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High German languages
 
 
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"Hochdeutsch" or "High German" is also used in the sense of Standard German
Standard German

Standard German is the standard language of the German language used as a written language, in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas....
.


The High German languages (in German
German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
, Hochdeutsche Dialekte) are any of the varieties
Variety (linguistics)

In sociolinguistics, a variety, also called a lect, is a language or dialect considered as a variety or development of another language or dialect....
 of standard German
German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
, Luxembourgish
Luxembourgish language

Luxembourgish , also called Luxembourgian, also spelled Luxemburgish, is one of the West Central German dialects of High German spoken in Luxembourg....
 and Yiddish
Yiddish language

Yiddish is a non-territorial High German languages of Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. Unlike other such languages, Yiddish is written with the Hebrew alphabet as opposed to a Latin alphabet....
, as well as the local German dialect
Dialect

A dialect is a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class....
s spoken in central and southern Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
, Austria
Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
, Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein

The Principality of Liechtenstein is a Landlocked country#Doubly landlocked country alpine country microstate in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and by Austria to the east....
, Switzerland
Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
, Luxembourg
Luxembourg

Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a small landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany....
 and in neighbouring portions of Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 (Alsace
Alsace

Alsace is the fourth-smallest of the 26 regions of France in land area , and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the sixth-most densely populated region in France , with 222 inhabitants per km? ....
 and northern Lorraine
Lorraine (région)

Lorraine is one of the 26 Regions of France of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance, Metz and Nancy....
), Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
, and Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
.






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Encyclopedia


"Hochdeutsch" or "High German" is also used in the sense of Standard German
Standard German

Standard German is the standard language of the German language used as a written language, in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas....
.


Europe Germanic Languages
German Dialectal Map
The High German languages (in German
German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
, Hochdeutsche Dialekte) are any of the varieties
Variety (linguistics)

In sociolinguistics, a variety, also called a lect, is a language or dialect considered as a variety or development of another language or dialect....
 of standard German
German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
, Luxembourgish
Luxembourgish language

Luxembourgish , also called Luxembourgian, also spelled Luxemburgish, is one of the West Central German dialects of High German spoken in Luxembourg....
 and Yiddish
Yiddish language

Yiddish is a non-territorial High German languages of Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. Unlike other such languages, Yiddish is written with the Hebrew alphabet as opposed to a Latin alphabet....
, as well as the local German dialect
Dialect

A dialect is a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class....
s spoken in central and southern Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
, Austria
Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
, Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein

The Principality of Liechtenstein is a Landlocked country#Doubly landlocked country alpine country microstate in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and by Austria to the east....
, Switzerland
Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
, Luxembourg
Luxembourg

Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a small landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany....
 and in neighbouring portions of Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 (Alsace
Alsace

Alsace is the fourth-smallest of the 26 regions of France in land area , and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the sixth-most densely populated region in France , with 222 inhabitants per km? ....
 and northern Lorraine
Lorraine (région)

Lorraine is one of the 26 Regions of France of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance, Metz and Nancy....
), Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
, and Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
. The language is also spoken in diaspora in Romania
Romania

Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
 (Transylvania
Transylvania

Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountains, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term frequently encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of Crisana, Maramures, and Banat....
), Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, the United States
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
, Argentina
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
, Chile
Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean....
, and Namibia
Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean coast. It shares borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south....
.

As a technical term, the "high" in High German is a geographical reference to whence the dialect family that forms High German originates. It refers to the mountain
Mountain

A mountain is a landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill....
ous areas of central and southern Germany and the Alps
Alps

The Alps is the name for one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east; through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany; to France in the west....
. This is opposed to Low German
Low German

Low German or Low Saxon is any of the regional language varieties of the West Germanic languages spoken mainly in northern Germany and the eastern part of the Netherlands....
, which is spoken along the flat sea coasts of the north. High German can be subdivided into Upper German
Upper German

Upper German is a family of High German languages dialects spoken primarily in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Northern Italy....
 and Central German
Central German

Central German is a group of High German languages dialects spread from the Rhineland to Thuringia, south of Low German and Low Franconian and north of Upper German....
 (Oberdeutsch, Mitteldeutsch).

History

High German as used in Southern Germany, Bavaria and Austria was an important basis for the development of standard German.

The historical forms of the language are Old High German
Old High German

The term Old High German refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of Old High German proper to 750 for this reason...
 and Middle High German
Middle High German

Middle High German , abbreviated MHG , is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. It is preceded by Old High German and followed by Early New High German....
.

Classification

High German are distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that they took part in the High German consonant shift
High German consonant shift

In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift was a phonological development which took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and was almost complete before the earliest written recor...
 (c. AD 500). To see this, compare German Pfanne with English
English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
 pan ( to ), German zwei with English two ( to ), German machen with English make ( to ). In the High Alemannic dialects
Alemannic German

Alemannic German is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language. It is spoken by approximately ten million people in six countries, including southern Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Italy....
, there is a further shift; Sack (like English "sack") is pronounced ( to ).

