Costas Axelos
Encyclopedia
Kostas Axelos was a Greek philosopher.
. He enrolled in the law school
in order to pursue studies in law
and economics
due to dissatisfaction with the philosophy taught at the Philosophical School of the University of Athens, but did not attend. With the onset of World War II
Alexos got involved in politics
. Then during the German and Italian occupation he participated in the Greek Resistance
, and later on in the prelude of the Greek Civil War
, as an organiser and journalist affiliated with the Communist Party
(1941–1945). He was later expelled from the Communist Party and condemned to death by the right-wing government. He was arrested and escaped.
At the end of 1945 Axelos moved to Paris
, France, with around 200 other persecuted intellectuals, where he studied philosophy at the Sorbonne
and lived most of his life. From 1950 to 1957 he worked as a researcher in the philosophy branch of CRNS, where he was writing his dissertations, and subsequently proceeded to work in Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
. From 1962 to 1973 he taught philosophy at the Sorbonne, and met Jacques Lacan
, Pablo Picasso
, and Martin Heidegger
. His dissertation "Marx, penseur de la technique" (translated as "Marx, the Man Who Thinks Out Technique") tried to provide an understanding of modern technology based on the thought of Heidegger
and Marx
and was very influential in the 1960s, alongside the philosophy of Herbert Marcuse
. His other dissertation was on Heraclitus
, published in 1962.
Axelos was a collaborator on, columnist with, and subsequently editor of the magazine Arguments (1956–1962). He founded and, since 1960, has run the book series Arguments in Edition de Minuit. The journal had links to other European publications, e.g., Praxis in Yugoslavia and Das Argument in Germany, and pursued a non-sectarian Marxist approach. He has published texts mostly in French
, but also in Greek
and German
. His most important book is "Le Jeu du Monde" (Play of the World), where Axelos argues for a pre-ontological status of play. Because of this activity and connection to major European intellectual figures, Axelos played a central role in French and European intellectual life for over 50 years.
..
In his dissertation Marx, the Man Who Thinks Through Technique and in his work Alienation, Techne, and Praxis in the Thought of Karl Marx, Axelos draws heavily on the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts
, reading them with the help of Heidegger and Nietzsche's concepts. He explored the consequences of "alienation" in history, such as the effects of thr division of labor, private property and capital, and "externalization" of man in an "alien reality." Axelos tried to relate these descriptions of alienation to Heidegger's concept of "enframing." The latter can be lifted only with the building of communist society as a "positive appeal against private property." Then will be born the "whole man", who overcomes dualisms such as freedom and necessity, "individual and society," and the physical and the historical sciences, which are seen as false abstractions of ideology.
Following the example of his teacher Heidegger, who employed a poetic style of philosophy, Axelos often using a continuous flow of aphoristic statements to describe lists of phenomena - thus, listening to "the game of the world". Using this method to approach the "horizons of the world," Axelos decrypts the "mythological elements" of Marxism and especially criticizes tendencies toward meta-narrative that he considers nihilistic and anthropocentric (1964). Axelos' two doctoral theses and his book "Towards Planetary Thinking" (1964) were arranged as a trilogy - "The Unfolding of Errance."
Axelos continued to engage with contemporary thinking and the emerging global world by seeking to discover the "unseen horizon encircling all things" (1964), further refining his method as a continues wandering through the splintered "wholeness" that surrounds the man. To describe this state of "being-in-becoming," Axelos uses the term "the game." This is the basis of Axelos' second trilogy entitled "The Unfolding of the Game» («Le deploiement de jeu»), which includes the books: "The Game of the World" (1969), "Towards an Ethics of Problematics" (1972) and "Contribution to Logic"(1977).
Finally, Axelos' third trilogy is entitled "The Unfolding of an Investigation," and consists of the books: "Arguments of an Investigation" (1969), "Horizons of the World" (1974), and "Issues at Stake" (1979). In employing both Marx and Freud, Axelos did not carelessly reject their arguments despite trying to "liberate the vital forces" within them (1964), as his autobiography notes: "it remains to ask again, to extrapolate the Marxian and Freudian intuitions" (1997). The focus of the searches is still the "set-game of sets," especially in the context of the "end of history
" debate. This is unequivocally restated as follows: "Since everything has been said and contradicted in a specific language, mainly the metaphysical language of philosophy and the language of anti-philosophy that subverts the metaphysical, is there is still something of meaning to say, and in what language?" (1974).
After completion of the third trilogy, Axelos published Open Systems (1984) as an extension of the concepts that he had hitherto employed on "exposures in the world 'with a means of capturing and writing also' the different and enormous 'wanderings' of the open world," i.e., what is not there but what is "overwhelming more people and more historical societies."
