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Mandubracius or Mandubratius was a king of the Trinovantes
Trinovantes

The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes that lived in pre-Roman Britain. Their territory was on the north side of the Thames estuary in current Essex, England and Suffolk, and included lands now located in Greater London....
 of south-eastern Britain
Prehistoric Britain

Prehistoric Britain was a period in the human occupation of Great Britain that was the later part of prehistory, conventionally ending with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, though some historical information is available about Britain before this....
 in the 1st century BC.

ubracius was the son of a Trinovantian king, named Imanuentius
Imanuentius

Imanuentius appears in some manuscripts of Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico as the name of a king of the Trinovantes, the leading nation of south-eastern Prehistoric Britain at that time, who ruled before Caesar's second expedition to the island in 54 BC....
 in some manuscripts of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
's De Bello Gallico, who was overthrown and killed by the warlord Cassivellaunus
Cassivellaunus

Cassivellaunus was a historical Brythonic chieftain who led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Great Britain in 54 BC. He also appears in British legend as Cassibelanus, one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's kings of Britain, and in the Mabinogion, Brut y Bryttaniait and Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, son of Beli Mawr....
 some time before Caesar's second expedition to Britain
Caesar's invasions of Britain

During his Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar invaded Great Britain twice, in 55 and 54 BC. The first invasion, made late in summer, was either intended as a full invasion or a reconnaissance-in-force expedition....
 in 54 BC. Mandubracius fled to the protection of Caesar in Gaul. Cassivellaunus then led the British defence against the Romans
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
, but the Trinovantes betrayed the location of his fortress to Caesar, who proceeded to besiege him there.






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Mandubracius or Mandubratius was a king of the Trinovantes
Trinovantes

The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes that lived in pre-Roman Britain. Their territory was on the north side of the Thames estuary in current Essex, England and Suffolk, and included lands now located in Greater London....
 of south-eastern Britain
Prehistoric Britain

Prehistoric Britain was a period in the human occupation of Great Britain that was the later part of prehistory, conventionally ending with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, though some historical information is available about Britain before this....
 in the 1st century BC.

History

Mandubracius was the son of a Trinovantian king, named Imanuentius
Imanuentius

Imanuentius appears in some manuscripts of Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico as the name of a king of the Trinovantes, the leading nation of south-eastern Prehistoric Britain at that time, who ruled before Caesar's second expedition to the island in 54 BC....
 in some manuscripts of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
's De Bello Gallico, who was overthrown and killed by the warlord Cassivellaunus
Cassivellaunus

Cassivellaunus was a historical Brythonic chieftain who led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Great Britain in 54 BC. He also appears in British legend as Cassibelanus, one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's kings of Britain, and in the Mabinogion, Brut y Bryttaniait and Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, son of Beli Mawr....
 some time before Caesar's second expedition to Britain
Caesar's invasions of Britain

During his Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar invaded Great Britain twice, in 55 and 54 BC. The first invasion, made late in summer, was either intended as a full invasion or a reconnaissance-in-force expedition....
 in 54 BC. Mandubracius fled to the protection of Caesar in Gaul. Cassivellaunus then led the British defence against the Romans
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
, but the Trinovantes betrayed the location of his fortress to Caesar, who proceeded to besiege him there. As part of the terms of Cassivellaunus's surrender, Mandubracius was installed as king of the Trinovantes, and Cassivellaunus undertook not to make war against him.

Medieval traditions

He appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey of Monmouth

Geoffrey of Monmouth was a clergyman and one of the major figures in the English historians in the Middle Ages and the popularity of tales of King Arthur....
's Historia Regum Britanniae
Historia Regum Britanniae

The Historia Regum Britanniae is a pseudohistory account of Great Britain history, written c.1136 by Geoffrey of Monmouth. It chronicles the lives of the List of legendary kings of Britain in a chronological narrative spanning a time of two thousand years, beginning with the Troy of Homer's Iliad founding the Brython nation and conti...
 (1136) as Androgeus, eldest son of the legendary king Lud
Lud son of Heli

Lud , according to Geoffrey of Monmouth's legendary Historia Regum Britanniae and related medieval texts, was a king of Great Britain in pre-Roman Britain times....
. The name change can be traced to copying errors in Orosius
Orosius

