List of benzodiazepines - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The below tables contain a list of benzodiazepines that are commonly prescribed, with their basic pharmacological characteristics such as half-life and equivalent doses to other benzodiazepines also listed, along with their trade names and primary uses. The elimination half-life is how long it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated by the body. "Time to peak" refers to when maximum levels of the drug in the blood occur after a given dose. Benzodiazepines generally share the same pharmacological properties, such as anxiolytic

Anxiolytic

An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...

, sedative

Sedative

A sedative or tranquilizer is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement....

, hypnotic

Hypnotic

Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...

, skeletal muscle relaxant, amnesic and anticonvulsant

Anticonvulsant

The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...

(hypertension in combination with other anti hypertension medications). Variation in potency of certain effects may exist among individual benzodiazepines. Some benzodiazepines produce active metabolites. Active metabolites are produced when a person's body metabolizes the drug into compounds that share a similar pharmacological profile to the parent compound and thus are relevant when calculating how long the pharmacological effects of a drug will last. Long-acting benzodiazepines with long-acting active metabolites such as diazepam

Diazepam

Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...

and chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide, is a sedative/hypnotic drug and benzodiazepine. It is marketed under the trade names Angirex, Klopoxid, Librax , Libritabs, Librium, Mesural, Multum, Novapam, Risolid, Silibrin, Sonimen and Tropium.Chlordiazepoxide was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesised and...

are often prescribed for benzodiazepine or alcohol withdrawal or for anxiety

Anxiety

Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. The root meaning of the word anxiety is 'to vex or trouble'; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness,...

if constant dose levels are required throughout the day. Shorter-acting benzodiazepines are often preferred for insomnia

Insomnia

Insomnia is most often defined by an individual's report of sleeping difficulties. While the term is sometimes used in sleep literature to describe a disorder demonstrated by polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep, insomnia is often defined as a positive response to either of two questions:...

due to their lesser hangover effect.

Benzodiazepine half-life and equivalent dose table

It is important to note that the elimination half-life of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide as well as other long half-life benzodiazepines is twice as long in the elderly compared to younger individuals. Individuals with an impaired liver also metabolise benzodiazepines more slowly. Many doctors make the mistake of not adjusting benzodiazepine dosage according to age in elderly patients. Thus the equivalent doses below may need to be adjusted accordingly in individuals on short acting benzodiazepines who metabolise long-acting benzodiazepines more slowly and vice versa. The changes are most notable with long acting benzodiazepines as these are prone to significant accumulation in such individuals. For example the equivalent dose of diazepam in an elderly individual on lorazepam may be up to half of what would be expected in a younger individual. Equivalencies between individual benzodiazepines can differ by 20 fold on a mg per mg basis; awareness of this fact is necessary for the safe and effective use of benzodiazepines.

