Li Shouxin
Encyclopedia
Li Shouxin was a general in Manchukuo
, followed by Mengjiang
during the Second Sino-Japanese War
.
province, rising steadily through the ranks until he reached the position of colonel
, with an equivalent ranking being granted by the Kuomingtang government. Assigned to Tongliao
in what is now Inner Mongolia
, he helped assist in the suppressing the revolt of Gada Meiren in 1929.
In 1933, his forces clashed with the Imperial Japanese Army
on the border with Manchukuo, and Li managed to down a Japanese aircraft. However, this opened the door to negotiations, and in exchange for weapons, money and supplies, Li defected to the Japanese side, and was appointed commander of a portion of Inner Mongolia and Jehol. In 1933 commanded the Manchukuo forces defending the fortifications around Duolun
against the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army
. In late 1935 he commanded Manchukuo forces aiding Teh Wang in seizing control of the six northern districts of Chahar. The following two years he was in command of the Manchukuo detachment of the Inner Mongolian Army
attempting to capture Suiyuan province.
By February 1936, Li controlled a large area in Chahar province, and transferred his allegiance to Prince Demchugdongrub
and became Chief of Staff of the new Inner Mongol Army. With the establishment Mengjiang
, Li became the commander of the Mengjiang National Army.
In 1940, Li met in Tsingtao with Zhou Fohai
and representatives of the Nanjing Nationalist Government with the aim of discussing the integration of Mengjiang into China. This was accomplished in 1941, with Mengjiang becoming the Mongolian Autonomous Federation (蒙古自治邦), albeit with complete autonomy
.
However, as the situation deteriorated against the Empire of Japan
towards the end of World War II
, Li met in secret with Chiang Kai-shek
, and defected back to the Kuomintang in exchange for being named general of the Chinese 10th Route Army. After the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War
in 1949, Li fled briefly into exile in Taiwan
. However, at the strong request of Demchugdongrub, he returned to Inner Mongolia to assume the position of Deputy Director of Defense of the Inner Mongolian autonomous government. However, the Chinese Red Army refused to recognize his position and issued orders for his arrest a few months later. Li then fled to Mongolia
. In September 1950, Mongolia acceded to Chinese demands, and extradited Li back to China, where he was charged with anti-Chinese activities and imprisoned. He was pardoned in 1964, and assigned a job at a history museum in Hohhot
, Inner Mongolia. He died in Hohhot in Inner Mongolia in May 1970, at the age of 77.
Manchukuo
Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China...
, followed by Mengjiang
Mengjiang
Mengjiang , also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was an autonomous area in Inner Mongolia, operating under nominal Chinese sovereignty and Japanese control. It consisted of the then-Chinese provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia...
during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
.
Biography
Of ethnic Mongol descent, Li was born into a family of minor landlords. In 1919, he enlisted in the military forces of the Zhili clique in JeholJehol
Jehol could mean either a province or a city:* Jehol Province, former province in northeastern China* Chengde, the capital of above provinceNamed after the province:* Jehol Biota* Jeholodens* Jeholopterus* Jeholornis* Jeholosaurus...
province, rising steadily through the ranks until he reached the position of colonel
Colonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
, with an equivalent ranking being granted by the Kuomingtang government. Assigned to Tongliao
Tongliao
Tongliao is a prefecture-level city in eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It borders Jilin province to the east, Liaoning to the south, Chifeng to the southwest, the Xilin Gol League to the west, and the Hinggan League to the north. The city was the administrative centre of the...
in what is now Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation...
, he helped assist in the suppressing the revolt of Gada Meiren in 1929.