Axelos' texts were almost all written as meta-philosophical epilogues with the intention not to "passively endure our time: the inquiries that we have launched require us to look and see both near and far" (1997). The ultimate goal was to write "in a speech poetic and thoughtful, a fervent life" (1997).
). Elsewhere, he called this "planetary thinking" [1964].
Biography
Axelos was born in Athens to a doctor and a woman from an old Athenian bourgeois family, and attended high school at the French Institute and the German School of AthensGerman School of Athens
The German School of Athens, or Deutsche Schule Athen , is a coeducational independent, high school in Greece. The school has been in operation since 1896...
. He enrolled in the law school
Law school
A law school is an institution specializing in legal education.- Law degrees :- Canada :...
in order to pursue studies in law
Law
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...
and economics
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
due to dissatisfaction with the philosophy taught at the Philosophical School of the University of Athens, but did not attend. With the onset of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
Alexos got involved in politics
Politics
Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the...
. Then during the German and Italian occupation he participated in the Greek Resistance
Greek Resistance
The Greek Resistance is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis Occupation of Greece in the period 1941–1944, during World War II.-Origins:...
, and later on in the prelude of the Greek Civil War
Greek Civil War
The Greek Civil War was fought from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek governmental army, backed by the United Kingdom and United States, and the Democratic Army of Greece , the military branch of the Greek Communist Party , backed by Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania...
, as an organiser and journalist affiliated with the Communist Party
Communist Party of Greece
Founded in 1918, the Communist Party of Greece , better known by its acronym, ΚΚΕ , is the oldest party on the Greek political scene.- Foundation :...
(1941–1945). He was later expelled from the Communist Party and condemned to death by the right-wing government. He was arrested and escaped.
At the end of 1945 Axelos moved to Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, France, with around 200 other persecuted intellectuals, where he studied philosophy at the Sorbonne
University of Paris
The University of Paris was a university located in Paris, France and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid 12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250...
and lived most of his life. From 1950 to 1957 he worked as a researcher in the philosophy branch of CRNS, where he was writing his dissertations, and subsequently proceeded to work in Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
École pratique des hautes études
The École pratique des hautes études is a Grand Établissement in Paris, France. It is counted among France's most prestigious research and higher education institutions....
. From 1962 to 1973 he taught philosophy at the Sorbonne, and met Jacques Lacan
Jacques Lacan
Jacques Marie Émile Lacan was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who made prominent contributions to psychoanalysis and philosophy, and has been called "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud". Giving yearly seminars in Paris from 1953 to 1981, Lacan influenced France's...
, Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso known as Pablo Ruiz Picasso was a Spanish expatriate painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer, one of the greatest and most influential artists of the...
, and Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the "question of Being."...
. His dissertation "Marx, penseur de la technique" (translated as "Marx, the Man Who Thinks Out Technique") tried to provide an understanding of modern technology based on the thought of Heidegger
Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the "question of Being."...
and Marx
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...
and was very influential in the 1960s, alongside the philosophy of Herbert Marcuse
Herbert Marcuse
Herbert Marcuse was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory...
. His other dissertation was on Heraclitus
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom...
, published in 1962.
Axelos was a collaborator on, columnist with, and subsequently editor of the magazine Arguments (1956–1962). He founded and, since 1960, has run the book series Arguments in Edition de Minuit. The journal had links to other European publications, e.g., Praxis in Yugoslavia and Das Argument in Germany, and pursued a non-sectarian Marxist approach. He has published texts mostly in French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
, but also in Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
and German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
. His most important book is "Le Jeu du Monde" (Play of the World), where Axelos argues for a pre-ontological status of play. Because of this activity and connection to major European intellectual figures, Axelos played a central role in French and European intellectual life for over 50 years.
Intellectual Biography
Kostas Axelos tried to reconcile the ancient philosophers with the thinking of Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Heidegger, and others in order to gain a new perspective on some of the problems in Marxism during his time. He avoids the charm of the fragmentary aphorisms used by Heraclitus, but uses Heraclitus' philosophy as the primary measuring stick for assessing the "positive" contribution of Marx and Engels. Axelos contributed to the growing interest of contemporary researchers in the Pre-Socratics and generally for ancient Greek philosophy, through his reading of the role of concepts in interpreting the world, which recalls Engels' Anti-DuhringAnti-Dühring
Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft, commonly known as Anti-Dühring, is a book written in German by Friedrich Engels, published in 1878. It had previously been serialised in a periodical. There were two further editions in German in the lifetime of Engels...
