Constitutional Party (Malta)
Encyclopedia
The Constitutional Party was a Maltese political party which had representatives in the Maltese Legislative Assembly
and Council of Government between 1921 and 1945 and 1950 and 1953, forming a government between 1927 and 1930 with the support of the Labour Party
. A splinter group, the Progressive Constitutional Party was represented in Parliament between 1962 and 1966. The party was very much centred around the figure (and wealth) of its long-time leader Gerald Strickland and, in fact, party supporters were colloquially known in Maltese as "Stricklandjani".
.
Despite this, the merger still came as a surprise as there were some personality difference. Strickland had been Principal Government Secretary who had become unpopular for raising taxes through Orders in Council, something of which Bartolo was highly critical. It was rumoured that Strickland threatened Bartolo that he would use his personal wealth to create a paper that would kill off the Chronicle if the merger did not come about. Strickland was to make the threat true years later with the creation of Progress Press and the publication of the dailies Il-Berqa (in Maltese) and the Times of Malta which did, eventually, kill off the Chronicle.
.
While still remaining in opposition, the party made considerable gains in the 1924 elections: 33.95% of the vote and 10 MPs, as many seats as the Maltese Political Union which, until then, had been the largest party in the Assembly. The party also elected two of the four Gozitan
MPs which was considered an incredible feat.
With the coalition between the Maltese Political Union and the Democratic Nationalist Party and their eventual merger into the Nationalist Party
some sort of rapproachment between the Constitutionals and Labour
, the other party in the Assembly, was inevitable. The parties, in fact, agreed to an electoral alliance known as the "Compact" for the elections of 1927. Labour's and the Constitutional's similar stances on various policy-areas (such as public education) made this alliance more workable.
was invited to participate in a coalition. The offer was declined but, in terms of the "Compact" agreement, the three Labour MPs supported the government giving it a majority. The government, however, lacked a majority in the Senate which, at the time, could still reject money bills. After a protracted battle, Letters Patent
were issued, amending the Constitution, so that bills could be carried by a simple majority of both Houses combined.
The other major battle of this government was with the Church. There had been a long buildup to the crisis. The Church was perceived as being sympathetic to the Nationalist Party
and the Progress Press papers lost no opportunity in condemning the behaviour of priests particularly in Gozo
.
A trivial incident led to things boiling over. Government decided to intervene when a superior at the Franciscan convent in Valletta
(who happened to be an Italian by the name of Padre Carta) decided to send to Italy Rev. Micallef, a Maltese priest under his responsibility. Strickland's papers alleged that this amounted to exile of a Maltese and was due to Micallef's pro-Strickland sympathies.
In the feast of Christ the King
of 1930 the Bishop's sermon (in Italian) was interrupted by Labour
and Constitutional supporters who clamoured for Maltese
. This was a signal and outside St John's Co-Cathedral
pro- and anti-Church crowds verbally confronted each other. Tensions rose as the different factions shouted "Viva Calles!" and "Viva Kristu Re!" in reference to the contemporary anti-clerical policies of Plutarco Calles
and the resistance put up by the Cristeros
in Mexico
.
On 1 May 1930, as the election approached, Bishops Dom Mauro Caruana and Mikiel Gonzi
issued a pastoral letter imposing mortal sin
and an interdict
on voters of the Constitutional Party and its allies (taken to refer to Labour
). This gave the pretext to the colonial authorities to claim that a free and fair election was not possible in the circumstances and, therefore, to suspend the constitution. Strickland and his ministers were held on as a caretaker government.
The scene was set for elections in 1933. Technically, the prohibition for Catholics to vote Constitutional and Labour was still in place. Only on the eve of the election did Strickland ask for forgiveness and, although this was granted and the interdict lifted, it was too late to have much impact on the electoral result. The Constitutional Party gained 10 seats out of 32 (down from 15); its ally, the Labour Party, managed to elect only its leader Paul Boffa
. Strickland was sworn in as Leader of the Opposition
.
The Nationalists'
stint in government was to be short lived. The following year, the constitution was again suspended when the government in its financial estimates increased funding for the teaching of Italian. With Mussolini's growing ambitions in the Mediterranean the Colonial authorities saw this as a threat on the domestic front and dismissed the government. Strickland argued that, as leader of the second largest party in the Assembly, he was supposed to be summoned and requested to try to form a government. The matter was the subject of a lengthy legal case which went all the way to the Privy Council. Strickland's plea was not upheld.
of which less than half were elected representatives. The first election under this constitution was held in 1939. With a string pro-imperial and pro-British sentiment prevailing, the Constitutional Party elected six councillors to the Nationalists' three and Labour's one.