Family tree

Note that divisions between subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialect
Dialect

A dialect is a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class....
s being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original "Proto-High German
Proto-language

A proto-language is the common ancestor of the languages that form a language family. Occasionally, the German language term Ursprache is used instead....
". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists; what follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat.
  • Central German
    Central German

    Central German is a group of High German languages dialects spread from the Rhineland to Thuringia, south of Low German and Low Franconian and north of Upper German....
     (German: Mitteldeutsch)
    • East Central German
      East Central German

      East Central German is the non-Franconian languages sub-group of Central German dialects, themselves part of High Germanic languages:*Thuringian...
      • South Markish
      • Upper Saxon
      • North Upper Saxon
      • Thuringian Dialect
      • Lower Silesian language (mostly in Lower Silesia
        Lower Silesia

        Lower Silesia is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to the southeast. Throughout its history Lower Silesia has been under the control of medieval Poland, Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy, Kingdom of Prussia, and German Reich, and after 1945 was split between Poland and Germany....
        , in Poland
        Poland

        Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
        )
      • High Prussian
        High Prussian

        High Prussian is a dialect of East Central German that developed in the region of East Prussia. The dialect developed from High German, brought in by Silesian Germans settlers in the 13th—15th centuries, and was influenced by the Baltic languages Old Prussian language....
    • Transylvanian Saxon
      Transylvanian Saxons

      The Transylvanian Saxons are a people of ethnic German who settled in Transylvania from the 12th century onwards.The colonization of Transylvania by Germans was begun by King G?za II of Hungary ....
       (in Transylvania
      Transylvania

      Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountains, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term frequently encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of Crisana, Maramures, and Banat....
      )
    • West Central German
      West Central German

      West Central German belongs to the Central German, High German languages dialect family in the German language. Its dialects are thoroughly Franconian languages including the following sub-families:...


      • Ripuarian
      • Moselle Franconian
        Moselle Franconian

        Moselle Franconian is a group of High German languages dialects spoken in parts of the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, in the south of the German-speaking Community of Belgium, in the neighbouring...
        , including the Luxembourgish language
        Luxembourgish language

        Luxembourgish , also called Luxembourgian, also spelled Luxemburgish, is one of the West Central German dialects of High German spoken in Luxembourg....
      • Rhine Franconian
        Rhine Franconian

        Rhine Franconian , or Rhenish Franconian, is a dialect family of West Central German. It comprises the German dialects spoken across the western regions of the states of Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Hesse in Germany....
        • Lorraine Franconian
          Lorraine Franconian

          Lorraine Franconian is a designation, in practice ambiguous, for dialects of German language spoken in the north-eastern part of the France region of Lorraine ....
           (France)
        • Pfälzisch language
      • Central Hessian
      • East Hessian
      • Lower Hessian
    • Transitional areas between Central German and Upper German
      • High Franconian


    • Pennsylvania German
      Pennsylvania German language

      The Pennsylvania German language is a variety of West Central German possibly spoken by more than 250,000 people in North America. It has traditionally been the language of many of the descendants of late 17th and early 18th century immigrants to Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and even North Carolina from southern Germany, eastern Franc...
       (in the United States
      United States

      The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
       and Canada
      Canada

      Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
      )
  • Upper German
    Upper German

    Upper German is a family of High German languages dialects spoken primarily in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Northern Italy....
     (German: Oberdeutsch)
    • Alemannic
      Alemannic German

      Alemannic German is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language. It is spoken by approximately ten million people in six countries, including southern Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Italy....
      • Swabian
        Swabian German

        Swabian is one of the Alemannic German dialects of High German languages, spoken in the region of Swabia. Swabia covers much of Germany's southwestern Bundesland of Baden-W?rttemberg and the southwest of the Bundesland Bavaria....
      • Low Alemannic
        Low Alemannic German

        Low Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German and belongs to the German language, even though they are only partly intelligible to German speakers....
         (including one Swiss German
        Swiss German

        Swiss German is any of the Alemannic Germans spoken in Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are called Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg which are closely associated to Switzerland's....
         dialect: Basel German
        Basel German

        Basel German or Baseldytsch is the dialect of the city of Basel, Switzerland. Among the Swiss German dialects, it is the only Low Alemannic German one....
        )
      • Alsatian language
        Alsatian language

        Alsatian is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region in eastern France which has passed between French and Germany control many times....
         (but often also classified as within Low Alemannic
        Low Alemannic German

        Low Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German and belongs to the German language, even though they are only partly intelligible to German speakers....
        )
      • Mittelalemannisch
      • High Alemannic
        High Alemannic German

        High Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German and is considered a German dialect, even though they are only partly intelligible to non-Alemannic German speakers....
         (including many Swiss German
        Swiss German

        Swiss German is any of the Alemannic Germans spoken in Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are called Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg which are closely associated to Switzerland's....
         dialects)
      • Highest Alemannic
        Highest Alemannic German

