Francis Mudie
Encyclopedia
Sir Robert Francis Mudie KCSI
, KCIE
, OBE
(August 24, 1890 – September 15, 1976) was a member of the Indian Civil Service during the British Raj. He was the last British Governor of Sind and after the partition of India and Pakistan in August 1947, he continued to serve as Governor of the West Punjab.
and Rob Lockhart
attended the same school and were to meet again in India. From Seafield house, he went on a scholarship to Fettes College, Edinburgh
, and later on a mathematical scholarship to King's College, Cambridge
. In 1911 he graduated as a wrangler.
before commencing as assistant master at Eton College
. After only four terms, he came to the conclusion that he had no interest in school mastering and after a six month break he started studying for entrance examinations to join the Indian Civil Service (ICS).
Robert Francis Mudie had previously been a sergeant in the Officer Training Corps at Cambridge, and immediately applied for a commission. He was gazetted on 26'th August to the 6'th City of London Rifles, but was given permission to join two weeks later allowing him to complete the ICS entrance examinations.
A number of successful ICS candidates had joined the army before the examination results came out, and the War Office
decided that successful candidates should be sent to India as soldiers and could join the service provided that within a year they had passed health, riding and language examinations. Robert Francis Mudie, one of the successful candidates, was tasked with becoming proficient in Bengali.
Mudie was transferred first to the Welsh Fusiliers, then to a territorial division before joining the 2/4 Somerset Light Infantry which was sent to India. The battalion sailed on the troop ship Saturnia, arriving in Bombay in the first week of January 1915. From Bombay the battalion was posted to Bangalore
, where Mudie's company was detached to Malappuram
and Mudie was sent with a platoon to Calicut, under the command of Raibert McDougall. In India the first British official he met was Charles Innes
who was at the time district collector
in Calicut and later became Governor of Burma.
Since he needed to learn Bengali, after two months he was reassigned to the 10th Middlesex regiment in Calcutta. He did not fit in with the regiment and requested a transfer, so four months later he was assigned to 10th Ghurka Rifles in Maymao. Later he was reassigned to the 16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment) in Calcutta. After a temporary assignment to the 89th Punjabis he returning to Calcutta to join the 127th Baluchis. In 1917 he was sent for musketry training at Satara where he remained in the musketry staff until the end of the war.
However he failed a medical examination, so he wrote to John Kerr
, the Chief Secretary of Bengal, saying
"...all I had to do in the ICS is to live in the country, so I would like to know what I am to die of and how soon, and could I now go to the War." John Kerr sent for him and after seeing that he was not immediately going to die, ordered a medical re-examination which he passed.
Mudie had also failed to master Bengali, instead passing the proficiency test in Urdu, the preferred language for the army. Mudie's request for a transfer from Bengal to United Provinces was initially turned down as impossible. But Rudman, Additional Under-Secretary in the Home Department of the Government of India and a fellow student from King's college, took him to meet Sir Tennant Sloan, Under Secretary in the Home Department, who in turn took him to meet the Deputy Secretary, Mackworth Young. Two weeks later Mudie was transferred to United Provinces where he started his ICS career.
At the time the Congress party headquarters was in Allahabad, where Jawaharlal Nehru
and his family lived very near the Collectors bungalow.
C.Y. Chintamani, one of the Indian Liberals and a strong Nationlist, also lived in Allahabad at this time.
In November 1939, the Congress Party resigned and Mudie replaced the Chief Secretary who was promoted to be one of the four Advisers replacing the Ministers.
under the British from 15 January 1946 to 13 August 1947.
an ICS officer, who was at one time secretary to Sir Francis Mudie as well as a close friend, and later rose in Pakistan to Cabinet Secretary (in effect, Head of the Civil Service of Pakistan) under President Ayub Khan. Mr Faruqui writes:
He was one of a handful of Europeans who remained in senior positions, to support the fledgling state of Pakistan after the departure of the British.
Mudie was a supporter of the state of Pakistan and in correspondences warned of perceived lack of support from Britain and the Commonwealth.
Mudie was critical of India's 'attack' on Hydrabad and in notes from 1948 wrote
In a letter to Sir Maurice Hallet in November 1948 he wrote discussing the Kashmir situation;
He was also convinced of the strategic importance of Pakistan to prevent the spread of Communism
In a speech given at the International Islamic Economic Conference in November 1949, Mudie claimed
but went on to say
Thus
He went on to conclude
From 1951 to 1954 he was head of the British Economic Mission to Yugoslavia.
