐτός and διδακτικός...
methods.
Some methods are especially tailored for students on certain skill
Skill
A skill is the learned capacity to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills...
levels or stages of psychosocial development
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development as articulated by Erik Erikson explain eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful...
. In contrast, a 'complete' method (sometimes in multiple volumes) is meant to accompany the student until he or she becomes an advanced player.
Methods of certain authors or editors have achieved the status of standard works (reflecting regional and cultural differences) and are published or reissued by different publishing
Publishing
Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information—the activity of making information available to the general public...
companies and in divers (new) arrangement
Arrangement
The American Federation of Musicians defines arranging as "the art of preparing and adapting an already written composition for presentation in other than its original form. An arrangement may include reharmonization, paraphrasing, and/or development of a composition, so that it fully represents...
s. The Suzuki Method
Suzuki method
The Suzuki method is a method of teaching music that emerged in the mid-20th century.-Background:The Suzuki Method was conceived in the mid-20th century by Shin'ichi Suzuki, a Japanese violinist who desired to bring beauty to the lives of children in his country after the devastation of World War II...
is probably the most well known example of this.
The following is a list of various methods of historical interest.
Flute
See also: Flute methodFlute method
In music, a Flute method is a kind of specific textbook style manual for playing the flute. It usually contains fingering charts and/or scales and numerous different exercises, sometimes also simple etudes, in different keys, in ascending order as to difficulty or with a focus on isolated aspects...
- Altes, Henry. Method for the Boehm flute.
- Berbiguier, Benoit Tranquille. Flute method.
- Dressler, Rafael. New and complete instructions for the flute, Op. 68. (1827)
- Drouet, Louis. Method of flute playing. (1830)
- Fürstenau, Anton BernhardAnton Bernhard FürstenauAnton Bernhard Fürstenau was a German flutist and composer. He was the most famous virtuoso in Germany on his instrument and the most important Romantic flutist of the first half of the nineteenth century...
. Flöten-schule, Op. 42. (1826) - Fürstenau, Anton Bernhard. Die kunst des flötenspiels, Op.138. (1844)
- Hugot and Wunderlich. Méthode de flûte. (1804)
- Lindsay, Thomas. The elements of flute-playing. (1830)
- Monzani, Tebaldo. Instructions for the german flute. (1801)
- Peraut, Mathieu. Méthode pour la flûte. (1800)
- Quantz, Johann JoachimJohann Joachim QuantzJohann Joachim Quantz was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.-Biography:Quantz was born in Oberscheden, near Göttingen, Germany, and died in Potsdam....
. Versuch einer anweisung die flöte traversiere zu spielen. (1752) - Soussmann, Heinrich. Complete method for flute.
- Taffanel, Paul and Gaubert, PhilippePhilippe GaubertPhilippe Gaubert was a French musician who was a distinguished performer on the flute, a respected conductor, and a composer, primarily for the flute....
. Methode complete de flute. (1923) - Tromlitz, Johann GeorgeJohann George TromlitzJohann George Tromlitz , born at Reinsdorf, near Artern, Germany, was a flautist, flute maker and composer.-External links:*...
. Unterricht der flöte zu spielen. (1791) - Wagner, Ernest. Foundation to flute playing.
Oboe
- Andraud, Albert. Practical and progressive oboe method.
- Barret, Apollon Marie-Rose. Complete method for oboe. (1850)
- Langley, Robin. Tutor for oboe.
- Niemann, WalterWalter Niemann (composer)Walter Rudolph Niemann was a German composer, arranger, and music critic.-Life:Born in Hamburg, Niemann was the son of composer and virtuoso pianist Rudolph Niemann . His uncle, Gustav Adolph Niemann was a violinist and important musical figure in Helsinki...
. Method for the oboe.
Clarinet
- Langenus, Gustav. Complete method for the Boehm clarinet. (1913)
- Bading, Heinrich and Lange, Hermann. Tutor. (1911)
- Bärmann, KarlKarl BärmannCarl Baermann was a clarinetist and composer from Munich, Germany.-Life and career:He was the son of noted clarinet virtuoso Heinrich Baermann and Helene Harlas. As a child he was taught the clarinet and the basset-horn by his father...
. Volständige clarinett-schule. (1864) - Gabler, Maximillian. Tutor. (1906)
- Gräfe, Richard. Method. (1912)
- Klosé, Hyacinthe Eléonore. Conservatory Method For The Clarinet. (1879)
- Lazarus, HenryHenry LazarusHenry Lazarus was the leading British clarinet virtuoso of the 19th century. George Bernard Shaw wrote of Henry Lazarus:...
