Gubernadur
Encyclopedia
The Montenegrin title, gubernadur, refers to the supreme temporal power in Montenegro
. The title was created in 1756, by the Montenegrin assembly in honor of victory over the Turks in Bijelo. The Duke and serdar
Stanislav Vukolajev Radonjic
became the first gubernadur. Gubernadurs assist the bishop
in the management and defense of the country, particularly against the Turks, but their power is intended to be purely temporal; the bishops retain the spiritual power. There are, however, frequently conflicts between the two officials. The Republic of Venice
and Austria
tended to support the gubernadurs, although the bishops retained a strong foothold in the nation and the great support of Russia.
After Petrovic Njegos (1782.-1830.) established this authority, he worked with gubernadur Jovan Stanov Radonjic, and then his son Vukolaj II, to obtain support for Montenegro from the Republic of Venice
and the Austro-Hungarian empire, and Petrovic Njegos of the Russian court. Due to unsuccessful moving Montenegrins in Russia meeting is taken from the function gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic
. However, Peter I refused to cause a division among the people, and Vukolaj was restored to his position of gubernadur, which was commanded specify the 3000 people in the battle against Napoleon's army and their expulsion from Kotor
(fortress three), as well as the execution of the Contract on unifying and Montenegro Boka
, in the Assembly on the 29th of October 1813.
The next person to serve in this position was Vladika Peter I, signed gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic in the name of the whole of Montenegro and Brda
(Hill). The documents archived unifying the Italian language version of the material in the annual Municipal Perast
that is stored in the Museum of the city, as well as the archives of Split
, Dubrovnik
and the castle museum archives in Vienna
. Peter II. Petrovic Njegos under the charges they want to sell the land to Austro - Hungaria expatriated family Radonjic in Kotor
, which was then the Austrian territory (where the gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic died in the night of 29th and 30th May 1832. Slavery of the consequences of years in prison - gubernadurica in the monastery of Cetinje). Most of their property was stripped from them, and all their titles and political power in Montenegro, because Radonjic was the last obstacle for Serbian Masons. This intention is achieved immediately in the first visit and also a member of the same vines, Vuk Karadžić 1834. year. Knjaz (Duke) Danilo Petrovic achieved all of what they advocated gubernadurs Radonjic, and on 21 March 1852. The government declared the end of the church dignitary, proclaimed himself duke
, and then Montenegro Knjaževina (Principality
).
has no connection to this official position, although the names sound alike.
Although all the books written about the history that the same meaning guvernadur
and gubernadur (Gubernator somewhere), so we can make concessions and accept for easy understanding
“Guvernadurship-Archbishop controversy in Montenegrin historiography”
“As a consequence, it failed to reliably determine any “reference” important for evaluation of factual position and role of Guvernadur-ship in social and national development of the country during the second half of 18th and first decades of 19th century. Precisely, it failed to offer any safe data and persuasive evidence neither for: when, how and why the Guvernadur-ship appeared in Montenegro; nor when, how and why the Guvenadur-ship was “transferred” to the Radonjic family;
or how many Radonjic guvernadurs held that position; or who, when,how and why was abolishing and abolished Guvernadur-ship in Montenegro; or that Montenegrin archbishops ever had power, not only the one “ingerited from the Crnojevic” but of any kind; or that the Radonjic Guvernadurs, as leaders of only bodies of the central authority in the country (of those that there were and such as they were), could have been the opposition to archbishops who were never the leaders of those bodies or in position to legally and legitimately define what someone should do or should not do in a particular situation; or thet the Radonjic Guvernadurs at any time or on any issue made a mistake in performing the highest political and military functions in the country; or that Guvernadur-shop was a lowe rank than the archbishop's, correspondent with historical reality of the time and factual needs of Montenegro; or that internal and foreigh-policy effects of Guvernadurs in Montenegro were smaller and less valuable that results of foremen of Cetinje archbishop; nor that fight of Guvernadurs for the leader position in the country slowed down the processes of political and national emancipation of Montenegro, that is, the formation of central power and gereral institutional-legal organization and regulation of social life; nor anything else, that could in any way confirm the story that only pacifier and statehood prelate were those who, defying “the temptations of the history” and cleverly maneuvering between Turkish-Venetian-French-Austrian Scila and Guvernadur Haribda, could transform Montenegro from the Crnojevic state to the modern one.