Strickland died in 1940 to be succeeded as Party leader by Robert V. Galea.
for the Legislative Assembly, the first held after the restoration of responsible government to Malta.
The Party's candidates, however, were on the ballot papers for the 1950 elections
. In this election, the Party managed to elect four deputies in a Legislative Assembly of 40. The MPs elected included Mabel Strickland, Gerald's daughter.
The Party managed to hold on to its four seats in the election in the following year
but Mabel Strickland had to resign after her the publishing company won a major government contract. Strickland was also at odds with the other Party MPs who, in the emerging Two-party system
, tended to side with Labour leader Mintoff.
Mabel Strickland went on to form the splinter Progressive Constitutional Party but neither party gained seats in the general election of 1953
. After this defeat the Constitutional Party was dissolved.
Parliament of Malta
The Parliament of the Republic of Malta is the constitutional legislative body in Malta, located in Valletta...
and Council of Government between 1921 and 1945 and 1950 and 1953, forming a government between 1927 and 1930 with the support of the Labour Party
Malta Labour Party
The Labour Party is, along with the Nationalist Party, one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta. It is the party of opposition in the Maltese House of Representatives where it has thirty-four of the sixty-nine seats.- Party Structure :...
. A splinter group, the Progressive Constitutional Party was represented in Parliament between 1962 and 1966. The party was very much centred around the figure (and wealth) of its long-time leader Gerald Strickland and, in fact, party supporters were colloquially known in Maltese as "Stricklandjani".
Foundation
The Party was formed in 1921, in time for the first elections to the Legislative Assembly, from the merger of Strickland's Anglo-Maltese Party and the Maltese Constitutional Party of Augustus Bartolo, editor of the Malta Chronicle. The predecessor parties had just been founded and the choice to merge was strategic: they were both pro-British and, united, they stood a better chance against the NationalistsNationalist Party (Malta)
The Nationalist Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta, along with the Labour Party. It was founded by Fortunato Mizzi in 1880 as the Anti-Reform Party, opposing taxation decreed by the British colonial authorities and measures to Anglicise the educational and the...
.
Despite this, the merger still came as a surprise as there were some personality difference. Strickland had been Principal Government Secretary who had become unpopular for raising taxes through Orders in Council, something of which Bartolo was highly critical. It was rumoured that Strickland threatened Bartolo that he would use his personal wealth to create a paper that would kill off the Chronicle if the merger did not come about. Strickland was to make the threat true years later with the creation of Progress Press and the publication of the dailies Il-Berqa (in Maltese) and the Times of Malta which did, eventually, kill off the Chronicle.
First years (1921-27)
The party did surprisingly well in the first election considering that everyone thought that Strickland's previous unpopularity would harm his chances. In the elections to the Legislative Assembly it obtained 25.31% of the first preference votes and elected 7 MPs out of 32. Strickland was appointed Leader of the OppositionLeader of the Opposition (Malta)
The Leader of the Opposition of Malta is by convention the leader of the most powerful party in the House of Representatives not in government. The Leader of the Opposition is appointed by the President of Malta, with the President making his or her decision based on the situation within the...
.
While still remaining in opposition, the party made considerable gains in the 1924 elections: 33.95% of the vote and 10 MPs, as many seats as the Maltese Political Union which, until then, had been the largest party in the Assembly. The party also elected two of the four Gozitan
Gozo
Gozo is a small island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Southern European country of Malta; after the island of Malta itself, it is the second-largest island in the archipelago...
MPs which was considered an incredible feat.
With the coalition between the Maltese Political Union and the Democratic Nationalist Party and their eventual merger into the Nationalist Party
Nationalist Party (Malta)
The Nationalist Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta, along with the Labour Party. It was founded by Fortunato Mizzi in 1880 as the Anti-Reform Party, opposing taxation decreed by the British colonial authorities and measures to Anglicise the educational and the...
some sort of rapproachment between the Constitutionals and Labour
Malta Labour Party
The Labour Party is, along with the Nationalist Party, one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta. It is the party of opposition in the Maltese House of Representatives where it has thirty-four of the sixty-nine seats.- Party Structure :...