..
In his dissertation Marx, the Man Who Thinks Through Technique and in his work Alienation, Techne, and Praxis in the Thought of Karl Marx, Axelos draws heavily on the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 are a series of notes written between April and August 1844 by Karl Marx. Not published by Marx during his lifetime, they were first released in 1927 by researchers in the Soviet Union.The notebooks are an early expression of Marx's analysis of...
, reading them with the help of Heidegger and Nietzsche's concepts. He explored the consequences of "alienation" in history, such as the effects of thr division of labor, private property and capital, and "externalization" of man in an "alien reality." Axelos tried to relate these descriptions of alienation to Heidegger's concept of "enframing." The latter can be lifted only with the building of communist society as a "positive appeal against private property." Then will be born the "whole man", who overcomes dualisms such as freedom and necessity, "individual and society," and the physical and the historical sciences, which are seen as false abstractions of ideology.
Following the example of his teacher Heidegger, who employed a poetic style of philosophy, Axelos often using a continuous flow of aphoristic statements to describe lists of phenomena - thus, listening to "the game of the world". Using this method to approach the "horizons of the world," Axelos decrypts the "mythological elements" of Marxism and especially criticizes tendencies toward meta-narrative that he considers nihilistic and anthropocentric (1964). Axelos' two doctoral theses and his book "Towards Planetary Thinking" (1964) were arranged as a trilogy - "The Unfolding of Errance."
Axelos continued to engage with contemporary thinking and the emerging global world by seeking to discover the "unseen horizon encircling all things" (1964), further refining his method as a continues wandering through the splintered "wholeness" that surrounds the man. To describe this state of "being-in-becoming," Axelos uses the term "the game." This is the basis of Axelos' second trilogy entitled "The Unfolding of the Game» («Le deploiement de jeu»), which includes the books: "The Game of the World" (1969), "Towards an Ethics of Problematics" (1972) and "Contribution to Logic"(1977).
Finally, Axelos' third trilogy is entitled "The Unfolding of an Investigation," and consists of the books: "Arguments of an Investigation" (1969), "Horizons of the World" (1974), and "Issues at Stake" (1979). In employing both Marx and Freud, Axelos did not carelessly reject their arguments despite trying to "liberate the vital forces" within them (1964), as his autobiography notes: "it remains to ask again, to extrapolate the Marxian and Freudian intuitions" (1997). The focus of the searches is still the "set-game of sets," especially in the context of the "end of history
End of history
End of history may refer to:* The advent of a particular political and economic system as a signal of the end point of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government, as posited by Thomas More in Utopia, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx and Francis Fukuyama*The...
" debate. This is unequivocally restated as follows: "Since everything has been said and contradicted in a specific language, mainly the metaphysical language of philosophy and the language of anti-philosophy that subverts the metaphysical, is there is still something of meaning to say, and in what language?" (1974).
After completion of the third trilogy, Axelos published Open Systems (1984) as an extension of the concepts that he had hitherto employed on "exposures in the world 'with a means of capturing and writing also' the different and enormous 'wanderings' of the open world," i.e., what is not there but what is "overwhelming more people and more historical societies."
Axelos' texts were almost all written as meta-philosophical epilogues with the intention not to "passively endure our time: the inquiries that we have launched require us to look and see both near and far" (1997). The ultimate goal was to write "in a speech poetic and thoughtful, a fervent life" (1997).
Open Marxism
Axelos' approach to thinking and philosophizing can be called 'Open Marxism,' a term Axelos himself has used. Open Marxism is an attempt to transcend the political-ideological role of Marxism and to instead "pose fruitful questions and demystify 'existing realizations.'" Axelos stressed that all kinds of action - political or otherwise - cannot be defined a priori. Axelos' thought attempts to question all forms of closure and is a form of open systems theory (as opposed to closed systems theorySystems theory
Systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research...
). Elsewhere, he called this "planetary thinking" [1964].
Play
Axelos uses the concept of "play" both as a metaphysical category (the "system of systems") and as an ethical ideal for an unalienated society. Axelos argues, following Marx, that the opposition between work (necessity) and play (freedom) needs to be abolished, but recognizes that this would be both concrete and metaphysical. He also argues, following Heidegger, that play is the meaning of Being which has been forgotten in the modern world. The metaphysical aspect of play is what links human activity with the activity of the world, and the various systems of human life (magic, myth, religion, poetry, politics, philosophy, science) together and to the world. Thus, play is not at all a childish vocation for Axelos.French Bibliography
- Heidegger, MartinMartin HeideggerMartin Heidegger was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the "question of Being."...