. New and modern method for the Albert- and Boehm-system clarinet. (1881) - Magnani, AurelioAurélio MagnaniAurelio Magnani was an Italian teacher of and performer on the clarinet.He taught in Venice and Rome and produced many pupils. He wrote a clarinet method in addition to the Mazurka Caprice that can be heard on some recent reissues on CD of historical recordings by Louis Cahuzac.The work is pure...
. Methode complete de clarinette. (1900) - Mimart, Prospere. Methode nouvelle de clarinette. (1911)
- Reinecke, CarlCarl ReineckeCarl Heinrich Carsten Reinecke was a German composer, conductor, and pianist.-Biography:Reinecke was born in Altona, Hamburg, Germany; until 1864 the town was under Danish rule. He studied with his father, Johann Peter Rudolph Reinecke, a music teacher...
. Foundation to clarinet playing : an elementary method. (1919) - Stark, Robert. Grosse theoretische-praktische clarinett-schule, Op. 49. (1892)
Bassoon
- Langey, Otto. Tutor for bassoon.
- Mackintosh, George. New and improved bassoon tutor. (1840)
- Weissenborn, JuliusJulius WeissenbornChristian Julius Weissenborn was a bassoonist, teacher and composer. He was principal bassoonist of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1857 - 1887. He taught at the Leipzig Conservatory beginning in 1882...
. Practical method for the bassoon.
Saxophone
- Klosé, HyacintheHyacinthe KloséHyacinthe Eléonore Klosé was a French clarinet player, professor at the Conservatoire de Paris, and composer....
and Gay, Eugene. Methode complete pour saxophone. - Iasilli, Gerardo. Modern conservatory method for saxophone.
- Mayeur, Louis-Adolphe. Method for saxophone.
- Vereecken, Ben. Foundation to saxophone playing.
- Vereecken, Ben. The saxophone virtuoso.
- Ville, Paul de. Universal method for the saxophone.
Trumpet/Cornet
- Araldi, Giuseppe. Methodo per tromba a chiavi et a macchina. (1835)
- Arban, Jean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste ArbanJoseph Jean-Baptiste Laurent Arban was a cornetist, conductor, composer, pedagogue and the first famed virtuoso of the cornet à piston or valved cornet...
. Method for the cornet. (1864) - Arbuckle, Matthew. Complete cornet method. (1866)
- Brett, Harry. The cornet. (1888)
- Brulon, Adolphe. Méthode de cornet à deux et à trois pistons. (1854)
- Canti, Antonio. Metodo per cornetto flugelhorn in si bemòlle e per flugel basso. (1892)
- Clodomir, Pierre François. Méthode élémetaire de cornet à pistons. (1870)
- Dauverné, François Georges Auguste. Methode de trompette à pistons. (1835)
- Dauverné, François Georges Auguste. Méthode théorique et pratique du cornet à pistons ou cylindres. (1846)
- Dauverné, François Georges Auguste. Méthode pour la trompette. (1857)
- Foraboschi Giuseppe. A new and complete instruction book for the trumpet. (1828)
- Forestier, Joseph. Method pour le cornet à pistons. (1834)
- Guichard, Michel. Grande méthode. (1864)
- Hoch, Theodor. Tutor for the cornet. (1880)
- Hofmann, RichardRichard HofmannRichard Hofmann was a German football player. He played in 25 internationals for Germany as a centre forward, scoring 24 goals, including the first ever international hat-trick against England by a player from outside the home nations.-Life and career:He was born in Meerane, Saxony, Germany, and...
. Schule für althorn oder es-cornet. (1885) - Howe, Elias. New cornet instructor. (1860)
- Kastner, Jean Georges. Metodo elementare per cornetto (o flicorno) a due e tre pistoni. (1892)
- Kosleck, Julius. Grosse Schule für cornet a piston.
- Kresser, Joseph Gebhardt. Methode pour la trompette.
- Kueffner, Joseph. Principes elementaires.
- Langey, Otto. Celebrated tutors: b-flat cornet. (1899)
- Mariscotti, Luigi. Nouvelle méthode complete de cornet à pistons. (1837)
- Roy, Eugene. Methode de trompette sans clefs et avec clefs divisee en deux parties. (1824)
- Ryan, Sidney. True cornet instructor. (1874)
- Saint-Jacome, Louis. Grand method for the cornet. (1894)
- Sedgwick, Alfred. Complete method for the cornet. (1873)
- Sinsolliez, Ainé. Méthode complète de cornet à trois pistons. (1848)
- Sussmann, Heinrich. Neue theoretisch practische trompeten-schule. (1859)
- Weber, CarlCarl Maria von WeberCarl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber was a German composer, conductor, pianist, guitarist and critic, one of the first significant composers of the Romantic school....