Drug Name	Common Brand Names*	Time to Peak (Onset of action in hours)	Elimination Half-Life (h Hour The hour is a unit of measurement of time. In modern usage, an hour comprises 60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds... )^† [active metabolite]	Therapeutic use	Approximate Equivalent Dose^‡
Alprazolam Alprazolam Alprazolam is a short-acting anxiolytic of the benzodiazepine class of psychoactive drugs. Alprazolam, like other benzodiazepines, binds to specific sites on the GABAA gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor...	Helex, Xanax, Xanor, Onax, Alprox, Restyl	1-2	6–12 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	0.5 mg
Bretazenil Bretazenil Bretazenil is an imidazopyrrolobenzodiazepine anxiolytic drug which is derived from the benzodiazepine family, and was invented in 1988. It is most closely related in structure to the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, although its effects are somewhat different...	N/A	?	2.5 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	0.5 mg
Bromazepam Bromazepam Bromazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug, patented by Roche in the 1963 and developed clinically in the 1970s...	Lectopam, Lexotanil, Lexotan, Bromam	1-3	10–20 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	5–6 mg
Brotizolam Brotizolam Brotizolam is a sedative-hypnotic thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties, and is considered to be similar in effect to short-acting benzodiazepines such as triazolam...	Lendormin, Dormex, Sintonal, Noctilan	0.5-2	4–5 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	0.25 mg
Chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide, is a sedative/hypnotic drug and benzodiazepine. It is marketed under the trade names Angirex, Klopoxid, Librax , Libritabs, Librium, Mesural, Multum, Novapam, Risolid, Silibrin, Sonimen and Tropium.Chlordiazepoxide was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesised and...	Librium, Risolid, Elenium	1.5-4	5–30 hours [36–200 hours]	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	25 mg
Cinolazepam Cinolazepam Cinolazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....	Gerodorm	0.5-2	9 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	40 mg
Clonazepam Clonazepam Clonazepamis a benzodiazepine drug having anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic properties. It is marketed by Roche under the trade name Klonopin in the United States and Rivotril in Australia, Brazil, Canada and Europe...	Rivotril, Klonopin, Iktorivil, Paxam	1-4	18–50 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	0.5 mg
Clorazepate Clorazepate Clorazepate , also known as clorazepate dipotassium, is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Clorazepate is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam, which is rapidly produced as an active metabolite...	Tranxene, Tranxilium	Variable	36–100 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	15 mg
Clotiazepam Clotiazepam Clotiazepam is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The clotiazepam molecule differs from most other benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring...	Veratran, Clozan, Rize	1-3	6-18 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	5-10 mg
Cloxazolam Cloxazolam Cloxazolam Cloxazolam Cloxazolam (marketed under brand name Sepazon, Olcadil (Brazil, Portugal and Spain), Akton (Belgium), Lubalix (Switzerland) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Cloxazolam is metabolised into the active metabolite chlordesmethyldiazepam (delorazepam)...	Sepazon, Olcadil	2-5 (?)	18–50 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	1 mg
Delorazepam Delorazepam Delorazepam also known as chlordesmethyldiazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine and a derivative of desmethyldiazepam. It is marketed in Italy, where it is available under the trade name EN and Dadumir. Delorazepam is also an active metabolite of the benzodiazepine drug cloxazolam...	Dadumir	1-2	60–140 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	1 mg
Diazepam Diazepam Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...	Antenex, Apaurin, Apzepam, Apozepam, Hexalid, Pax, Stesolid, Stedon, Valium, Vival, Valaxona	1-1.5	20–100 hours [36-200]	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an... , muscle relaxant Muscle relaxant A muscle relaxant is a drug which affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia. The term "muscle relaxant" is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups: neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics...	10 mg
Estazolam Estazolam Estazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Upjohn in the 1970s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties...	ProSom	1-5	10–24 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	1–2 mg
Etizolam Etizolam Etizolam is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The etizolam molecule differs from most other benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring...	Etilaam, Pasaden, Depas	1-2	6 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	1 mg
Flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam is marketed as a potent hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, amnestic, and skeletal muscle relaxant drug most commonly known as Rohypnol...	Rohypnol, Fluscand, Flunipam, Ronal, Rohydorm,	0.5-3	18–26 hours [36–200 hours]	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	1 mg
Flurazepam Flurazepam Flurazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a very long half-life , which may stay in the bloodstream for up to four days...	Dalmadorm, Dalmane	1-1.5	40–250 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	15–30 mg
