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Facultative anaerobic organism

 

 
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Facultative anaerobic organism
 
 
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A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism
Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 by aerobic respiration if oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation
Fermentation (biochemistry)

Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the Redox of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, using an Endogeny electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound....
. In contrast, obligate anaerobe
Obligate anaerobe

Obligate anaerobes are anaerobic organisms which fail to grow in the presence of oxygen.Obligate anaerobes die in presence of oxygen due to the absence of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase which would convert the lethal superoxide formed in their cells due to the presence of oxygen....
s die in presence of oxygen.

Some examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive Bacterium. Under the microscope they appear round , and form in grape-like clusters.The Staphylococcus genus include just thirty-three species....
 (Gram positive), Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli

'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E....
 (Gram negative), Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic or Facultative anaerobic organism, non-motile, non-sporulated, rod-shaped actinobacteria. Most do not cause disease, but are part of normal human skin Flora ....
 (Gram positive), and Listeria
Listeria

Listeria is a bacterial genus containing six species. Named after the English surgeon, Joseph Lister, Listeria species are Gram-positive bacilli and are typified by Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis....
 (Gram positive). Certain eukaryote phyla are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as yeasts and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid (worm) polychaetes, for example.

Factors influencing the switch are the concentration of oxygen and fermentable material in the environment.






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Encyclopedia


A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism
Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 by aerobic respiration if oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation
Fermentation (biochemistry)

Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the Redox of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, using an Endogeny electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound....
. In contrast, obligate anaerobe
Obligate anaerobe

Obligate anaerobes are anaerobic organisms which fail to grow in the presence of oxygen.Obligate anaerobes die in presence of oxygen due to the absence of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase which would convert the lethal superoxide formed in their cells due to the presence of oxygen....
s die in presence of oxygen.

Some examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive Bacterium. Under the microscope they appear round , and form in grape-like clusters.The Staphylococcus genus include just thirty-three species....
 (Gram positive), Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli

'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E....
 (Gram negative), Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic or Facultative anaerobic organism, non-motile, non-sporulated, rod-shaped actinobacteria. Most do not cause disease, but are part of normal human skin Flora ....
 (Gram positive), and Listeria
Listeria

Listeria is a bacterial genus containing six species. Named after the English surgeon, Joseph Lister, Listeria species are Gram-positive bacilli and are typified by Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis....
 (Gram positive). Certain eukaryote phyla are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as yeasts and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid (worm) polychaetes, for example.

Factors influencing the switch are the concentration of oxygen and fermentable material in the environment. In brewer's yeast, the Pasteur shift is the observed cessation of oxygen consumption when fermentable sugar is supplied. In a growing culture, the energy "economics" disfavors respiration due to the "overhead cost" of producing the apparatus, as long as sufficient fermentable substrate is available, even though the energy output per mole of fermented material is far less than from respiration's complete oxidation of the same substrate.

See also


  • Aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
    Anaerobic respiration

    Anaerobic respiration is the process of generating energy through cellular respiration , without the use of oxygen....


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