. The premier method for cornet. (1896) - Winner, SeptimusSeptimus WinnerSeptimus Winner is best known as a songwriter of the nineteenth century. He used his own name, and also the pseudonyms Alice Hawthorne, Percy Guyer, Mark Mason, Apsley Street, and Paul Stenton...
. The ideal method for the cornet. (1882) - Wurm, Wilhelm. Method for cornet à pistons. (1893)
Horn
- Dauprat, Louis-François. Methode de cor alto et cor basse. (1824)
- Domnich, Heinrich. Methode de premier et de deuxieme cor. (1807)
- Duvernoy, Frederic. Methode pour le cor. (1803)
- Franz, Oscar. Grosse theoretisch-practische waldhorn-schule. (1880)
- Frohlich, Joseph. Hornschule. (1810)
- Gallay, Jacques-François. Méthode pour le cor. (1842)
- Göroldt, Johann Heinrich. Hornschule. (1822)
- Holyoke, Samuel. The instrumental assistant. (1807)
- Kling, Henri. Hornschule. (1865)
- Meifred, JosephJoseph MeifredJoseph Meifred was a hornist, a pedagogue, and a horn designer. He studied at the Paris Conservatory with Louis-François Dauprat and won the first prize in horn performance in 1818...
. Methode pour le cor chromatique ou a pistons. (1840) - Pepper, James Welsh. Self instructor for french horn. (1882)
- Simpson, John. The complete tutor for the horn. (1746)
- Tully, Charles. Tutor for the french horn. (1840)
Trombone
- Arban, Jean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste ArbanJoseph Jean-Baptiste Laurent Arban was a cornetist, conductor, composer, pedagogue and the first famed virtuoso of the cornet à piston or valved cornet...
. Grande méthode complete pour cornet a pistons et de saxhorn. (1864) - Braun, André. Gamme et méthode pour les trombonnes alto, ténor, et basse. (1795)
- Brulon, Adolphe. Methode de trombone a coulisse. (1851)
- Cornette, Victor. Method for the trombone. (1838)
- Dieppo, Antoine. Méthode complete pour le trombone. (1836)
- Fillmore, HenryHenry FillmoreHenry Fillmore was an American musician, composer, publisher, and bandleader, best-known for his many marches and screamers.-Biography:James Henry Fillmore Jr. was born in Cincinnati, Ohio as the eldest of five children...
. Jazz trombonist. (1919) - Fröhlich, Joseph. Vollständige theoretisch-practische musikschule. (1811)
- Gebauer, Francois ReneFrançois René GebauerFrançois René Gebauer was a French composer, professor and bassoonist and the son of a German military musician. He was one of five brothers Michel Joseph Gebauer , Pierre-Paul Gebauer, Jean-Luc Gebauer, and Etienne-François Gebauer, all of whom were also musicians and composers...
. 50 lecons pour la trombonne basse, alto, et tenor. (1800) - Hampe, Carl. Method for the slide trombone with an appendix for the trombone with valves. (1916)
- Kastner, Jean Georges. Method for the trombone. (1845)
- Lafosse, AndreAndre LafosseAndré Lafosse was a professional trombonist and professor at the Paris Conservatoire in the early 20th century.Lafosse was Professor of Trombone at the Paris Conservatoire from 1948 to 1960, where he took over from Henri Couillaud....
. Methode complete pour le trombone. (1921) - Langey, Otto. Tutor for the tenor slide trombone. (1885)
- Müller, Robert. Schule für zugposaune. (1902)
- Nemetz, Andreas. Neueste posaun-schule. (1828)
- Sordillo, Fortunato. Art of jazzing for the trombone. (1920)
- Ville, Paul de. Universal method for slide and valve trombone in bass and treble clef. (1900)
- Vobaron, Edmond. Methode de trombone. (1853)
- Wirth, Adam. Posaune schule für alto, tenor, und bass posaune. (1870)
Voice
- Abt, Franz. Praktische gesangschule, Op.474.
- Concone, Giuseppe. The school of sight-singing.
- García, ManuelManuel GarciaManuel Garcia may refer to:*Manuel García , singer & voice pedagogue; son of Manuel García *Manuel García , Spanish singer and composer, father of Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García...
