Germany at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Encyclopedia
Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics
1952 Summer Olympics
The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland in 1952. Helsinki had been earlier given the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II...

in Helsinki
Helsinki
Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is , making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is...

, Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

. 205 competitors, 173 men and 32 women, took part in 123 events in 18 sports.

Germany had not been invited to the 1948 Summer Olympics
1948 Summer Olympics
The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, England, United Kingdom. After a 12-year hiatus because of World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin...

 in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

, Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...

 because of their role in World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

, and because their NOC restored in 1947 did not represent a recognized state yet, which was founded in 1949. Germany took part in the 1952 Winter Olympics
Germany at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Germany competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway after not having been invited to the 1948 Winter Olympics because of the role in World War II, and because the NOC restored in 1947 as Deutscher Olympischer Ausschuß did not represent a recognized state yet...

, with the GDR declining to cooperate in a single team Germany as required by the IOC, joining only in 1956 and later. On the other hand, the French-occupied Saar
Saar (protectorate)
The Saar Protectorate was a German borderland territory twice temporarily made a protectorate state. Since rejoining Germany the second time in 1957, it is the smallest Federal German Area State , the Saarland, not counting the city-states Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen...

 protectorate had to send a separate team, but could join for 1956.

While the first-ever (and only) failure to score Gold in Summer Games was disappointing, resulting in a 28th rank, the number of total medals ranked fifth.

Medalists

Medal Name Sport Event
Helga Klein
Helga Klein
Helga Klein is a German athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres.She competed for West Germany in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the Silver medal with her team mates Ursula Knab, Maria Sander and Marga Petersen.-References:...


Ursula Knab
Ursula Knab
Ursula "Ulla" Knab is a German athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres....


Marga Petersen
Marga Petersen
Marga Petersen was a German athlete who competed mainly in the sprints.She competed for West Germany in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the silver medal with her team mates Ursula Knab, 80 metre hurdles bronze medalist Maria Sander and Helga...


Maria Sander
Maria Sander
Maria Sander was a German athlete who was born as Maria Domagala. She mainly competed in the 100 metres....

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Women's 4x400m Relay
Karl Storch
Karl Storch
Karl Storch was a German athlete, who mainly competed in the hammer throw.He was born in Fulda....

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Men's Hammer Throw
Marianne Werner
Marianne Werner
Marianne Werner is a retired West German athlete who mainly competed in the shot put events....

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Women's Shot Put
Edgar Basel
Edgar Basel
Edgar Basel was a boxer from Germany, who won the silver medal in the flyweight division at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.-Amateur career:Basel had an outstanding amateur career...

 
Boxing
Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Final results for the Boxing competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The events were held at Messuhalli.-Medal table:- Flyweight :- Bantamweight :- Featherweight :- Lightweight :...

 
Men's Flyweight
Otto Rothe
Klaus Wagner
Willi Büsing
Wilhelm Büsing (equestrian)
Dr. Wilhelm Büsing is a former German equestrian who competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, where he won a silver medal in team eventing and a bronze medal in the individual tournament. A veterinarian by trade, he was also present at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Summer Olympics as a coach...

 
Equestrian  Team Eventing
Alfred Schwarzmann
Alfred Schwarzmann
Karl Alfred Schwarzmann was a German Olympic Gymnast and Fallschirmjäger during World War II.He won three Gold medals and two Bronze medals in the Gymnastics at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and another Silver medal in the Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki...

 
Gymnastics
Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics was represented by 15 events: 7 for women and 8 for men. All events were held between July 19 and July 24 in the Messuhalli building in Helsinki...

 
Men's Horizontal Bar
Heinz Manchen
Heinz Manchen
Heinz Joachim Manchen is a German rower who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.In 1952 he was a crew member of the German boat which won the silver medal in the coxed pairs event.-External links:*...


Helmut Heinhold
Helmut Heinhold
Helmut Heinhold is a German rower who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.In 1952 he was a crew member of the German boat which won the silver medal in the coxed pairs event.-External links:*...


Helmut Noll
Helmut Noll
Helmut Noll is a German rower who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics. In 1952, he was the coxswain of the German boat which won the bronze medal in the coxed pairs event.-External links:*...