, the other party in the Assembly, was inevitable. The parties, in fact, agreed to an electoral alliance known as the "Compact" for the elections of 1927. Labour's and the Constitutional's similar stances on various policy-areas (such as public education) made this alliance more workable.
Government (1927-33)
The Party obtained a relative majority of 15 seats out of 32 in the 1927 elections. LabourMalta Labour Party
The Labour Party is, along with the Nationalist Party, one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta. It is the party of opposition in the Maltese House of Representatives where it has thirty-four of the sixty-nine seats.- Party Structure :...
was invited to participate in a coalition. The offer was declined but, in terms of the "Compact" agreement, the three Labour MPs supported the government giving it a majority. The government, however, lacked a majority in the Senate which, at the time, could still reject money bills. After a protracted battle, Letters Patent
Letters patent
Letters patent are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch or president, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation...
were issued, amending the Constitution, so that bills could be carried by a simple majority of both Houses combined.
The other major battle of this government was with the Church. There had been a long buildup to the crisis. The Church was perceived as being sympathetic to the Nationalist Party
Nationalist Party (Malta)
The Nationalist Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta, along with the Labour Party. It was founded by Fortunato Mizzi in 1880 as the Anti-Reform Party, opposing taxation decreed by the British colonial authorities and measures to Anglicise the educational and the...
and the Progress Press papers lost no opportunity in condemning the behaviour of priests particularly in Gozo
Gozo
Gozo is a small island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Southern European country of Malta; after the island of Malta itself, it is the second-largest island in the archipelago...
.
A trivial incident led to things boiling over. Government decided to intervene when a superior at the Franciscan convent in Valletta
Valletta
Valletta is the capital of Malta, colloquially known as Il-Belt in Maltese. It is located in the central-eastern portion of the island of Malta, and the historical city has a population of 6,098. The name "Valletta" is traditionally reserved for the historic walled citadel that serves as Malta's...
(who happened to be an Italian by the name of Padre Carta) decided to send to Italy Rev. Micallef, a Maltese priest under his responsibility. Strickland's papers alleged that this amounted to exile of a Maltese and was due to Micallef's pro-Strickland sympathies.
In the feast of Christ the King
Christ the King
Christ the King is a title of Jesus based on several passages of Scripture. It is used by most Christians. The Roman Catholic Church, together with many Protestant denominations, including the Anglican Churches, Presbyterians, Lutherans and Methodists, celebrate the Feast of Christ the King on the...
of 1930 the Bishop's sermon (in Italian) was interrupted by Labour
Malta Labour Party
The Labour Party is, along with the Nationalist Party, one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta. It is the party of opposition in the Maltese House of Representatives where it has thirty-four of the sixty-nine seats.- Party Structure :...
and Constitutional supporters who clamoured for Maltese
Maltese language
Maltese is the national language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English,while also serving as an official language of the European Union, the only Semitic language so distinguished. Maltese is descended from Siculo-Arabic...
. This was a signal and outside St John's Co-Cathedral
St John's Co-Cathedral
St. Johns Co-Cathedral , located in Valletta, Malta, was built by the Knights of Malta between 1573 and 1578, having been commissioned in 1572 by Grand Master Jean de la Cassière as the conventual church of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller of St John, known as the Knights of Malta...
pro- and anti-Church crowds verbally confronted each other. Tensions rose as the different factions shouted "Viva Calles!" and "Viva Kristu Re!" in reference to the contemporary anti-clerical policies of Plutarco Calles
Plutarco Elías Calles
Plutarco Elías Calles was a Mexican general and politician. He was president of Mexico from 1924 to 1928, but he continued to be the de facto ruler from 1928–1935, a period known as the maximato...
and the resistance put up by the Cristeros
Cristero War
The Cristero War of 1926 to 1929 was an uprising and counter-revolution against the Mexican government in power at that time. The rebellion was set off by the strict enforcement of the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and the expansion of further anti-clerical laws...
in Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
.