. Ecole de Garcia: traité complet de l'art du chant. - Lamperti, FrancescoFrancesco LampertiFrancesco Lamperti was an Italian singing teacher.A native of Savona, Lamperti attended the Milan Conservatory where, beginning in 1850, he taught for a quarter of a century. He was director at the Teatro Filodrammatico in Lodi. In 1875 he left the school and began to teach as a private tutor...
. The art of singing. (1890) - Marchesi, MathildeMathilde MarchesiMathilde Marchesi was a German mezzo-soprano, a renowned teacher of singing, and a proponent of the bel canto vocal method.-Biography:...
. The art of singing, Op. 21. (1890) - Marchesi, MathildeMathilde MarchesiMathilde Marchesi was a German mezzo-soprano, a renowned teacher of singing, and a proponent of the bel canto vocal method.-Biography:...
. Vocal method, Op. 31. (1900) - Panofka, Heinrich. Abécédaire vocal.
- Panseron, Auguste. Méthode complète de vocalisation. (1898)
- Shakespeare, WilliamWilliam Shakespeare (tenor)William Shakespeare was an English tenor, pedagogue, and composer.William Shakespeare was born in England on 16 June 1849. He studied in London, at the Royal Academy of Music with William Sterndale Bennett...
. The art of singing. (1910) - Vaccai, NicolaNicola VaccaiNicola Vaccai was an Italian composer, particularly of operas, and a singing teacher.-Life and career as a composer:...
. Metodo pratico de canto. (1832)
Piano
- Clementi, MuzioMuzio ClementiMuzio Clementi was a celebrated composer, pianist, pedagogue, conductor, music publisher, editor, and piano manufacturer. Born in Italy, he spent most of his life in England. He is best known for his piano sonatas, and his collection of piano studies, Gradus ad Parnassum...
. Introduction to the art of playing on the pianoforte. (1801) - Cramer, Johann BaptistJohann Baptist CramerJohann Baptist Cramer was an English musician of German origin. He was the son of Wilhelm Cramer, a famous London violinist and musical conductor, one of a numerous family who were identified with the progress of music during the 18th and 19th centuries.-Biography:Johann Baptist Cramer was born in...
. Instructions for the pianoforte. (1810) - Czerny, CarlCarl CzernyCarl Czerny was an Austrian pianist, composer and teacher. He is best remembered today for his books of études for the piano. Czerny's music was profoundly influenced by his teachers, Muzio Clementi, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Antonio Salieri and Ludwig van Beethoven.-Early life:Carl Czerny was born...
. Complete theoretical and practical pianoforte school, Op. 500. (1838) - Dussek, Jan LadislavJan Ladislav DussekJan Ladislav Dussek was a Czech composer and pianist. He was an important representative of Czech music abroad in the second half of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century...
. Instructions on the art of playing the piano forte or harpsichord. (1796) - Herz, HenriHenri HerzHenri Herz was a pianist and composer, Austrian by birth, and French by domicile.Herz was born Heinrich Herz in Vienna...
. Méthode. (1838) - Hummel, Johann NepomukJohann Nepomuk HummelJohann Nepomuk Hummel or Jan Nepomuk Hummel was an Austrian composer and virtuoso pianist. His music reflects the transition from the Classical to the Romantic musical era.- Life :...
. Ausführliche theoretisch-practische Anweisung zum Piano-Forte-Spiel. (1828) - Philipp, Isidore. Complete school of Technic for the Piano.
- Pollini, Francesco. Methodo del clavicembelo. (1811)
- Rimbault, Edward FrancisEdward Francis RimbaultEdward Francis Rimbault , English organist and author. Some of his historical musical anthologies were published by the Percy Society.*Co-founded the Musical Antiquarian Society in 1840....
. A child's first instruction book for the piano forte. (1839) - Safonov, Vasily IlyichVasily Ilyich SafonovVasily Ilyich Safonov was a Russian pianist, teacher, conductor and composer.Safonov, or Safonoff as he was known in the West during his lifetime, was born at Itschory, Russian Caucasus, the son of a Russian officer of Cossacks. He was educated at the Imperial Alexandra Lyceum, Saint Petersburg,...
. New Formula for the Piano Teacher and Piano Student. (1916) - Türk, Daniel Gottlieb. Klavier-Schule. (1789)
Harpsichord/Clavichord
- Bach, Carl Philipp EmanuelCarl Philipp Emanuel Bachright|250pxCarl Philipp Emanuel Bach was a German Classical period musician and composer, the fifth child and second son of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach...
