Cortinarius badiolaevis
Encyclopedia
Cortinarius badiolaevis is a fungus
in the family Cortinariaceae
. The species produces mushrooms with smooth, red-brown caps
up to 5 centimetres (2 in) in diameter, after which it is named. It has a white stem
, and yellow-brown gills. It was first described in 2011, based on specimens collected in the 1990s and 2000s. C. badiolaevis is part of the subgenus
Telamonia, but is not part of any known section
, and does not have any close relatives within the genus. The rare species is known from Sweden and Spain, where it grows from soil in coniferous woodland.
badiolaevis is derived from the Latin
badius, meaning reddish-brown, and laevis, meaning smooth. The name is in reference to the characteristics of the cap
. Based on phylogenetic analysis
, C. badiolaevis is part of the subgenus
Telamonia, the largest but most poorly known Cortinarius subgenus. The species is not part of any known section
s, and lacks any close relatives.
Cortinarius badiolaevis is most similar to the species in the section Bovini, but they, for the most part, have darker flesh
and larger spores. C. sordidemaculatus and C. neofurvolaesus are smaller-spored members of the section, but they have distinct veil
s, as well as spores measuring wider than 5 micrometer
s in width. Species in the section Uracei are distinguished by the fact that they have a a slightly metallic colouration. Section Brunnei contains species which produce spores which can both have a different shape and be more covered in warts. Mushrooms produced by species in both Uracei and Brunnei have darker flesh, even if only in the base of the stem and sport dark brown gills when mature.
of between 2 and 5 cm (0.78740157480315 and 2 ) in diameter. The caps are initially hemispherical in shape, but as the mushrooms age, they become a low convex or even almost flat. There is a broad, blunt umbo
in the center of the cap, and a white margin, covered in small fibril
s. The cap is hygrophanous
, meaning it changes colour depending on its moisture content. When moist, the surface is wax
y and glossy. When it is dry, there is sometimes a zone of a different colour around the umbo, or radial streaks (that is, streaks from the center of the cap to the cap margin). The club-shaped stem
measures from 3.5 to 7.5 cm (1.4 to 3 in) in height, and is 0.6 to 0.9 cm (0.236220472440945 to 0.354330708661417 ) thick. The stem is somewhat white, and, in texture, the surface can be silk-like or covered in fibrils. White mycelia are visible at the base.
The yellowish-brown gills are neither closely nor distantly spaced, with between 35 and 42 approaching the stem. The gills are quite broad, and emarginate; that is, they are shaped with a notch next to the stipe, with the connection to the stem being shallower than the rest of the gill. As they mature, they lose the yellowish colouration, and become entirely brown. There is white-brown to light brown flesh
in the stem, with darker flesh found in the cap. The smell is indistinct, or vaguely reminiscent of that of radish
.
s (μm). They range from almond-shaped to ellipsoid. There are wart-like ornamentations, but it is not heavily ornamented. They are dextrinoid, meaning that they stain
red-brown in Melzer's reagent
or Lugol's solution, and stains darkly in potassium hydroxide
(the KOH test
). The spores are borne on basidia, with four spores per basidium. The basidia measure 25 to 35 by 7 to 10 µm.
as well as its phylogeny. One similar species is C. biformis, but C. biformis can be differentiated by the typically paler colouration of the gills and cap. In addition, the stem has bluish tints.
soil in coniferous woodland, and is assumed to associate with pine
and spruce
. Specific trees under which the species has been recorded include Scots pine
and the European black pine
.
Fungus
A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds , as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria...
in the family Cortinariaceae
Cortinariaceae
The Cortinariaceae are a large family of gilled mushrooms found worldwide, containing over 2100 species. The family takes its name from its largest genus, the varied species of the genus Cortinarius...
. The species produces mushrooms with smooth, red-brown caps
Pileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
up to 5 centimetres (2 in) in diameter, after which it is named. It has a white stem
Stipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
, and yellow-brown gills. It was first described in 2011, based on specimens collected in the 1990s and 2000s. C. badiolaevis is part of the subgenus
Subgenus
In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.In zoology, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the Tiger Cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, which...
Telamonia, but is not part of any known section
Section (botany)
In botany, a section is a taxonomic rank below the genus, but above the species. The subgenus, if present, is higher than the section, and the rank of series, if present, is below the section. Sections are typically used to help organise very large genera, which may have hundreds of species...
, and does not have any close relatives within the genus. The rare species is known from Sweden and Spain, where it grows from soil in coniferous woodland.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Cortinarius badiolaevis was first described by Tuula Niskanen, Kare Liimatainen, Rafael Mahiques, Josep Ballarà and Ilkka Kytövuori in a 2011 article in the academic journal Mycological Progress, based on specimens found in the 1990s and 2000s in both Spain and Sweden. The specific nameBotanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar and/or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants...
badiolaevis is derived from the Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
badius, meaning reddish-brown, and laevis, meaning smooth. The name is in reference to the characteristics of the cap
Pileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
. Based on phylogenetic analysis
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms , which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices...
, C. badiolaevis is part of the subgenus
Subgenus
In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.In zoology, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the Tiger Cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, which...
Telamonia, the largest but most poorly known Cortinarius subgenus. The species is not part of any known section
Section (botany)
In botany, a section is a taxonomic rank below the genus, but above the species. The subgenus, if present, is higher than the section, and the rank of series, if present, is below the section. Sections are typically used to help organise very large genera, which may have hundreds of species...
s, and lacks any close relatives.