He chaired various inquiries and commissions
Order of the Star of India
The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1861. The Order includes members of three classes:# Knight Grand Commander # Knight Commander # Companion...
, KCIE
Order of the Indian Empire
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1878. The Order includes members of three classes:#Knight Grand Commander #Knight Commander #Companion...
, OBE
Order of the British Empire
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V of the United Kingdom. The Order comprises five classes in civil and military divisions...
(August 24, 1890 – September 15, 1976) was a member of the Indian Civil Service during the British Raj. He was the last British Governor of Sind and after the partition of India and Pakistan in August 1947, he continued to serve as Governor of the West Punjab.
Education
Robert Francis Mudie attended Seafield House in Broughty Ferry. George CunninghamGeorge Cunningham (governor)
Sir George Cunningham, GCIE, KCSI, OBE was an administrator in British India who in his early years was a notable sportsperson, representing and later captaining the Scottish national team at rugby union.-Rugby career:...
and Rob Lockhart
Rob Lockhart
General Sir Robert McGregor MacDonald Lockhart KCB CIE MC was a British Indian Army general of World War II and an early Scouting notable.-Military career:...
attended the same school and were to meet again in India. From Seafield house, he went on a scholarship to Fettes College, Edinburgh
Fettes College
Fettes College is an independent school for boarding and day pupils in Edinburgh, Scotland with over two thirds of its pupils in residence on campus...
, and later on a mathematical scholarship to King's College, Cambridge
King's College, Cambridge
King's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. The college's full name is "The King's College of our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge", but it is usually referred to simply as "King's" within the University....
. In 1911 he graduated as a wrangler.
Early career
After graduation Robert Francis Mudie spent a term as assistant master at Clifton CollegeClifton College
Clifton College is a co-educational independent school in Clifton, Bristol, England, founded in 1862. In its early years it was notable for emphasising science in the curriculum, and for being less concerned with social elitism, e.g. by admitting day-boys on equal terms and providing a dedicated...
before commencing as assistant master at Eton College
Eton College
Eton College, often referred to simply as Eton, is a British independent school for boys aged 13 to 18. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as "The King's College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor"....
. After only four terms, he came to the conclusion that he had no interest in school mastering and after a six month break he started studying for entrance examinations to join the Indian Civil Service (ICS).
First World War
ICS examinations started on 2'nd August 1914, two days before the war broke out.Robert Francis Mudie had previously been a sergeant in the Officer Training Corps at Cambridge, and immediately applied for a commission. He was gazetted on 26'th August to the 6'th City of London Rifles, but was given permission to join two weeks later allowing him to complete the ICS entrance examinations.
A number of successful ICS candidates had joined the army before the examination results came out, and the War Office
War Office
The War Office was a department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1964, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence...
decided that successful candidates should be sent to India as soldiers and could join the service provided that within a year they had passed health, riding and language examinations. Robert Francis Mudie, one of the successful candidates, was tasked with becoming proficient in Bengali.
Mudie was transferred first to the Welsh Fusiliers, then to a territorial division before joining the 2/4 Somerset Light Infantry which was sent to India. The battalion sailed on the troop ship Saturnia, arriving in Bombay in the first week of January 1915. From Bombay the battalion was posted to Bangalore
Bangalore
Bengaluru , formerly called Bengaluru is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and...
, where Mudie's company was detached to Malappuram
Malappuram
Malappuram is a municipality in the South Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 33.61 km2. It serves as the administrative headquarters of Malappuram district. As per the 2011 census Malappuram urban agglomeration is the fourth largest UA in kerala with a total population of...
and Mudie was sent with a platoon to Calicut, under the command of Raibert McDougall. In India the first British official he met was Charles Innes
Charles Alexander Innes
Sir Charles Alexander Innes, KCSI, CIE served as Governor of the British Crown Colony of Burma from December 1927 to December 1932....
who was at the time district collector
District collector
The District Collector is the district head of administration of the bureaucracy in a state of India. Though he/she is appointed and is under general supervision of the state government, he/she has to be a member of the elite IAS recruited by the Central Government...
in Calicut and later became Governor of Burma.