 
Rowing
Rowing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Rowing at the 1952 Summer Olympics featured 7 events, for men only. The competitions were held from July 20, 1952 to July 23, 1952.-Medal summary:-Medal table:-References:*...

 
Men's Coxed Pairs
Heinz Ulzheimer
Heinz Ulzheimer
Heinz Ulzheimer was a West German athlete, who mainly competed in the 800 metres.He competed in the 800 metres for Germany at the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, where he won the bronze medal...

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Men's 800m
Maria Sander
Maria Sander
Maria Sander was a German athlete who was born as Maria Domagala. She mainly competed in the 100 metres....

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Women's 80m Hurdles
Herbert Schade
Herbert Schade
Herbert Schade was a West German athlete who competed mainly in the 5000 metres.He competed for West Germany in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland in the 5000 metres where he won the bronze medal....

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Men's 5000m
Günter Steines
Günter Steines
Günther Steines was a German athlete, who mainly competed in the 800 metres....


Hans Geister
Hans Geister
Hans Geister was a German athlete, who mainly competed in the 400 metres. He was born in Duisburg-Hamborn.He competed in the 4 x 400 metre relay for Germany at the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, where he won the bronze medal with his team mates Günter Steines, Heinz Ulzheimer and...


Heinz Ulzheimer
Heinz Ulzheimer
Heinz Ulzheimer was a West German athlete, who mainly competed in the 800 metres.He competed in the 800 metres for Germany at the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, where he won the bronze medal...


Karl-Friedrich Haas
Karl-Friedrich Haas
Karl-Friedrich Haas was a West German athlete who mainly competed in the 400 metres.He competed for West Germany in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland where he won the bronze medal in the 4 x 400 metre relay with his team mates Hans Geister, Günther Steines and Heinz Ulzheimer.Four...

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Men's 4x400m Relay
Werner Lueg
Werner Lueg
Werner Lueg is a former West German middle distance runner who equalised Lennart Strand's and Gunder Hägg's 1500 m world record in 3:43.0 min in Berlin in 1952. Along with Otto Peltzer he is the only German to have held the 1500 m world record. He also won a bronze medal over 1500 m at the 1952...

 
Athletics
Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries.-Medal table:-Men's events:-Women's events:-References:...

 
Men's 1500m
Günther Heidemann
Günther Heidemann
Günther Heidemann was a boxer from Germany. He was born in Berlin.He competed for Germany in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland in the welterweight event, where he finished in third place....

 
Boxing
Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Final results for the Boxing competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The events were held at Messuhalli.-Medal table:- Flyweight :- Bantamweight :- Featherweight :- Lightweight :...

 
Men's Welterweight
Michael Scheuer
Michael Scheuer
Michael F. Scheuer is a former CIA intelligence officer, American blogger, historian, foreign policy critic, and political analyst. He is currently an adjunct professor at Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies...

 
Canoeing
Canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, nine events in sprint canoe racing were contested. The program was unchanged from the previous Games in 1948.-Men's events:-Women's event:-Medal table:-References:* pp. 624–37....

 
Men's K-1 10000m
Canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics - Men's K-1 10000 metres
These are the results of the men's K-1 10000 metres competition in canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The K-1 event is raced by single-man canoe sprint kayaks.-Medalists:-Final:The final took place on July 27.-References:* p. 629.*...

Egon Drews
Egon Drews
Egon Drews was a West German flatwater canoer who competed in the 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two bronze medals at London in 1952, earning them in the C-2 1000 m and C-2 10000 m events....


Wilfried Soltau
Wilfried Soltau
Wilfried Soltau is a West German sprint canoer who competed in the 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two bronze medals at London in 1952, earning them in the C-2 1000 m and C-2 10000 m events.-References:*...

 
Canoeing
Canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, nine events in sprint canoe racing were contested. The program was unchanged from the previous Games in 1948.-Men's events:-Women's event:-Medal table:-References:* pp. 624–37....

 
Men's C-2 1000m
Egon Drews
Egon Drews
Egon Drews was a West German flatwater canoer who competed in the 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two bronze medals at London in 1952, earning them in the C-2 1000 m and C-2 10000 m events....


Wilfried Soltau
Wilfried Soltau
Wilfried Soltau is a West German sprint canoer who competed in the 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two bronze medals at London in 1952, earning them in the C-2 1000 m and C-2 10000 m events.-References:*...