. Versuch über die wahre art das clavier zu spielen. (1753) - Baumgarten, Charles Frederick. The ladies companion, or a complete tutor for the forte, piano forte, or harpsichord. (1784)
- Couperin, FrançoisFrançois CouperinFrançois Couperin was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. He was known as Couperin le Grand to distinguish him from other members of the musically talented Couperin family.-Life:Couperin was born in Paris...
. L'art de toucher le clavecinL'Art de toucher le ClavecinL'art de toucher le clavecin is a didactic treatise by the French composer François Couperin...
.] (1716) - Gasparini, FrancescoFrancesco GaspariniFrancesco Gasparini was an Italian Baroque composer and teacher whose works were performed throughout Italy, and also on occasion in Germany and England....
. L'Armonico Pratico al Cimbalo.
Organ
- Neukomm, Sigismund. An elementary method for the organ in general. (1859)
- Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich. Praktische orgelschule, Op. 55. (1819)
Guitar
- Aguado, DionisioDionisio AguadoDionisio Aguado was a Spanish classical guitarist and composer.-Biography:Born in Madrid, he studied with Miguel García. In 1826, Aguado visited Paris, where he met and became friends with and for a while lived with Fernando Sor...
. Nuevo metodo de guitarra, Op. 6. - Carcassi, MatteoMatteo CarcassiMatteo Carcassi was a famous Italian guitarist and composer.Carcassi began with the piano, but learned guitar when still a child. He quickly gained a reputation as a virtuoso concert guitarist....
. Methode complete pour la guitare, Op. 59. - Carulli, FerdinandoFerdinando CarulliFerdinando Maria Meinrado Francesco Pascale Rosario Carulli was an Italian composer for classical guitar and the author of the first complete classical guitar method, which continues to be used today. He wrote a variety of works for classical guitar, including concertos and chamber works...
. Méthode complette. (1815) - Chabran, Carlo Francesco. Complete instructions for the Spanish guitar. (1795)
- Giuliani, MauroMauro GiulianiMauro Giuseppe Sergio Pantaleo Giuliani was an Italian guitarist, cellist and composer, and is considered by many to be one of the leading guitar virtuosi of the early 19th century.- Biography :...
. Studio per la chitarra, Op. 1. (1812) - Jauralde, Nicario. A complete preceptor for the Spanish guitar. (1827)
- Legnani, LuigiLuigi LegnaniLuigi Rinaldo Legnani was an Italian guitarist, singer, composer and luthier.He is not to be confused with the sculptor Luigi Legnani .....
. Metodo par imparare e conoscere la musica e suonare la chitarra, Op. 250. (1847) - Shaeffer, Arling. Elite guitar instructor. (1895)
- Sor, FernandoFernando SorJosep Ferran Sorts i Muntades was a Spanish classical guitarist and composer. While he is best known for his guitar compositions, he also composed music for a wide range of genres, including opera, orchestra, string quartet, piano, voice and ballet...
. Complete method for the guitar. (1851)
Harp
- Barthélemon, François-HippolyteFrançois-Hippolyte BarthélémonFrançois Hippolyte Barthélemon was a French violinist, pedagogue, and composer active in England.-Biography:François Barthélemon was born in Bordeaux , France. He received his education in Paris, where he studied musical composition and violin, and performed in the orchestra of the Comédie-Italienne...
. Tutor for the harp. (1795) - Bochsa, Nicholas Charles. The first 6 weeks, or daily precepts & examples for the harp. (1840)
- Dizi, François Joseph. "École de harpe", a complete treatise on the harp. (1827)
- Weippert, John Erhardt. The pedal harp rotula. (1800)
Violin
- Bang, Maia. Violin method.
- Bériot, Charles deCharles de BériotCharles Auguste de Bériot was a Belgian violinist and composer.-Biography:Born in Leuven, where there is now a street named in his honour, he moved to France in 1810, where he studied violin with Jean-François Tiby, a pupil of Giovanni Battista Viotti...
. Method for violin. - Casorti, August. The techniques of bowing, Op. 50.
- Geminiani, FrancescoFrancesco Geminianithumb|230px|Francesco Geminiani.Francesco Saverio Geminiani was an Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.-Biography:...
. The art of playing on the violin. (1751) - Hohmann, Christian Heinrich. Practical violin method.
- Laoureux, Nicolaus. A practical method for violin.