The importance of such discoveries becomes even greater, because, the quite complicated and sometimes even confusing, “contemplative situation”, created by Montenegrin historiography, could be ixplained only from such discoveries and by using them. This, on one side, offers the judgments thet it was the first and true “historical period” of Montenegrin nation-building decline and rise, then that the archbishops, as winner over the Guvernadurs, were the founders (sometimes also called creators) of the state of Montenegro, and on the other side, it also offers a log of data that (despite not being recognized as such by it) prove completely the opposite. In other words, without such discoveries it is not possible to understand how and why the Montenegrin historiography could reach the following conclusion about the resolution of Guvernadur-Archbishop controversy: that the decision to abolish the Guvernadur-ship had “an extraordinary political importance” and that “the removal of the last Guvernadur from Montenegrin political scene” had “positive implications on further political life of Montenegrin Vladikat”, and in doing so did not offer any arguments that would oppose the following:
-that Montenegro, at time when it “succeeded” to become free from guvernadur-sip (by its abolition), had more disputes with its neighbors, was more odious (closed) toward emancipated expansive West, more dependant on geographically and in man other ways distant Russia and less internally organized and ready to independently perform anything, than in the period of Scepan Mali, when (mainly by his advocating) the institution of guvernadur-ship was “revitalized”.
-that only “factual” result of repressing, that is, removing of guvernadur-ship “plague” was the delay of introduction of civil (profane, secular) authority in Montenegro, almost for the whole century, and as log prevention of including Montenegro into the civilization processes of European modernism;
-that only from shortening the blurred (historical and scientific) sense it can be determined that Montenegro was more in need of prayers and curses than the rational ideas and dialogues in the period of the second half of 18th and first half of 19th century, and that Montenegrin tribes (normally mature enough to resolve all internal issues and eve to manage foreign policy according to the highest legal and moral customs of their time) could stay together or be persuaded to do something regarding its organization and emancipation only by fear from God's punishment;
-that abolition of Guvernadur-ship was not precondition for development of Montenegro and its statehood, but an act of receding before challenges of the new society and time, whose high price is still being paid, since nothing really emancipated in Montenegrin historical courses during last two centuries has not been done on that side of principles and requests where it was founded and regarding goals it strived.
Being deprived of the power of perception of such facts and coded only for that “vision” of the past when Montenegrin Archbishops were not considered only and primarily as spiritual leaders, undoubtedly very meritorious for encouraging the fight against Ottoman Empire, but as a founders of the state predestined by God's providence, whose mind and intention could be opposed only from the position of “outlaws from true religion” and “foreign mercenary”, current Montenegrin historiography still raher “perceives” Montenegro as a part of Serbian(Balkans), that is, Slovene-Orthodox “state area” under the Russian auspices, than as an independent state. With that mortgage, that is, with that quantity of imprisonment with myths of the past and debt not only toward belonging science, it hardly can be more than anything that, as Rovinski would say, resembles more to “a wicked joke, or irony than to the truth”. Whether it desires more than that, i.e. whether it is going to subsist and to develop as a free, democratic society and an independent country, admired by its residents as the only homeland and are willing to find the substance of such feelings and dedications not only in factual goods which it offers but also in inspirations of its authentic millennium reality which they know, and not in myths of prisoners of transcendental “higher goals”, Montenegro shall, instead of the current historiography “school” and its production, have to create another one – the new one.
EXCLUSIVE from the National Museum Belgrade, thanks to Mr. Peter Petrovic, curator of the museum - the last published Consolidated PORTRAIT GUBERNADUR VUKOLAJ Radonjic-Oil on canvas 25 x 30 cm drawing done to older artists-Adam Stefanović (from private collection of paintings Vujic Jovan).
Montenegro
Montenegro Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the...
. The title was created in 1756, by the Montenegrin assembly in honor of victory over the Turks in Bijelo. The Duke and serdar
Serdar
Serdar is the Turkic spelling of the Persian name Sardar which means Field Marshal.-Given name:* Serdar Avcı, Turkish boxer* Serdar Aziz, Turkish footballer* Serdar Bayrak, Turkish footballer* Serdar Güneş, Turkish footballer...
Stanislav Vukolajev Radonjic
Stanislav Vukolajev Radonjic
Stanislav Vukolajev Radonjic, born 1690 in Njegusi, died 17 March 1758 in St. Petersburg, was the first governor of Montenegro and was buried with great honors by the Russian court. The family coat of arms is on his tomb...
became the first gubernadur. Gubernadurs assist the bishop
Bishop
A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
in the management and defense of the country, particularly against the Turks, but their power is intended to be purely temporal; the bishops retain the spiritual power. There are, however, frequently conflicts between the two officials. The Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
and Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
tended to support the gubernadurs, although the bishops retained a strong foothold in the nation and the great support of Russia.