In 1933, his forces clashed with the Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Army
-Foundation:During the Meiji Restoration, the military forces loyal to the Emperor were samurai drawn primarily from the loyalist feudal domains of Satsuma and Chōshū...
on the border with Manchukuo, and Li managed to down a Japanese aircraft. However, this opened the door to negotiations, and in exchange for weapons, money and supplies, Li defected to the Japanese side, and was appointed commander of a portion of Inner Mongolia and Jehol. In 1933 commanded the Manchukuo forces defending the fortifications around Duolun
Duolun
Dolon Nor , is a town and the county seat of Duolun County, Xilin Gol League in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous region, China. It is of historical importance because the remnants of Xanadu, the summer capital of Kubilai Khan and the following Mongol emperors of the Yuan Dynasty , are located some 17...
against the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army
Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army
The Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army consisted mostly of former Northwestern Army units under Feng Yuxiang, troops from Fang Zhenwu's Resisting Japan and Saving China Army, remnants of the provincial forces from Jehol, Anti-Japanese volunteers from Manchuria and local forces from Chahar and Suiyuan...
. In late 1935 he commanded Manchukuo forces aiding Teh Wang in seizing control of the six northern districts of Chahar. The following two years he was in command of the Manchukuo detachment of the Inner Mongolian Army
Inner Mongolian Army
The Inner Mongolian Army was first formed by Prince Demchugdongrub with his personal bodyguard of 900 men in 1929.Although only armed with rifles and a couple of field guns from the Mukden arsenal, a gift of the Young Marshal in 1929. His force became very efficient with the assistance of...
attempting to capture Suiyuan province.
By February 1936, Li controlled a large area in Chahar province, and transferred his allegiance to Prince Demchugdongrub
Demchugdongrub
Prince Demchugdongrub was the leader of a Mongol independence movement in Inner Mongolia. He was the chairman of Mengjiang, a Japanese puppet state in World War II....
and became Chief of Staff of the new Inner Mongol Army. With the establishment Mengjiang
Mengjiang
Mengjiang , also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was an autonomous area in Inner Mongolia, operating under nominal Chinese sovereignty and Japanese control. It consisted of the then-Chinese provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia...
, Li became the commander of the Mengjiang National Army.
In 1940, Li met in Tsingtao with Zhou Fohai
Zhou Fohai
Zhou Fohai , Chinese politician, and second in command of Wang Jingwei's collaborationist Nanjing Nationalist Government Executive Yuan.-Biography:...
and representatives of the Nanjing Nationalist Government with the aim of discussing the integration of Mengjiang into China. This was accomplished in 1941, with Mengjiang becoming the Mongolian Autonomous Federation (蒙古自治邦), albeit with complete autonomy
Autonomy
Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political and bioethical philosophy. Within these contexts, it is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision...
.
However, as the situation deteriorated against the Empire of Japan
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan is the name of the state of Japan that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of...
towards the end of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, Li met in secret with Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
, and defected back to the Kuomintang in exchange for being named general of the Chinese 10th Route Army. After the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...
in 1949, Li fled briefly into exile in Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
. However, at the strong request of Demchugdongrub, he returned to Inner Mongolia to assume the position of Deputy Director of Defense of the Inner Mongolian autonomous government. However, the Chinese Red Army refused to recognize his position and issued orders for his arrest a few months later. Li then fled to Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
. In September 1950, Mongolia acceded to Chinese demands, and extradited Li back to China, where he was charged with anti-Chinese activities and imprisoned. He was pardoned in 1964, and assigned a job at a history museum in Hohhot
Hohhot
Hohhot , is a city in north-central China and the capital of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, serving as the region's administrative, economic, and cultural centre....
, Inner Mongolia. He died in Hohhot in Inner Mongolia in May 1970, at the age of 77.
Sources
- Dryburgh, Marjor. North China and Japanese Expansion 1933-1937: Regional Power and the National Interest. RoutledgeCurzon (2000). Isbn 0700712747
- Jowett, Phillip S. , Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931-45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., England.
- 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations)
- Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
- Jiangsu People's Publishing House
- Date published : 2005-7-1
- ISBN 7-214-03034-9
- Online in Chinese: http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/A0170.htm
- 第二部分：从“九一八”事变到西安事变察哈尔民众抗日同盟军 1
- Part II : from the "September 18 Incident" to the Xi'an Incident: Anti-Japan military alliance
- http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/04574.htm