        Highest Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German and belongs to the German language, even though mutual intelligibility with Standard German and other non-Alemannic German dialects is very limited....
         (including Swiss German
        Swiss German

        Swiss German is any of the Alemannic Germans spoken in Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are called Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg which are closely associated to Switzerland's....
         dialects)
    • Austro-Bavarian (On the use of dialects and Standard German in Austria, see Austrian language)
      • Northern Austro-Bavarian
        Northern Austro-Bavarian

        Northern Austro-Bavarian is a dialect of German language, mostly spoken in the Upper Palatinate. Its most prominent characteristics are the reversed diphthongs . It is the northern branch of Austro-Bavarian....
         (spoken in Upper Palatinate
        Upper Palatinate

        The Upper Palatinate is one of the seven Regierungsbezirks of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria. It is subdivided into two regions - Oberpfalz-Nord and Regensburg....
        )
      • Central Austro-Bavarian
        Central Austro-Bavarian

        The Central Austro-Bavarian Germanic languages dialects forming a subgroup of the Austro-Bavarian dialects. The subgroup covers all dialects spoken along the rivers Isar and Danube, on the northern side of the Alps....
         (includes the dialects of Upper Bavaria
        Upper Bavaria

        Upper Bavaria is one of the seven Regierungsbezirks of Bavaria, Germany, located in the south of Bavaria, around the city of Munich. It is subdivided into four regions : Ingolstadt, Munich, Bayerisches Oberland , and S?dostoberbayern ....
        , Lower Bavaria
        Lower Bavaria

        Lower Bavaria is one of the seven Regierungsbezirks of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of the state. It is subdivided into three regions ?Landshut, Passau and Donau-Wald....
        , Upper Austria
        Upper Austria

        Upper Austria is one of the nine States of Austria or Bundesl?nder of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria , and Salzburg ....
        , Lower Austria
        Lower Austria

        Lower Austria is one of the nine Bundesland or Bundesl?nder in Austria. The capital of Lower Austria is Sankt P?lten — the most recent capital town in Austria....
         and Vienna
        Vienna

        Vienna is the Capital of Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million...
         — see Viennese language)
      • Southern Austro-Bavarian
        Southern Austro-Bavarian

        Southern Austro-Bavarian is a term describing Germanic languages dialects which are part of the Austro-Bavarian group. They are spoken in Tyrol , Province of Bolzano-Bozen, Carinthia , Styria , and the southern parts of the states of Salzburg and Burgenland....
         (includes the dialects of Tirol
        German Tyrol

        German Tyrol is a historical region in the Alps now divided between Austria and Italy. It includes largely ethnic German areas of historical County of Tyrol: the States of Austria of Tyrol and the Regions of Italy known as the Alto Adige/S?dtirol but not the largely Italian language-speaking Autonomous Province of Trento ....
        , Carinthia
        Carinthia (state)

        Carinthia is the southernmost Austrian States of Austria or Land. Situated within the Eastern alps it is chiefly noted for its mountains and lakes....
         and Styria
        Styria (state)

        Styria is a States of Austria or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. In area, it is the second largest of the nine Austrian states, covering 16,388 km?....
        )
      • Cimbrian
        Cimbrian language

        Cimbrian refers to any of several local Upper German dialects spoken in northeastern Italy. This area was settled in about the year 1000 BC by people coming from an area between Bavaria and Tirol, Italy , and since then it was isolated from other German speaking areas, politically and linguistically....
         (northeastern Italy
        Italy

        Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
        )
      • Mócheno (Trentino, in Italy)
      • Hutterite German
        Hutterite German

        Hutterite German is an Upper German dialect of the Austro-Bavarian German variety of the German language, which is spoken by Hutterite communities in Canada and the United States....
         (in Canada
        Canada

        Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
         and the United States
        United States

        The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
        )
  • Yiddish
    Yiddish language

    Yiddish is a non-territorial High German languages of Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. Unlike other such languages, Yiddish is written with the Hebrew alphabet as opposed to a Latin alphabet....
    • Western Yiddish (Germany
      Germany

      Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
      , France
      France

      France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
      )
    • Eastern Yiddish
      • Northeastern Yiddish (Lithuania
        Lithuania

        Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest....
        , Latvia
        Latvia

        Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
        , Belarus
        Belarus

        Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the north....
        , Russia
        Russia

        Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
        , northeastern Poland
        Poland

        Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
        )
      • Central Yiddish (Poland
        Poland

        Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
        , Galicia
        Galicia (Central Europe)

        Galicia is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, named after Ukra?ni?n city of Halych.The nucleus of historic Galicia is formed of three regions of western Ukraine: Lvivska oblast, Ternopilska oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast....
        )
      • Southeastern Yiddish (Ukraine
        Ukraine

        Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
        , Bessarabia
        Bessarabia

        Bessarabia is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west....
        , Romania
        Romania

        Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
        )