Flutoprazepam Flutoprazepam Flutoprazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine. It was patented in Japan by Sumitomo in 1972 and its medical use remains mostly confined to that country...	Restas	0.5-9	60–90 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	2–3 mg
Halazepam Halazepam Halazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative and is marketed under the brand names Alapryl and Pacinone It is no longer marketed in the United States. It had been marketed under the name Paxipam, but was withdrawn by its manufacturer, Schering Plough, for poor sales. It possesses anxiolytic,...	Paxipam	1-3	30–100 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	20–40 mg
Ketazolam Ketazolam Ketazolam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative...	Anxon	2.5-3	30–100 hours [36-200]	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	15–30 mg
Loprazolam Loprazolam Loprazolam marketed under the brand names Dormonoct, Havlane, Sonin, Somnovit, is a drug which is an imidazole benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is available in 1 mg tablets...	Dormonoct	0.5-4	6–12 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	1–2 mg
Lorazepam Lorazepam Lorazepam is a high-potency short-to-intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine drug that has all five intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and muscle relaxant...	Ativan, Temesta, Tavor, Lorabenz	2-4	10–20 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	1 mg
Lormetazepam Lormetazepam Lormetazepam Lormetazepam Lormetazepam (INN, or methyl-lorazepam, is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....	Loramet, Noctamid, Pronoctan	0.5-2	10–12 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	1–2 mg
Medazepam Medazepam Medazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....	Nobrium	?	36–200 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	10 mg
Midazolam Midazolam Midazolam is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1970s. The drug is used for treatment of acute seizures, moderate to severe insomnia, and for inducing sedation and amnesia before medical procedures. It possesses profoundly potent anxiolytic,...	Dormicum, Versed, Hypnovel, Dormonid	0.5-1	3 hours (1.8–6 hours)	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	5 –8 mg
Nimetazepam Nimetazepam Nimetazepam is an intermediate-acting hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was first synthesized by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in 1962. It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Nimetazepam is also an anticonvulsant. It is sold in 5 mg...	Erimin	0.5-3	14–30 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	5 mg
Nitrazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepam is a type of benzodiazepine drug and is marketed in English-speaking countries under the following brand names: Alodorm, Arem, Insoma, Mogadon, Nitrados, Nitrazadon, Ormodon, Paxadorm, Remnos, and Somnite...	Mogadon, Alodorm, Pacisyn, Dumolid, Nitrazadon	0.5-7	15–38 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	10 mg
Nordazepam Nordazepam Nordazepam , also known as desoxydemoxepam, nordiazepam and desmethyldiazepam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties...	Madar, Stilny	?	50–120 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	10 mg
Oxazepam Oxazepam Oxazepam , is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative...	Seresta, Serax, Serenid, Serepax, Oxabenz, Oxapax	3-4	4–15 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	20 mg
Phenazepam Phenazepam Phenazepam is a benzodiazepine drug, which was developed in the Soviet Union and now produced in Russia and some CIS countries. Phenazepam is used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy, alcohol withdrawal syndrome and insomnia...	Phenazepam	1.5-4	60 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	1 mg
Pinazepam Pinazepam Pinazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....	Domar	?	40–100 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	20 mg
Prazepam Prazepam Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is an active metabolite of prazepam...	Lysanxia, Centrax	2-6	36–200 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	20 mg
Premazepam Premazepam Premazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative. It is a partial agonist of benzodiazepine receptors and has been shown to possess both anxiolytic and sedative properties in human subjects.-Properties:...	N/A	2-6	10–13 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...	3.75 mg
Quazepam Quazepam Quazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by the Schering Corporation in the 1970s. Quazepam is indicated for the treatment of insomnia including sleep induction and sleep maintenance...	Doral	1-5	39–120 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	20 mg
Temazepam Temazepam Temazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is mostly prescribed for the short-term treatment of sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty maintaining sleep...	Restoril, Normison, Euhypnos, Temaze, Tenox	0.5-3	8–22 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	20 mg
Tetrazepam Tetrazepam Tetrazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, hypnotic and muscle relaxant properties...	Mylostan	1-3	3–26 hours	Skeletal muscle relaxant	100 mg
Triazolam Triazolam Triazolam is a benzodiazepine drug. It possesses pharmacological properties similar to that of other benzodiazepines, but it is generally only used as a sedative to treat severe insomnia...	Halcion, Rilamir	0.5-2	2 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	0.25 mg