Paulus Orosius was a Christianity historian, theology and disciple of Augustine of Hippo who came from Gallaecia , probably from the capital city Bracara Augusta....
's Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, a 5th century Christian history which was influential in medieval Britain, where it appears in different manuscripts as "Mandubragius" and "Andragorius". Bede
Bede

Bede , , was a monasticism at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth, today part of Sunderland, England, and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow , both in the Kingdom of Northumbria....
, who follows Orosius almost verbatim for his account of Caesar's expeditions, calls him "Andragius" (a name which Geoffrey used for an earlier British king
Andragius

Andragius was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was the youngest son of King Cherin and succeeded by his son Urianus....
). Geoffrey may also have been influenced by the Greek mythological
Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the Ancient Greece concerning their List of Greek mythological figures#Immortals and Greek hero cult, Cosmology#Metaphysical cosmology, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices....
 character Androgeus
Androgeus

In Greek mythology, Androgeus was the father of Sthenelus and a son of Minos and Pasipha?. Aegeus, King of Athens, killed Androgeus because he won every prize during a feast....
.

When Lud died, Androgeus and his brother Tenvantius
Tasciovanus

File:Tasciovanus.jpgTasciovanus was a historical king of the Catuvellauni tribe before the Roman conquest of Britain....
 were too young to rule, so the throne went to their uncle Cassibelanus
Cassivellaunus

Cassivellaunus was a historical Brythonic chieftain who led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Great Britain in 54 BC. He also appears in British legend as Cassibelanus, one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's kings of Britain, and in the Mabinogion, Brut y Bryttaniait and Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, son of Beli Mawr....
. Androgeus was made Duke of Trinovantum
Trinovantum

Trinovantum, in medieval British legend, is the name given to London in earliest times. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae it was founded by the exiled Troy Brutus of Britain, who called it Troia Nova , which gradually corrupted to Trinovantum....
 (London
London

London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
) and Kent
Kent

Kent is a Counties of England in southeast England, and is one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the River Thames estuary....
, and participated in the defence of Britain against Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
. After Caesar's first two invasions were repelled, the Britons held a celebration at which sacrifices were made to the gods and games played. Cuelinus, a nephew of Androgeus, wrestled with Hirelglas, Cassibelanus's nephew, and killed him in a dispute over the result. Cassibelanus demanded Androgeus hand over his nephew for trial, but fearing the king's intentions, Androgeus refused, offering to try him in his own court. Cassibelanus made war on Androgeus, who appealed to Caesar for help. He gave hostages, including his own son Scaeva, as proof of his intentions, and Caesar invaded a third time. Between them, Androgeus and Caesar forced Cassibelanus to submit and agree to pay tribute to Rome. Caesar spent the winter in Britain, and he and Cassibelanus became friends. When he finally returned to Rome to fight the civil war
Caesar's civil war

The Roman civil war of 49 BC, sometimes called Caesar's Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic. It was a series of political and military confrontations between Julius Caesar, his political supporters, and his Roman legion, against the traditionalist conservative faction in the Roman Senate, sometimes known as the O...
 against Pompey
Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'p?mpi/, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir , was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman Republic....
, Androgeus went with him, never to return.

In Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia, and in the Welsh Triads
Welsh Triads

The Welsh Triads are a group of related texts in medieval manuscripts which preserve fragments of Welsh folklore, Welsh mythology and traditional history in groups of three....
, he appears as Afarwy. The Triads name him as one of the "Three Dishonoured Men of the Island of Britain" for inviting Caesar to invade.

John Koch suggests that Mandubracius may be the historical basis of the Welsh
Welsh mythology

Welsh mythology, the remnants of the mythology of the pre-Christian Britons , has come down to us in much altered form in Medieval Welsh literature such as the Red Book of Hergest, the White Book of Rhydderch, the Book of Aneirin and the Book of Taliesin....
 mythological figure Manawydan
Manawydan

In Welsh mythology, Manawydan, son of Llyr, is the equivalent of the Irish mythology Manannan mac Lir and a presumed Water deity.According to the Mabinogion, Pryderi invited Manawydan to live with him in Kingdom of Dyfed and marry Rhiannon, Pryderi's mother after they both returned from the fighting in Ireland ....
: he reconstructs the original form of his father's name as *Mannue:tios, and an earlier form of Manwydan as *Mannue:tiagnos, "son of Mannuetios".

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