Compile (software company) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Compile Co., Ltd. was a Japan

Japan

Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

ese video game company established on April 7, 1982, under the name Programmers-3. Founded by Masamitsu Niitani (otherwise known as Moo Niitani), they were famed for developing shooters and puzzle games such as Aleste

Aleste

is the first game in the Aleste series of shoot 'em up video games. Developed by the Japanese developer Compile and released in 1988, it has been seen on the MSX and Sega Master System....

and Puyo Puyo

Puyo Puyo

is the inaugural game in the Puyo Puyo series originally released in 1991 by Compile for the MSX2. Since its creation, it uses characters from . It was created by Masamitsu "Moo" Niitani, the founder of Compile, who was inspired by certain elements from the Tetris and Dr...

.

Compile filed for bankruptcy and disbanded in 2003, but the franchise rights was transferred to Aiky, founded by Compile's executive Masamitsu Niitani on November 25, 2002. Aiky published Compile's last game, completed before their collapse, Pochi and Nya. Aiky's site remained operational until 2007, where later it became a redirection site to Compile Station, a site owned by D4 Enterprise, Inc.

Following the bankruptcy of Compile, companies that spun off from the parent include Milestone Inc.

Milestone Inc.

Milestone Inc. is a Japanese arcade videogame developer. They are best known for shoot 'em up games developed for the Dreamcast and its arcade counterpart, the Sega NAOMI....

, which focuses on arcade shoot 'em up

Shoot 'em up

Shoot 'em up is a subgenre of shooter video games. In a shoot 'em up, the player controls a lone character, often in a spacecraft or aircraft, shooting large numbers of enemies while dodging their attacks. The genre in turn encompasses various types or subgenres and critics differ on exactly what...

s. Yet another company, Compile Heart

Compile Heart

is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded in 2006-06-02. It is a division of Idea Factory. The company was formerly managed by Compile's former executive Moo Niitani before his retirement in 2006-12....

, hopes to revive the Compile brand name with the assistance of former Compile employees like Puyo Puyo creator "Moo" Niitani.

Games

Although they created games for many systems, they were noted for particularly strong support of the MSX

MSX

MSX was the name of a standardized home computer architecture in the 1980s conceived by Kazuhiko Nishi, then Vice-president at Microsoft Japan and Director at ASCII Corporation...

and PC Engine

TurboGrafx-16

TurboGrafx-16, fully titled as TurboGrafx-16 Entertainment SuperSystem and known in Japan as the , is a video game console developed by Hudson Soft and NEC, released in Japan on October 30, 1987, and in North America on August 29, 1989....

, as well as a number of notable games on the NES

Nintendo Entertainment System

The Nintendo Entertainment System is an 8-bit video game console that was released by Nintendo in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986 and Australia in 1987...

and Sega Master System

Sega Master System

The is a third-generation video game console that was manufactured and released by Sega in 1985 in Japan , 1986 in North America and 1987 in Europe....

during 1980s and 1990s.

Compile created the Madou Monogatari franchise, which blossomed into their most famous puzzle game, Puyo Puyo, as well as vertical shooters (such as the Zanac
Zanac
is an arcade-style shoot 'em up video game designed by Compile and published in Japan by Pony Canyon and in North America by FCI.It was released for the MSX computer, the Family Computer Disk System, the Nintendo Entertainment System, and for the Virtual Console. It was reworked for the MSX2...

and Aleste
Aleste
is the first game in the Aleste series of shoot 'em up video games. Developed by the Japanese developer Compile and released in 1988, it has been seen on the MSX and Sega Master System....

series) and countless other less successful games. Although they specialised in shoot 'em up

Shoot 'em up

and puzzle games, Compile created games in many genres across many platforms. In 1998, Compile and Sega worked together on the development of Puyo Puyo
Puyo Puyo
is the inaugural game in the Puyo Puyo series originally released in 1991 by Compile for the MSX2. Since its creation, it uses characters from . It was created by Masamitsu "Moo" Niitani, the founder of Compile, who was inspired by certain elements from the Tetris and Dr...

, with the first release being seen on the Dreamcast before porting to the Nintendo 64

Nintendo 64

The , often referred to as N64, was Nintendo′s third home video game console for the international market. Named for its 64-bit CPU, it was released in June 1996 in Japan, September 1996 in North America, March 1997 in Europe and Australia, September 1997 in France and December 1997 in Brazil...

and PlayStation

PlayStation

The is a 32-bit fifth-generation video game console first released by Sony Computer Entertainment in Japan on December 3, .The PlayStation was the first of the PlayStation series of consoles and handheld game devices. The PlayStation 2 was the console's successor in 2000...

.

The rights of most of the Compile's video game titles are currently held by D4 Enterprise, Inc.

Puyo Puyo

Puyo Puyo
Puyo Puyo
is the inaugural game in the Puyo Puyo series originally released in 1991 by Compile for the MSX2. Since its creation, it uses characters from . It was created by Masamitsu "Moo" Niitani, the founder of Compile, who was inspired by certain elements from the Tetris and Dr...

, first released for the MSX

MSX

MSX was the name of a standardized home computer architecture in the 1980s conceived by Kazuhiko Nishi, then Vice-president at Microsoft Japan and Director at ASCII Corporation...

computer in 1991, is a falling block puzzle game similar to Tetris
Tetris
Tetris is a puzzle video game originally designed and programmed by Alexey Pajitnov in the Soviet Union. It was released on June 6, 1984, while he was working for the Dorodnicyn Computing Centre of the Academy of Science of the USSR in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic...

. The object of the game is to create groups of four or more "Puyos" of the same color as they fall from the top of the screen. This simple yet addictive concept was expanded on in a series of sequels over the course of two decades.