 
Canoeing
Canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, nine events in sprint canoe racing were contested. The program was unchanged from the previous Games in 1948.-Men's events:-Women's event:-Medal table:-References:* pp. 624–37....

 
Men's C-2 10000m
Canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics - Men's C-2 10000 metres
These are the results of the Men's C-2 10000 metres competition in canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The C-2 event is raced by two-man sprint canoes. Heats and final took place on July 27.-Medalists:-Final:...

Edi Ziegler
Edi Ziegler
Edi Ziegler is a German former road racing cyclist, who won the bronze medal in the men's individual road race at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, behind two Belgians: André Noyelle and Robert Grondelaers . He was a professional rider from 1957 to 1959.-References:...

 
Cycling
Cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics
The cycling competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics consisted of two road cycling events and four track cycling events, all for men only.-Medal summary:-Medal table:...

 
Men's Road Race
Werner Potzernheim
Werner Potzernheim
Werner Potzernheim is a former road bicycle and track cyclist from Germany, who won the bronze medal in the men's 1.000m sprint scratch race at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland behind Enzo Sacchi and Lionel Cox . He was a professional rider from 1954 to 1966...

 
Cycling
Cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics
The cycling competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics consisted of two road cycling events and four track cycling events, all for men only.-Medal summary:-Medal table:...

 
Men's Sprint
Cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics - Men's sprint
These are the official results of the Men's 1.000m Sprint Scratch Race at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland held from July 28 to July 31, 1952. There were a total number of 27 participants.-Final classification:-References:*...

Günther Haase
Günther Haase
Günther Haase is a German diver who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.Haase won the bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in diving.-External links:*...

 
Diving
Diving at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, four diving events were contested.-Medal summary:The events are labelled as 3 metre springboard and 10 metre platform by the International Olympic Committee, and appeared on the 1952 Official Report as springboard diving and high diving,...

 
Men's 10m Platform
Diving at the 1952 Summer Olympics - Men's 10 metre platform
The men's 10 metre platform, also reported as high diving, was one of four diving events on the Diving at the 1952 Summer Olympics programme.The competition was split into two phases held on diffrerent days:...

Heinz Pollay
Heinz Pollay
Heinz Pollay was a German horse rider who competed in dressage from the late 1930s to the early 1950s...


Ida von Nagel
Fritz Thiedemann
Fritz Thiedemann
Fritz Thiedemann was a German equestrian, considered to be one of the greatest show jumpers of his time....

 
Equestrian  Team Dressage
Fritz Thiedemann
Fritz Thiedemann
Fritz Thiedemann was a German equestrian, considered to be one of the greatest show jumpers of his time....

 
Equestrian  Individual Jumping
Willi Büsing
Wilhelm Büsing (equestrian)
Dr. Wilhelm Büsing is a former German equestrian who competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, where he won a silver medal in team eventing and a bronze medal in the individual tournament. A veterinarian by trade, he was also present at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Summer Olympics as a coach...

 
Equestrian  Individual Eventing
Theodor Thomsen
Theodor Thomsen
Theodor Thomsen was a German sailor. He won a bronze medal in the Dragon Class with Erich Natusch and Georg Nowka at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:* at sports-reference.com...


Erich Natusch
Erich Natusch
Erich Natusch was a German sailor. He won a bronze medal in the Dragon Class with Theodor Thomsen and Georg Nowka at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:* at sports-reference.com...


Georg Nowka
Georg Nowka
Georg Nowka was a German sailor. He won a bronze medal in the Dragon Class with Theodor Thomsen and Erich Natusch at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:* at sports-reference.com...

 
Sailing
Sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is a Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad . With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program....

 
Dragon Class
Sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics - Dragon class
The Dragon was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics program in Harmaja. Seven races were scheduled. 51 sailors, on 17 boats, from 17 nations competed.- Results :DNF = Did Not Finish, DNS= Did Not Start, DSQ = Disqualified...

Herbert Klein
Herbert Klein (swimmer)
Herbert Klein was a German swimmer.He won the 200 Metres Breaststroke at the 1950 European Aquatics Championships in Vienna and in the bronze medal in the 200 Metres Breaststroke at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki...