. Qu'est-ce que la philosophie? (What is Philosophy?). Trans. from German with Jean BeaufretJean BeaufretJean Beaufret was a French philosopher and Germanist tremendously influential in the reception of Martin Heidegger's work in France....
, Gallimards, 1957. - Lukács, GeorgGeorg LukácsGyörgy Lukács was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the concept of reification to Marxist philosophy and theory and expanded Karl Marx's theory of class consciousness. Lukács' was also an influential literary...
. Histoire et conscience de classe (History and Class Consciousness). Trans. (with Prefece) from German with Jacqueline Bois, Minuit, 1960. - Marx, penseur de la technique: De l'alienation de l'homme a la conquete du monde (Marx, the Man Who Thinks Through Technique: From the Alienation of Man to the Conquest of the World, The Unfolding of Errance Part 1), Paris, UGE/Les Éditions de Minuit, 1961.
- Héraclite et la philosophie: La premiere saisie de l'etre en devenir de la totality (Heraclitus and Philosophy: The First Grasp of the Being-in-Becoming of Totality, The Unfolding of Errance Part 2), 1962.
- Arguments d'une recherche, Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1963.
- Vers la pensée planétaire: Le devinir-pensee du monde et le devinir-monde de la pensee (Toward Planetary Thinking: Thought Becoming World, World Becoming Thought, The Unfolding of Errance Part 3), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1964.
- Le Jeu du monde (The Play of the World, The Unfolding of the Game Part 1), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1969.
- Arguments d'une recherche (Arguments of an Investigation, The Unfolding of an Investigation Part 1), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1969.
- Pour une éthique problématique (For an Ethics of Problematics, The Unfolding of the Game Part 2), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1972.
- Entretiens (Interviews), Paris, Scholies/Fata Morgana, 1973.
- Horizons du monde (Horizons of the World, The Unfolding of an Investigation Part 2), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1974.
- Contribution à la logique (Contribution to Logic, The Unfolding of the Game Part 3), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1977.
- Problèmes de l'enjeu (Issues at Stake, The Unfolding of an Investigation Part 3), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1979.
- Systématique ouverte (Open Systems), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1984.
- Métamorphoses (Metamorphoses), 1991.
- L'errance érotique (Erotic Errance), 1992.
- Lettres à un jeune penseur (Letters to a Young Thinker), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1996.
- Notices autobiographiques (Autobiography), 1997.
- Ce questionnement (This Questioning), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 2001
- Réponses énigmatiques (Enigmatic Answers), Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit, 2005.
- Ce qui advient. Fragments d'une approche (What Happens. Fragments of an Approach), Paris, Les Belles-Lettres, coll. "Encre marine", 2009.
German Bibliography
- Axelos, Kostas. Einführung in ein künftiges Denken: Uber Marx Und Heidegger (Introduction to a Future Thinking: About Marx and Heidegger). German trans. Max Niemeyer. Tübingen, 1966.
English Bibliography
- Axelos, Kostas. Alienation, Praxis, & Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx. Trans. Ronald Bruzina. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976.
- Axelos, Kostas. "Planetary Interlude," from Vers la pensée planétaire. Trans. Sally Hess. Yale French Studies, No. 41: Game, Play, Literature, 1968, 6-18.
- Axelos, Kostas. "Marx, Freud and the Undertakings of Thought in the Future." Trans. Sally Bradshaw. Diogenes. Vol. 18, No. 72, 96-111.
- Axelos, Kostas. "Play as the System of Systems." SubStance, Vol. 8 (4), Issue 25, 1979, 20-24.
- Axelos, Kostas, and Elden, Stuart. "Mondialisation Without the World." Radical Philosophy, No. 130, March/April 2005, 25-28.
- Axelos, Kostas. "The World: Being Becoming Totality." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 24, 2006, 643-651.
- Elden, Stuart. "Introducing Kostas Axelos and 'The World,'" from Systématique ouverte. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 24, 2006, 639-642.
- Memos, Christos. "For Marx and Marxism: An Interview with Kostas Axelos." Thesis Eleven, No. 98, August 2009, 129-139.
See also
- Open MarxismOpen MarxismOpen marxism is a "school" of Marxism which draws on anarchist critiques of Party communism and stresses the openness to praxis and to history, the "practical reflexivity" of Marx's own concepts. The "openness" in Open Marxism also refers to a non-deterministic view of history in which the...
- Becoming (philosophy)Becoming (philosophy)The concept of becoming was born in eastern ancient Greece by the philosopher Heraclitus of Hephesus, who in the Sixth century BC, said that nothing in this world is constant except change or becoming...