Cortinarius badiolaevis is most similar to the species in the section Bovini, but they, for the most part, have darker flesh
Trama (mycology)
In mycology trama is a term for the inner, fleshy portion of a mushroom's basidiocarp, or fruit body. It is distinct from the outer layer of tissue, known as the pileipellis or cuticle, and from the spore-bearing tissue layer known as the hymenium....
and larger spores. C. sordidemaculatus and C. neofurvolaesus are smaller-spored members of the section, but they have distinct veil
Veil (botany)
A veil, in mycology, is one of several structures in fungi, especially the thin membrane that covers the cap and stalk of an immature mushroom.Veils may be regarded as falling into two categories:*Partial veil*Universal veil...
s, as well as spores measuring wider than 5 micrometer
Micrometer
A micrometer , sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier,...
s in width. Species in the section Uracei are distinguished by the fact that they have a a slightly metallic colouration. Section Brunnei contains species which produce spores which can both have a different shape and be more covered in warts. Mushrooms produced by species in both Uracei and Brunnei have darker flesh, even if only in the base of the stem and sport dark brown gills when mature.
Description
Cortinarius badiolaevis produces mushrooms which each feature a smooth, brown to reddish-brown capPileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
of between 2 and 5 cm (0.78740157480315 and 2 ) in diameter. The caps are initially hemispherical in shape, but as the mushrooms age, they become a low convex or even almost flat. There is a broad, blunt umbo
Umbo (mycology)
thumb|right|[[Cantharellula umbonata]] has an umbo.thumb|right|The cap of [[Psilocybe makarorae]] is acutely papillate.An umbo is a raised area in the center of a mushroom cap. Caps that possess this feature are called umbonate. Umbos that are sharply pointed are called acute, while those that are...
in the center of the cap, and a white margin, covered in small fibril
Fibril
Fibril is a fine fiber approximately 1 nm in diameter.Cytoplasmic fibrils are observed on the protoplasmic cylinders found in most spirochetal species, although no function of the cytoplasmic fibrils has been ascribed....
s. The cap is hygrophanous
Hygrophanous
The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry....
, meaning it changes colour depending on its moisture content. When moist, the surface is wax
Wax
thumb|right|[[Cetyl palmitate]], a typical wax ester.Wax refers to a class of chemical compounds that are plastic near ambient temperatures. Characteristically, they melt above 45 °C to give a low viscosity liquid. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents...
y and glossy. When it is dry, there is sometimes a zone of a different colour around the umbo, or radial streaks (that is, streaks from the center of the cap to the cap margin). The club-shaped stem
Stipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
measures from 3.5 to 7.5 cm (1.4 to 3 in) in height, and is 0.6 to 0.9 cm (0.236220472440945 to 0.354330708661417 ) thick. The stem is somewhat white, and, in texture, the surface can be silk-like or covered in fibrils. White mycelia are visible at the base.
The yellowish-brown gills are neither closely nor distantly spaced, with between 35 and 42 approaching the stem. The gills are quite broad, and emarginate; that is, they are shaped with a notch next to the stipe, with the connection to the stem being shallower than the rest of the gill. As they mature, they lose the yellowish colouration, and become entirely brown. There is white-brown to light brown flesh
Trama (mycology)
In mycology trama is a term for the inner, fleshy portion of a mushroom's basidiocarp, or fruit body. It is distinct from the outer layer of tissue, known as the pileipellis or cuticle, and from the spore-bearing tissue layer known as the hymenium....
in the stem, with darker flesh found in the cap. The smell is indistinct, or vaguely reminiscent of that of radish
Radish
The radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe, in pre-Roman times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world. Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time...
.
Microscopic features
Cortinarius badiolaevis produces spores which measure from 7 to 8.5 by 4.5 to 5.5 micrometerMicrometer
A micrometer , sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier,...
s (μm). They range from almond-shaped to ellipsoid. There are wart-like ornamentations, but it is not heavily ornamented. They are dextrinoid, meaning that they stain
Stain
A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. Stains are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials...
red-brown in Melzer's reagent
Melzer's Reagent
Melzer's reagent is a chemical reagent used by mycologists to assist with the identification of fungi.-Composition:...
or Lugol's solution, and stains darkly in potassium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, commonly called caustic potash.Along with sodium hydroxide , this colorless solid is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications. Most applications exploit its reactivity toward acids and its corrosive...
(the KOH test
KOH test
The KOH Test for Candida albicans, also known as a potassium hydroxide preparation, is a quick, inexpensive fungal test to differentiate between dermatophytes and Candida albicans symptoms from other skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema....
). The spores are borne on basidia, with four spores per basidium. The basidia measure 25 to 35 by 7 to 10 µm.
Similar species
Cortinarius badiolaevis is a species that is distinct in its morphologyMorphology (biology)
In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....
as well as its phylogeny. One similar species is C. biformis, but C. biformis can be differentiated by the typically paler colouration of the gills and cap. In addition, the stem has bluish tints.
Distribution and habitat
Cortinarius badiolaevis is a rare species known from Europe; specifically, the species has been found in Spain and Sweden. It grows from calcareousCalcareous
Calcareous is an adjective meaning mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate, in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.-In zoology:...
soil in coniferous woodland, and is assumed to associate with pine
Pine
Pines are trees in the genus Pinus ,in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species.-Etymology:...
and spruce
Spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea , a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the earth. Spruces are large trees, from tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical...
. Specific trees under which the species has been recorded include Scots pine
Scots Pine
Pinus sylvestris, commonly known as the Scots Pine, is a species of pine native to Europe and Asia, ranging from Scotland, Ireland and Portugal in the west, east to eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains, and as far north as well inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia...
and the European black pine
European Black Pine
Pinus nigra, the European Black Pine, is a moderately variable species of pine, occurring across southern Mediterranean Europe from Spain to the Crimea, in Asia Minor and on Cyprus, and in the high mountains of the Maghreb in North Africa....
.