Diaphragm (optics)
In
optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening at its centre. The role of the diaphragm is to
stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through the
aperture. Thus it is also called a
stop . The diaphragm is placed in the lightpath of a lens or
objective, and the size of the aperture regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens. The centre of the diaphragm's aperture coincides with the optical axis of the lens system.
Most modern cameras use a type of adjustable diaphragm known as an
iris diaphragm, and often referred to simply as an
iris.
Encyclopedia
In
optics, a
diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening at its centre. The role of the diaphragm is to
stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through the
aperture. Thus it is also called a
stop . The diaphragm is placed in the lightpath of a lens or
objective, and the size of the aperture regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens. The centre of the diaphragm's aperture coincides with the optical axis of the lens system.
Most modern cameras use a type of adjustable diaphragm known as an
iris diaphragm, and often referred to simply as an
iris.
See the articles on
aperture and
f-number for the photographic effect and system of quantification of varying the opening in the diaphragm.
Iris diaphragms versus other types
A natural optical system that has a diaphragm and an aperture is the human eye. The iris is the diaphragm, and the opening in the iris of the eye is the aperture. An analogous device in a
photographic lens is called an
iris diaphragm.
In the early years of photography, a lens could be fitted with one of a set of interchangeable diaphragms , often as brass strips known as Waterhouse stops or Waterhouse diaphragms. In modern cameras, an iris diaphragm is usually used; it has an adjustable opening, like the iris of the eye. Normally, the opening is shaped in a near-round fashion by a number of movable blades. Iris diaphragms usually have five to eight blades, depending on the intended uses, pricing and quality of the device in which it is used. Furthermore, each blade can be curved, resulting in an 'inflated'
pentagon shape, to improve the overall roundness of the iris opening.
Some modern automatic point-and-shoot cameras have a small set of selectable fixed diaphragms, rather than an iris diaphragm .
The number of blades in an iris diaphragm has a direct relation with the appearance of the blurred out-of-focus areas in an image, also called
Bokeh is a photographic [i] term describing the subjective aesthetic [i] qualities of out-of-focus a ...
. The more blades a diaphragm has, the rounder and less polygon-shaped the opening will be. This results in softer and more gradually blurred out-of-focus areas.
In a photograph, the number of blades that the iris diaphragm has can be guessed by counting the number of spikes converging from a light source or bright reflection. For an odd number of blades, there are twice as many spikes as there are blades.
In case of an even number of blades, the two spikes per blade will overlap each other, so the number of spikes visible will be the number of blades in the diaphragm used. This is most apparent in pictures taken in the dark with small bright spots, for example night cityscapes.
History
In 1867, Dr.
Désiré van Monckhoven, in one the earliest books on photographic optics, draws a distinction betweens
stops and
diaphragms in photography, but not in optics, saying:
- "Let us see what takes place when the stop is removed from the lens to a proper distance. In this case the stop becomes a diaphragm.
- * In optics, stop and diaphragm are synonyms. But in photographic optics they are only so by an unfortunate confusion of language. The stop reduces the lens to its central aperture; the diaphragm, on the contrary, allows all the segments of the lens to act, but only on the different radiating points placed symmetrically and concentrically in relation to the axis of the lens, or of the system of lenses ."
This distinction was maintained in Wall's 1889
Dictionary of Photography , but disappeared after
Ernst Abbe's theory of stops unified these concepts.
According to Rudolph Kingslake, the inventor of the iris diaphragm is unknown. Others credit Joseph Nicéphore Niépce for this device, around 1820. Mr. J. H. Brown, a member of the Royal Microscopical Society, appears to have invented a popular improved iris diaphragm by 1867.
Kingslake has more definite histories for some other diaphragm types, such as M. Noton's adjustable
cat eye diaphragm of two sliding squares in 1856, and the Waterhouse stops of John Waterhouse in 1858.
References
See also
.gif)