After Petrovic Njegos (1782.-1830.) established this authority, he worked with gubernadur Jovan Stanov Radonjic, and then his son Vukolaj II, to obtain support for Montenegro from the Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
and the Austro-Hungarian empire, and Petrovic Njegos of the Russian court. Due to unsuccessful moving Montenegrins in Russia meeting is taken from the function gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic
Vukolaj Radonjic
Vukolaj Radonjić II was the last Montenegrin Guvernadur.-Biography:His training was completed in the noble Academy in Šklov in 1778, where he gained his title and kavalijer , and received the holy order of Ana. He married Stana Vukova Petrovic , about 1775...
. However, Peter I refused to cause a division among the people, and Vukolaj was restored to his position of gubernadur, which was commanded specify the 3000 people in the battle against Napoleon's army and their expulsion from Kotor
Kotor
Kotor is a coastal city in Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Gulf of Kotor. The city has a population of 13,510 and is the administrative center of the municipality....
(fortress three), as well as the execution of the Contract on unifying and Montenegro Boka
Boka
Boka can refer to:* Boka * Boka Kotorska, geographical region in Montenegro* Boka , village in Vojvodina, Serbia* Bauka, California* Arthur Boka, Ivorian footballer...
, in the Assembly on the 29th of October 1813.
The next person to serve in this position was Vladika Peter I, signed gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic in the name of the whole of Montenegro and Brda
Brda
Brda, meaning Hill, may refer to:* Brda region, Montenegro* Brda, Slovenj Gradec Slovenia* Brda, Slovenia, a municipality* Brda, a municipality in Croatia* Brda , a river in Poland*Brda, Pomeranian Voivodeship...
(Hill). The documents archived unifying the Italian language version of the material in the annual Municipal Perast
Perast
Perast is an old town in Bay of Kotor, Montenegro. It is situated a few kilometres northwest of Kotor.- Geography :...
that is stored in the Museum of the city, as well as the archives of Split
Split (city)
Split is a Mediterranean city on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, centered around the ancient Roman Palace of the Emperor Diocletian and its wide port bay. With a population of 178,192 citizens, and a metropolitan area numbering up to 467,899, Split is by far the largest Dalmatian city and...
, Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...
and the castle museum archives in Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
. Peter II. Petrovic Njegos under the charges they want to sell the land to Austro - Hungaria expatriated family Radonjic in Kotor
Kotor
Kotor is a coastal city in Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Gulf of Kotor. The city has a population of 13,510 and is the administrative center of the municipality....
, which was then the Austrian territory (where the gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic died in the night of 29th and 30th May 1832. Slavery of the consequences of years in prison - gubernadurica in the monastery of Cetinje). Most of their property was stripped from them, and all their titles and political power in Montenegro, because Radonjic was the last obstacle for Serbian Masons. This intention is achieved immediately in the first visit and also a member of the same vines, Vuk Karadžić 1834. year. Knjaz (Duke) Danilo Petrovic achieved all of what they advocated gubernadurs Radonjic, and on 21 March 1852. The government declared the end of the church dignitary, proclaimed himself duke
Duke
A duke or duchess is a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch, and historically controlling a duchy...
, and then Montenegro Knjaževina (Principality
Principality
A principality is a monarchical feudatory or sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or princess, or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince....
).
Note
The guvernadurGuvernadur
Guvernadur was the officer who was a mediator in disputes between the Montenegrins and the Republic of Venice.- Guvernadurs since 1511 :Some think that the first guvernadur was Jovan Anthony guvernadur Bolica, "gouvernatore del Monte Negro" , Crew chief of the military in the Republic of Venice on...
has no connection to this official position, although the names sound alike.
Although all the books written about the history that the same meaning guvernadur
Guvernadur
Guvernadur was the officer who was a mediator in disputes between the Montenegrins and the Republic of Venice.- Guvernadurs since 1511 :Some think that the first guvernadur was Jovan Anthony guvernadur Bolica, "gouvernatore del Monte Negro" , Crew chief of the military in the Republic of Venice on...
and gubernadur (Gubernator somewhere), so we can make concessions and accept for easy understanding
Explanation
As it says in his the book Academician Dr. Radovan Radonjic-“Guvernadurship-Archbishop controversy in Montenegrin historiography”
“As a consequence, it failed to reliably determine any “reference” important for evaluation of factual position and role of Guvernadur-ship in social and national development of the country during the second half of 18th and first decades of 19th century. Precisely, it failed to offer any safe data and persuasive evidence neither for: when, how and why the Guvernadur-ship appeared in Montenegro; nor when, how and why the Guvenadur-ship was “transferred” to the Radonjic family;
or how many Radonjic guvernadurs held that position; or who, when,how and why was abolishing and abolished Guvernadur-ship in Montenegro; or that Montenegrin archbishops ever had power, not only the one “ingerited from the Crnojevic” but of any kind; or that the Radonjic Guvernadurs, as leaders of only bodies of the central authority in the country (of those that there were and such as they were), could have been the opposition to archbishops who were never the leaders of those bodies or in position to legally and legitimately define what someone should do or should not do in a particular situation; or thet the Radonjic Guvernadurs at any time or on any issue made a mistake in performing the highest political and military functions in the country; or that Guvernadur-shop was a lowe rank than the archbishop's, correspondent with historical reality of the time and factual needs of Montenegro; or that internal and foreigh-policy effects of Guvernadurs in Montenegro were smaller and less valuable that results of foremen of Cetinje archbishop; nor that fight of Guvernadurs for the leader position in the country slowed down the processes of political and national emancipation of Montenegro, that is, the formation of central power and gereral institutional-legal organization and regulation of social life; nor anything else, that could in any way confirm the story that only pacifier and statehood prelate were those who, defying “the temptations of the history” and cleverly maneuvering between Turkish-Venetian-French-Austrian Scila and Guvernadur Haribda, could transform Montenegro from the Crnojevic state to the modern one.