Since he needed to learn Bengali, after two months he was reassigned to the 10th Middlesex regiment in Calcutta. He did not fit in with the regiment and requested a transfer, so four months later he was assigned to 10th Ghurka Rifles in Maymao. Later he was reassigned to the 16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment) in Calcutta. After a temporary assignment to the 89th Punjabis he returning to Calcutta to join the 127th Baluchis. In 1917 he was sent for musketry training at Satara where he remained in the musketry staff until the end of the war.
Acceptance into the Indian Civil Service
To enter the ICS, Robert Francis Mudie had been required to pass a medical, learn Bengali and to ride a horse. At Saturna where there was no horse, he passed the equestrian proficiency test by answering the question "Would you jump that cactus hedge?" with the answer "no".However he failed a medical examination, so he wrote to John Kerr
John Henry Kerr
Sir John Henry Kerr, KCSI, KCIE was a colonial governor in British India-Life:John Henry Kerr was born in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, the elder son , of John Smith Kerr, tea and sugar merchant of Greenock, and his wife, Sarah Ann Bray, elder daughter of Tom Cox Bray, an early settler of...
, the Chief Secretary of Bengal, saying
"...all I had to do in the ICS is to live in the country, so I would like to know what I am to die of and how soon, and could I now go to the War." John Kerr sent for him and after seeing that he was not immediately going to die, ordered a medical re-examination which he passed.
Mudie had also failed to master Bengali, instead passing the proficiency test in Urdu, the preferred language for the army. Mudie's request for a transfer from Bengal to United Provinces was initially turned down as impossible. But Rudman, Additional Under-Secretary in the Home Department of the Government of India and a fellow student from King's college, took him to meet Sir Tennant Sloan, Under Secretary in the Home Department, who in turn took him to meet the Deputy Secretary, Mackworth Young. Two weeks later Mudie was transferred to United Provinces where he started his ICS career.
District Work
Between 1919 and 1930 he served in various positions gaining a reputation for "vigorous personality and good sense".- Jhansi - Assistant Magistrate
- Benares - Joint Magistrate
- Dehra Dun - Income Tax Officer
- Agra - Assistant District Magistrate and Collector
- Sultanpur - Deputy Commissioner
- Pratapgarh - Settlement Officer
- Farrukhabad - Collector, 1926
- Agra - Settlement Officer, 1926–1929
Indian Round Table Conference in London 1930-1931
While on leave, Mudie was appointed as one of the secretaries to the first Indian Round Table Conference held in London.Allahabad, Collector
After the conference Mudie returned to India and was appointed as Collector in Allahabad.At the time the Congress party headquarters was in Allahabad, where Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru , often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the...
and his family lived very near the Collectors bungalow.
C.Y. Chintamani, one of the Indian Liberals and a strong Nationlist, also lived in Allahabad at this time.
Cownpore, Collector
Mudie was posted as Collector to Bulandshahr, but in March 1932, Mudie was appointed Collector in Cownpore, a post he held until April 1936.Railway Board, Delhi
In 1936, Mudie was posted as Officer on Special Duty with the Government of India to form the Railway Board, as defined in the 1935 Government of India Act. The decision to set up the board was canceled, but Mudie remained in the post for a year.Joint Secretary, Home Department, Government of India
In June 1937, Mudie was temporarily appointed Joint Secretary to the Home Department of the Government of India.Revenue Secretary, United Provinces Government
In April 1938, Mudie was appointed Revenue Secretary to the United Provinces GovernmentIn November 1939, the Congress Party resigned and Mudie replaced the Chief Secretary who was promoted to be one of the four Advisers replacing the Ministers.
Sind
Mudie served as the third and last Governor of SindSindh
Sindh historically referred to as Ba'ab-ul-Islam , is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran". Though Muslims form the largest religious group in Sindh, a good number of Christians, Zoroastrians and Hindus can...
under the British from 15 January 1946 to 13 August 1947.