Atypical benzodiazepine receptor ligands

Drug Name	Common Brand Names*	Elimination Half-Life (h Hour The hour is a unit of measurement of time. In modern usage, an hour comprises 60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds... )^† [active metabolite]	Primary Effects	Approximate Equivalent Dose^‡
Clobazam Clobazam Clobazam , is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has been marketed as an anxiolytic since 1975 and an anticonvulsant since 1984...	Frisium, Urbanol	8–60 hours	anxiolytic Anxiolytic An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms... , anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant The anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The goal of an...	20 mg
DMCM DMCM DMCM is a drug from the beta-carboline family. It acts as an inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors, meaning that it causes the opposite effects to the benzodiazepine class of drugs...	?	?	anxiogenic Anxiogenic An anxiogenic substance is one that causes anxiety. Anxiogenic effects can be measured by, for example, the hole-board test in rats and mice. A number of agents are used to provoke anxiety or panic in experimental models... , convulsant Convulsant A convulsant is a drug which induces convulsions and/or epileptic seizures, the opposite of an anticonvulsant. These drugs generally act as stimulants at low doses, but are not used for this purpose due to the risk of convulsions and consequent excitotoxicity...	Non-applicable
Flumazenil Flumazenil Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist available for injection only, and the only benzodiazepine receptor antagonist on the market today.It was first introduced in 1987 by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Anexate, but only approved by...	Anexate, Lanexat, Mazicon, Romazicon	1 hour	antidote Antidote An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι antididonai, "given against"....	Typical dose 0.2 - 0.6 mg^ð
Eszopiclone Eszopiclone Eszopiclone, marketed by Sepracor under the brand-name Lunesta, is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used as a treatment for insomnia. Eszopiclone is the active dextrorotatory stereoisomer of zopiclone, and belongs to the class of drugs known as cyclopyrrolones.Eszopiclone is a short acting... ^§	Lunesta	6 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	3 mg
Zaleplon Zaleplon Zaleplon is a sedative/hypnotic, mainly used for insomnia. It is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic from the pyrazolopyrimidine class. In terms of adverse effects zaleplon appears to offer little improvement compared to both benzodiazepines and other non-benzodiazepine Z-drugs.Sonata is manufactured by... ^§	Sonata, Starnoc	1 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	20 mg
Zolpidem Zolpidem Zolpidem is a prescription medication used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, as well as some brain disorders. It is a short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic of the imidazopyridine class that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid , an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to GABAA... ^§	Ambien, Nytamel, Stilnoct, Stilnox, Zoldem, Zolnod	2.6 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	20 mg
Zopiclone Zopiclone Zopiclone is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia. In the United States, zopiclone is not commercially available, although its active stereoisomer, eszopiclone, is sold under the name Lunesta... ^§	Imovane, Rhovane, Ximovan; Zileze; Zimoclone; Zimovane; Zopitan; Zorclone,	4–6 hours	hypnotic Hypnotic Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...	15 mg

* Not all trade names are listed. Click on drug name to see a more comprehensive list.

^† The duration of apparent action is usually considerably less than the half-life. With most benzodiazepines, noticeable effects usually wear off within a few hours. Nevertheless, as long as the drug is present it will exert subtle effects within the body. These effects may become apparent during continued use or may appear as withdrawal symptoms when dosage is reduced or the drug is stopped.

^‡ Equivalent doses are based on clinical experience but may vary between individuals.http://www.benzo.org.uk/bzequiv.htm

^§ The molecular structure of these drugs differs from the benzodiazepine molecule but they work on benzodiazepine receptors with the same or similar effects and are cross tolerant drugs.

^ð Flumazenil is given to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines and similar drugs, and dosage range listed will vary depending on which drug is being counteracted, what dosage the first drug was given in, and whether the flumazenil is given to actually reverse overdose or just to reduce side effects.

Benzodiazepine half-life and equivalent dose table

Atypical benzodiazepine receptor ligands

See also