- Mozart, LeopoldLeopold MozartJohann Georg Leopold Mozart was a German composer, conductor, teacher, and violinist. Mozart is best known today as the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and for his violin textbook Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule.-Childhood and student years:He was born in Augsburg, son of...
. Gründliche Violinschule. (1756) - Schradieck, HenryHenry SchradieckHenry Schradieck was one of the foremost violin teachers of his day. He wrote a series of etude books for the violin which are still in common use today....
. The school of violin technics. (1900) - Sevcik, OtakarOtakar ŠevcíkOtakar Ševčík was a Czech violinist and influential teacher. He was known as a soloist and an ensemble player, including his occasional performances with Eugène Ysaÿe.-Biography:...
. Violin school for beginners, Op.6. (1903) - Sevcik, Otakar. School of violin technique, Op. 1. (1905)
- Sevcik, Otakar. School of bowing technique, Op. 2. (1905)
- Spohr, LouisLouis SpohrLouis Spohr was a German composer, violinist and conductor. Born Ludewig Spohr, he is usually known by the French form of his name. Described by Dorothy Mayer as "The Forgotten Master", Spohr was once as famous as Beethoven. As a violinist, his virtuoso playing was admired by Queen Victoria...
. Violinschule. (1832) - Wohlfahrt, Franz. Easiest elementary method for beginners, Op. 38.
Viola
- Cavallini, EugenioEugenio CavalliniEugenio Cavallini was an Italian conductor, composer, violinist, and violist. In 1833 he became first violinist of the orchestra at La Scala, a post he held through 1855...
. Viola method. (1845) - Giorgetti, Ferdinando. Viola method, Op.34. (1840)
Violoncello
- Davydov, Karl. School of violoncello playing. (1888)
- Dotzauer, Justus Johann FriedrichJustus Johann Friedrich DotzauerJustus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer was a German cellist and composer.-Life:Born in Haselrieth, near Hildburghausen, to a father who was a church music minister, he learned at a young age to play a number of instruments, including piano, double bass, violin, clarinet, and horn...
. The violoncello method for elementary teaching, Op. 126. (1836) - Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. The method of playing harmonics, Op. 147. (1837)
- Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. The practical method of violoncello playing, Op. 155.
- Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. The violoncello method, Op. 165. (1832)
- Duport, Jean-LouisJean-Louis DuportJean-Louis Duport , sometimes known as Duport the Younger to distinguish him from his older brother Jean-Pierre , was a cellist....
. Instruction on the fingering and bowing of the violoncello. (1806) - Gunn, John. The theory and practice of fingering the violoncello. (1789)
- Kummer, Friedrich AugustFriedrich August KummerFriedrich August Kummer , born in Meiningen, Germany, was a violoncellist, pedagogue, and composer.-Childhood and education:As a child, his family moved to Dresden on an invitation by the court chapel to his father, an oboist...
. Cello method. (1839) - Lee, SebastianSebastian LeeSebastian Lee was a LWD engineer and MWD engineer. From 1977 to now he is a soloist at the Grand Opera Orchestra in Medan. There he also taught the violoncello until 1868 when he returned to Jakarta....
. Method. (1845) - Popper, DavidDavid PopperDavid Popper was a Bohemian cellist and composer.-Life:He was born in Prague, and studied music at the Prague Conservatory. He studied the cello under Julius Goltermann , and soon attracted attention...
. High school of cello playing, Op. 73. - Romberg, BernhardBernhard RombergBernhard Heinrich Romberg , was a German cellist and composer.-Life:Romberg was born at Dinklage. His father, Anton Romberg, played the bassoon and cello and gave Bernhard his first cello lessons. He first performed in public at the age of seven...
. Violoncello method. (1839) - Sevcik, OtakarOtakar ŠevcíkOtakar Ševčík was a Czech violinist and influential teacher. He was known as a soloist and an ensemble player, including his occasional performances with Eugène Ysaÿe.-Biography:...
. School of bowing technique. (1905) - Werner, Joseph. Practical method for cello.
- Ghigi, Marcella, Il violoncello. Conoscere la tecnica per esprimere la musica, Casa Musicale Sonzogno, Milano, 1999. ISBN 88-87318-08-5 with a preface by Mario BrunelloMario BrunelloMario Brunello is a renowned worldwide Italian cellist and musician. The turning point in his artistic life was the 1986 victory of the International Tchaikovsky Competition-Origins and musical beginnings:...
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Contrabass
- Fröhlich, Friedrich Theodor. Contrabass-schule. (1830)