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Ingvaeonic

 

 
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Ingvaeonic
 
 
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Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages
West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic languages family of languages and include languages such as English language, Dutch language and Afrikaans, German language, the Frisian languages, as well as Yiddish language....
 that would fork into Old Frisian
Old Frisian

Old Frisian was the West Germanic languages spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries by the people who had settled in the area between the Rhine and Elbe on the European North Sea coast in the 4th and 5th centuries....
, Old English
Old English language

Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century....
 and Old Saxon
Old Saxon

Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German , is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 9th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German....
 and according to some the local dialect of West-Flanders
West Flemish

West Flemish is a group of Dutch dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.West Flemish is spoken by around 1.05 million people in West Flanders , 90,000 in the neighbouring Netherlands coastal district of Zeelandic Flanders, and approximately 20,000 in the northern part of the France d?partement in France of Nor...
. It must not be thought of as a monolithic proto-language, but as a group of closely related dialects that were also influenced by other groups of Germanic dialects.

North Sea Germanic has been proposed by the German linguist Friedrich Maurer who criticized the strict tree diagram
Tree diagram

The term tree diagrams is used in different ways in different disciplines.* In mathematics and statistical methods, a tree diagram is used to determine the probability of getting specific results where the possibilities are nested....
s that had been used for the subdivision of language families
Language family

A language family is a group of languages related Genetic from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.As with Alpha taxonomy, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics....
 since 19th century linguist August Schleicher.






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Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages
West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic languages family of languages and include languages such as English language, Dutch language and Afrikaans, German language, the Frisian languages, as well as Yiddish language....
 that would fork into Old Frisian
Old Frisian

Old Frisian was the West Germanic languages spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries by the people who had settled in the area between the Rhine and Elbe on the European North Sea coast in the 4th and 5th centuries....
, Old English
Old English language

Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century....
 and Old Saxon
Old Saxon

Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German , is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 9th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German....
 and according to some the local dialect of West-Flanders
West Flemish

West Flemish is a group of Dutch dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.West Flemish is spoken by around 1.05 million people in West Flanders , 90,000 in the neighbouring Netherlands coastal district of Zeelandic Flanders, and approximately 20,000 in the northern part of the France d?partement in France of Nor...
. It must not be thought of as a monolithic proto-language, but as a group of closely related dialects that were also influenced by other groups of Germanic dialects.

North Sea Germanic has been proposed by the German linguist Friedrich Maurer who criticized the strict tree diagram
Tree diagram

The term tree diagrams is used in different ways in different disciplines.* In mathematics and statistical methods, a tree diagram is used to determine the probability of getting specific results where the possibilities are nested....
s that had been used for the subdivision of language families
Language family

A language family is a group of languages related Genetic from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.As with Alpha taxonomy, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics....
 since 19th century linguist August Schleicher. He rejected Anglo-Frisian
Anglo-Frisian languages

The Anglo-Frisian languages are a group of Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages consisting of Old English language, Old Frisian, and their descendants....
 as a historical subdivision of West Germanic.

Ingvaeonic is named after the Ingaevones
Ingaevones

The Ingaevones or Ingvaeones , as described in Tacitus's Germania , written c. 98 CE, were a West Germanic cultural group living along the North Sea coast in the areas of Jutland, Holstein, Frisia and the Danish islands, where they had by the first century BCE become further differentiated to a foreigner's eye into the Frisia...
, a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe along the North Sea coast. However, the identification of North Sea Germanic, the common ancestor of Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon with the language of the Ingvaeones is disputed.

Characteristics

Linguistic evidence for Ingvaeonic are common innovations observed in Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon such as the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law

In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law is a description of a phonological development in some dialects of West Germanic, which is attested in Old English language, Old Frisian language, and Old Saxon language....
, the loss of the Germanic reflexive pronoun
Reflexive pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun or pronoun to which it refers within the same clause. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphora that must be bound by its antecedent ....
, the monophthong
Monophthong

A monophthong is a "pure" vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not semivowel towards a new position of articulation; compare diphthong....
ization of Germanic *ai to e/a, and deflexion
Deflexion (linguistics)

Deflexion is a linguistic process related to inflectional languages. All members of the Indo-European languages language family belong to these kinds of languages and are subject to some degree of deflexional change....
 such as the reduction of the three Germanic verb
Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word that usually denotes an action , an occurrence , or a state of being . Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its grammatical tense, grammatical aspect, grammatical mood and grammatical voice....
al plural
Plural

Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers....
 forms into one form.