On 1 May 1930, as the election approached, Bishops Dom Mauro Caruana and Mikiel Gonzi
Mikiel Gonzi
Monsignor Sir Michael Gonzi, KBE, DD was Roman Catholic Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Malta...
issued a pastoral letter imposing mortal sin
Mortal sin
Mortal sins are in the theology of some, but not all Christian denominations wrongful acts that condemn a person to Hell after death. These sins are considered "mortal" because they constitute a rupture in a person's link to God's saving grace: the person's soul becomes "dead", not merely weakened...
and an interdict
Interdict
The term Interdict may refer to:* Court order enforcing or prohibiting a certain action* Injunction, such as a restraining order...
on voters of the Constitutional Party and its allies (taken to refer to Labour
Malta Labour Party
The Labour Party is, along with the Nationalist Party, one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta. It is the party of opposition in the Maltese House of Representatives where it has thirty-four of the sixty-nine seats.- Party Structure :...
). This gave the pretext to the colonial authorities to claim that a free and fair election was not possible in the circumstances and, therefore, to suspend the constitution. Strickland and his ministers were held on as a caretaker government.
Opposition (1933-39)
The suspension of the Constitution was to last three years. During this time a Royal Commission visited Malta and interviewed the parties concerned. In its final report the Commission sharply rebuked Strickland and recommended some changes to ameliorate Church-State relations.The scene was set for elections in 1933. Technically, the prohibition for Catholics to vote Constitutional and Labour was still in place. Only on the eve of the election did Strickland ask for forgiveness and, although this was granted and the interdict lifted, it was too late to have much impact on the electoral result. The Constitutional Party gained 10 seats out of 32 (down from 15); its ally, the Labour Party, managed to elect only its leader Paul Boffa
Paul Boffa
Sir Paul Boffa, OBE was a Maltese prime minister who took office after self-rule was reinstated by the British colonial authority following the end of World War II.-Life:...
. Strickland was sworn in as Leader of the Opposition
Leader of the Opposition (Malta)
The Leader of the Opposition of Malta is by convention the leader of the most powerful party in the House of Representatives not in government. The Leader of the Opposition is appointed by the President of Malta, with the President making his or her decision based on the situation within the...
.
The Nationalists'
Nationalist Party (Malta)
The Nationalist Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in Malta, along with the Labour Party. It was founded by Fortunato Mizzi in 1880 as the Anti-Reform Party, opposing taxation decreed by the British colonial authorities and measures to Anglicise the educational and the...
stint in government was to be short lived. The following year, the constitution was again suspended when the government in its financial estimates increased funding for the teaching of Italian. With Mussolini's growing ambitions in the Mediterranean the Colonial authorities saw this as a threat on the domestic front and dismissed the government. Strickland argued that, as leader of the second largest party in the Assembly, he was supposed to be summoned and requested to try to form a government. The matter was the subject of a lengthy legal case which went all the way to the Privy Council. Strickland's plea was not upheld.
Council of Government (1939-45)
A constitution was given in 1936 which created a Council of GovernmentCouncil of Governments
Councils of governments are regional bodies that exist throughout the United States. They are also sometimes called regional councils, regional commissions, regional planning commissions, planning district commissions, and development districts...
of which less than half were elected representatives. The first election under this constitution was held in 1939. With a string pro-imperial and pro-British sentiment prevailing, the Constitutional Party elected six councillors to the Nationalists' three and Labour's one.
Strickland died in 1940 to be succeeded as Party leader by Robert V. Galea.
Post-War (1945-53)
The Constitutional Party did not contest the election for the Council of Government of 1945. The death of Strickland, the aftermath of the war, the first feelings of anticolonialism and the political wind blowing in favour of the Labour Party, probably convinced the Party leadership to stay out of the election. The Party did not even stand for the 1947 electionsMaltese general election, 1947
|-!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats|-...
for the Legislative Assembly, the first held after the restoration of responsible government to Malta.
The Party's candidates, however, were on the ballot papers for the 1950 elections
Maltese general election, 1950
|-!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats|-...
. In this election, the Party managed to elect four deputies in a Legislative Assembly of 40. The MPs elected included Mabel Strickland, Gerald's daughter.
The Party managed to hold on to its four seats in the election in the following year
Maltese general election, 1951
|-!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats|-...
but Mabel Strickland had to resign after her the publishing company won a major government contract. Strickland was also at odds with the other Party MPs who, in the emerging Two-party system
Two-party system
A two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government and, as a result, all or nearly all elected offices are members of one of the two major parties...
, tended to side with Labour leader Mintoff.
Mabel Strickland went on to form the splinter Progressive Constitutional Party but neither party gained seats in the general election of 1953
Maltese general election, 1953
|-!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats|-...
. After this defeat the Constitutional Party was dissolved.