Supporter of Pakistan movement
The following episode is related by Naseer Ahmad Faruqui,Naseer Ahmad Faruqui
Naseer Ahmad Faruqui OBE, SPK, HQA was a prominent civil servant of Pakistan and prior to that in British India....
an ICS officer, who was at one time secretary to Sir Francis Mudie as well as a close friend, and later rose in Pakistan to Cabinet Secretary (in effect, Head of the Civil Service of Pakistan) under President Ayub Khan. Mr Faruqui writes:
- "In 1946 I was Deputy Commissioner of Karachi. The Governor of the Sindh was Sir Francis Mudie, one of the few British who, being fully aware of the machinations of the Hindus, was a great sympathiser of the Muslims and supporter of the Pakistan cause. As I had previously served as his secretary, he used to tell me his inner feelings, especially as he found me to agree with his views. Even after I became Deputy Commissioner of Karachi he used to have discussions with me in favour of the creation of Pakistan. His support of the Muslims being no secret, the Hindu press used to refer to his name sarcastically, from his initials F.M., as “Fateh Muhammad”, and send telegrams against him to the Viceroy Lord Wavell and the Secretary of State for India Lord Pethick-Lawrence. But Sir Francis Mudie, instead of being overawed or intimidated, was undeterred and used to fight these complaints.
- A British cabinet mission came to India in 1946, headed by Lord Pethick-Lawrence, to discuss the question of Indian independence, and on their way from London to New Delhi they stayed in Karachi for one night as guests of the Governor of the Sindh. The following morning it was my official duty, as District Magistrate, to be present at Karachi airport for their departure. After they left, the Governor beckoned me to accompany him in his car. As soon as the car moved off, he said to me: “Faruqui, they are not going to give us Pakistan”. This appeared to be the final, irrevocable decision of the British government....".
West Punjab
On partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, Mudie was appointed by Mr Jinnah as first Governor of (West) Punjab. He served as Governor from 15 August 1947 until 2 August 1949.He was one of a handful of Europeans who remained in senior positions, to support the fledgling state of Pakistan after the departure of the British.
Mudie was a supporter of the state of Pakistan and in correspondences warned of perceived lack of support from Britain and the Commonwealth.
Pakistan has a powerful, truculent and unscrupulous neighbour. She is a member of the Commonwealth and expects help and support from that neighbour. Instead she sees Britain giving way to India on every point - why should she remain with the Commonwealth? Pakistan will seek her friends elsewhere with disastrous consequence to the whole of Asia and the Middle-East. Any attempt at "impartiality" or detachment would simply be taken as another proof of Britain's pro-India and anti-Muslim attitude
Mudie was critical of India's 'attack' on Hydrabad and in notes from 1948 wrote
Indian attack on Hyderabad is akin to the German attack on Belgium/Poland; Hindus in sub-continent can be compared to the Southern Irish in ulster and the Hindu-Muslim equation can be drawn alongside as a parallel to the Spaniards-Moors relations. A war between Indo-Pak would have violent consequences in the Middle-East; would be taken advantage of by Russia and would be disastrous for the Commonwealth
In a letter to Sir Maurice Hallet in November 1948 he wrote discussing the Kashmir situation;
India contemplates the invasion of Pakistan - on the other hand, Pakistan has no intention of attacking. The only possible explanation of India's desire to obtain Kashmir - which would be a very difficult province to hold - is their desire to use as a constant threat to Pakistan as it is easy to attack the plains from the hills. The possession of Kashmir is as important to any power wanting to attack Pakistan as the possession of Austria was to Hitler when he attacked Czechoslovakia
He was also convinced of the strategic importance of Pakistan to prevent the spread of Communism
Pakistan is the barrier to Communism spreading south of the Himalayas and should be preserved intact. This means that Kashmir, or at any rate all but the small Hindu area in the south-east should go to Pakistan which was the best solution of a very difficult problem.
In a speech given at the International Islamic Economic Conference in November 1949, Mudie claimed
"Indo-Pak war must be prevented at all costs [because of the very real possibility of] Russian intervention."
but went on to say
"Kashmir goes right to the root of the matter. It is a negation of two nation theory - a negation of Pakistan's right to independence. It would outflank the West Punjab - should it ever come to the one-nation theory [being] enforced by war."
Thus
"Pakistan [had to] aid the Pathan invaders and later its army had to enter Kashmir to come to the aid of the local insurgents."
He went on to conclude
"[the]fundamental problem is Nehru's refusal to accept two-nation theory and Muslim right to rule themselves in Kashmir."
Later career
After resigning in 1949 from position of Governor of West Punjab, he returned to Britain and continued to be active in international affairs.From 1951 to 1954 he was head of the British Economic Mission to Yugoslavia.
He chaired various inquiries and commissions
- Inquiry into the Rubber Industry of Malaya, 1954
- Commission on the Desert Locust Control Organisation, 1955
- British Caribbean Federal Capital Commission, 1956