The importance of such discoveries becomes even greater, because, the quite complicated and sometimes even confusing, “contemplative situation”, created by Montenegrin historiography, could be ixplained only from such discoveries and by using them. This, on one side, offers the judgments thet it was the first and true “historical period” of Montenegrin nation-building decline and rise, then that the archbishops, as winner over the Guvernadurs, were the founders (sometimes also called creators) of the state of Montenegro, and on the other side, it also offers a log of data that (despite not being recognized as such by it) prove completely the opposite. In other words, without such discoveries it is not possible to understand how and why the Montenegrin historiography could reach the following conclusion about the resolution of Guvernadur-Archbishop controversy: that the decision to abolish the Guvernadur-ship had “an extraordinary political importance” and that “the removal of the last Guvernadur from Montenegrin political scene” had “positive implications on further political life of Montenegrin Vladikat”, and in doing so did not offer any arguments that would oppose the following:
-that Montenegro, at time when it “succeeded” to become free from guvernadur-sip (by its abolition), had more disputes with its neighbors, was more odious (closed) toward emancipated expansive West, more dependant on geographically and in man other ways distant Russia and less internally organized and ready to independently perform anything, than in the period of Scepan Mali, when (mainly by his advocating) the institution of guvernadur-ship was “revitalized”.
-that only “factual” result of repressing, that is, removing of guvernadur-ship “plague” was the delay of introduction of civil (profane, secular) authority in Montenegro, almost for the whole century, and as log prevention of including Montenegro into the civilization processes of European modernism;
-that only from shortening the blurred (historical and scientific) sense it can be determined that Montenegro was more in need of prayers and curses than the rational ideas and dialogues in the period of the second half of 18th and first half of 19th century, and that Montenegrin tribes (normally mature enough to resolve all internal issues and eve to manage foreign policy according to the highest legal and moral customs of their time) could stay together or be persuaded to do something regarding its organization and emancipation only by fear from God's punishment;
-that abolition of Guvernadur-ship was not precondition for development of Montenegro and its statehood, but an act of receding before challenges of the new society and time, whose high price is still being paid, since nothing really emancipated in Montenegrin historical courses during last two centuries has not been done on that side of principles and requests where it was founded and regarding goals it strived.
Being deprived of the power of perception of such facts and coded only for that “vision” of the past when Montenegrin Archbishops were not considered only and primarily as spiritual leaders, undoubtedly very meritorious for encouraging the fight against Ottoman Empire, but as a founders of the state predestined by God's providence, whose mind and intention could be opposed only from the position of “outlaws from true religion” and “foreign mercenary”, current Montenegrin historiography still raher “perceives” Montenegro as a part of Serbian(Balkans), that is, Slovene-Orthodox “state area” under the Russian auspices, than as an independent state. With that mortgage, that is, with that quantity of imprisonment with myths of the past and debt not only toward belonging science, it hardly can be more than anything that, as Rovinski would say, resembles more to “a wicked joke, or irony than to the truth”. Whether it desires more than that, i.e. whether it is going to subsist and to develop as a free, democratic society and an independent country, admired by its residents as the only homeland and are willing to find the substance of such feelings and dedications not only in factual goods which it offers but also in inspirations of its authentic millennium reality which they know, and not in myths of prisoners of transcendental “higher goals”, Montenegro shall, instead of the current historiography “school” and its production, have to create another one – the new one.
Picture
http://www.servimg.com/image_preview.php?i=133&u=12169839EXCLUSIVE from the National Museum Belgrade, thanks to Mr. Peter Petrovic, curator of the museum - the last published Consolidated PORTRAIT GUBERNADUR VUKOLAJ Radonjic-Oil on canvas 25 x 30 cm drawing done to older artists-Adam Stefanović (from private collection of paintings Vujic Jovan).