 
Swimming
Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, a total number of eleven swimming events were contested, six for men and five for women. The events were held at the Swimming Stadium. There was a total of 319 participants from 48 countries competing.-Medal table:...

 
Men's 200m Breaststroke

Cycling

Road Competition
Men's Individual Road Race (190.4 km)
  • Edi Ziegler
    Edi Ziegler
    Edi Ziegler is a German former road racing cyclist, who won the bronze medal in the men's individual road race at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, behind two Belgians: André Noyelle and Robert Grondelaers . He was a professional rider from 1957 to 1959.-References:...

     — 5:07:47.5 (→ Bronze Medal)
  • Oscar Zeissner — 5:11:18.5 (→ 8th place)
  • Paul Maue — 5:24:44.5 (→ 48th place)
  • Walter Becker — did not finish (→ no ranking)


Track Competition
Men's 1.000m Sprint Scratch Race
  • Werner Potzernheim
    Werner Potzernheim
    Werner Potzernheim is a former road bicycle and track cyclist from Germany, who won the bronze medal in the men's 1.000m sprint scratch race at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland behind Enzo Sacchi and Lionel Cox . He was a professional rider from 1954 to 1966...

     — Bronze Medal

Diving

Men's 3m Springboard
  • Hans Aderhold
  • Preliminary Round — 67.09 points (→ 11th place)

  • Werner Sobeck
  • Preliminary Round — 66.75 points (→ 12th place)

Fencing

Nine fencers, eight men and 1 woman, represented Germany in 1952.

Men's foil
Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's foil
The men's foil was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics programme. It was the eleventh appearance of the event. The competition was held from July 23, 1952 to July 24, 1952. 61 fencers from 25 nations competed.-Results:...

  • Norman Casmir
    Norman Casmir
    Norman Casmir is a German fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

  • Kurt Wahl
    Kurt Wahl (fencer)
    Kurt Wahl was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

  • Julius Eisenecker


Men's team foil
Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil
The men's team foil was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics programme. It was the eighth appearance of the event. The competition was held from July 21, 1952 to July 22, 1952...

  • Willy Fascher
    Willy Fascher
    Willy Fascher was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and team sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

    , Kurt Wahl
    Kurt Wahl (fencer)
    Kurt Wahl was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

    , Norman Casmir
    Norman Casmir
    Norman Casmir is a German fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

    , Julius Eisenecker, Siegfried Rossner
    Siegfried Rossner
    Siegfried Rossner was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the team foil and sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...



Men's épée
Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's épée
The men's épée was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics programme. It was the eleventh appearance of the event. The competition was held from July 27, 1952 to July 28, 1952. 76 fencers from 29 nations competed.-Results:...

  • Erwin Kroggel
    Erwin Kroggel
    Erwin Kroggel was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual épée event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...



Men's sabre
Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre
The men's sabre was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics programme. It was the twelfth appearance of the event. The competition was held from July 31, 1952 to August 1, 1952. 66 fencers from 26 nations competed.-Results:...

  • Willy Fascher
    Willy Fascher
    Willy Fascher was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and team sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

  • Hans Esser
    Hans Esser
    Hans Esser was a German Olympic fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team sabre event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.-References:...

  • Richard Liebscher
    Richard Liebscher
    Richard Liebscher was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...



Men's team sabre
Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's team sabre
The men's team sabre was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics programme. It was the ninth appearance of the event. The competition was held from July 29, 1952 to July 30, 1952...

  • Siegfried Rossner
    Siegfried Rossner
    Siegfried Rossner was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the team foil and sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

    , Willy Fascher
    Willy Fascher
    Willy Fascher was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and team sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...

    , Hans Esser
    Hans Esser
    Hans Esser was a German Olympic fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team sabre event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.-References:...

    , Richard Liebscher
    Richard Liebscher
    Richard Liebscher was a German Olympic fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...



Women's foil
Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Women's foil
The women's foil was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics programme. It was the sixth appearance of the event. The competition was held from July 26, 1952 to July 27, 1952. 37 fencers from 15 nations competed.-Results:...

  • Lilo Allgayer
    Lilo Allgayer
    Lilo Allgayer was a German fencer. She competed in the women's individual foil event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.-References:...


External links

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