Puyo Puyo
Puyo Puyo
is the inaugural game in the Puyo Puyo series originally released in 1991 by Compile for the MSX2. Since its creation, it uses characters from . It was created by Masamitsu "Moo" Niitani, the founder of Compile, who was inspired by certain elements from the Tetris and Dr...

reached Europe and North America in the form of Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine
Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine
-External links:* at Game Rankings* at The Internet Movie Database...

for the SEGA Mega Drive/Genesis and Kirby's Avalanche
Kirby's Avalanche
Kirby's Avalanche, known in Europe as Kirby's Ghost Trap, is a Puyo Puyo game developed by Compile and HAL Laboratory, released by Nintendo in 1995. It is a localization of the Japanese game Super Puyo Puyo in much the same way that Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine being the localization of the...

for the NTSC Super Nintendo

Super Nintendo Entertainment System

The Super Nintendo Entertainment System is a 16-bit video game console that was released by Nintendo in North America, Europe, Australasia , and South America between 1990 and 1993. In Japan and Southeast Asia, the system is called the , or SFC for short...

(Kirby's Ghost Trap in PAL region). However, the series unaltered appearance was Puyo Pop, a name for games that were released on the PC-Engine (TurboGrafx-16

TurboGrafx-16

), Neo-Geo Pocket Color and for the Game Boy Advance

Game Boy Advance

The is a 32-bit handheld video game console developed, manufactured, and marketed by Nintendo. It is the successor to the Game Boy Color. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2001; in North America on June 11, 2001; in Australia and Europe on June 22, 2001; and in the People's Republic of China...

.

As part of Compile's restructuring in 1998, the rights to Puyo Puyo was sold to Sega, but Compile's franchise right would remain until 2002-08. This allowed Sega to publish Puyo Puyo~n and Puyo Puyo BOX. Later Puyo Puyo games were developed by Sonic Team

Sonic Team

is a Japanese computer and video game developer established in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan in 1990, originally known as Sega AM8. The Japan-based division is also known as G.E. Department Global Entertainment. The studio has collaborated with several in-house Japanese studios as well as other American-based...

, who created Puyo Pop Fever
Puyo Pop Fever
Puyo Pop Fever, known as in Japan, is the fifth installment in the popular Puyo Puyo puzzle game series, developed by Sonic Team, released on a wide variety of systems in several regions. Sega published all the Japanese versions of the game; the game was scarcely released internationally, and...

.

Shoot 'em ups

Although Puyo Puyo was Compile's most successful franchise, they also built an impressive body of work in the shoot 'em up

Shoot 'em up

genre. After 1993, Compile focused on other genres, and a few of the company's staff went on to 8ing/Raizing

8ing/Raizing

Eighting Co., Ltd. is a Japanese video game company mainly known for its shoot 'em ups and its fighting games....

to contribute to games such as Battle Garegga
Battle Garegga
is a vertically scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game released by 8ing/Raizing in 1996.-Battle Garegga New Version/Type 2:It is a version without hidden fighters, Extended Mode, Harder Mode, Stage Edit, Special mode, and with different enemy bullets.-Story:...

and Mahou Daisakusen. Others stayed with Compile til the end, and formed Milestone Inc.

Milestone Inc.

Milestone Inc. is a Japanese arcade videogame developer. They are best known for shoot 'em up games developed for the Dreamcast and its arcade counterpart, the Sega NAOMI....

and continue to develop new shooters. Some of Compile's most famous games include:

Zanac

First released on the MSX

MSX

MSX was the name of a standardized home computer architecture in the 1980s conceived by Kazuhiko Nishi, then Vice-president at Microsoft Japan and Director at ASCII Corporation...

computer in 1986, Zanac
Zanac
is an arcade-style shoot 'em up video game designed by Compile and published in Japan by Pony Canyon and in North America by FCI.It was released for the MSX computer, the Family Computer Disk System, the Nintendo Entertainment System, and for the Virtual Console. It was reworked for the MSX2...

combined fast action with an innovative AI

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its...

system, which changes based on your style of play. Zanac received a true sequel, Zanac EX and an NES

Nintendo Entertainment System

The Nintendo Entertainment System is an 8-bit video game console that was released by Nintendo in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986 and Australia in 1987...

port. There was also a parody of Zanac called Gun*Nac, released by Nexoft for the NES in 1991. Similar to Konami's own Paradious games, Gun Nac

Gun Nac

Gun Nac is a video game made for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was released, September 1, 1991, developed by the Compile company, and published by the Nexoft Corporation.-Plot:...

brought humor to the gameplay of the original by replacing the enemies with carrot-throwing rabbits and letting the player purchase weapons in a fast food store at the end of each stage. In 2001, Compile released an updated version for the PlayStation

PlayStation

titled Zanac X Zanac, which included an original sequel entitled Zanac Neo.

Aleste

In many ways, Aleste
Aleste
is the first game in the Aleste series of shoot 'em up video games. Developed by the Japanese developer Compile and released in 1988, it has been seen on the MSX and Sega Master System....

, released in 1988, was a follow-up to Zanac. It was first released on the MSX2

MSX2

MSX2 may refer to:* Msh homeobox 2, a human gene* The second generation of the MSX home computers...

and was ported to the Sega Master System

Sega Master System

The is a third-generation video game console that was manufactured and released by Sega in 1985 in Japan , 1986 in North America and 1987 in Europe....

. A sequel, Aleste 2
Aleste 2
Aleste 2 is a scrolling shooter video game for the MSX 2. It is a sequel to Aleste and was released by Compile in 1989, exclusively in Japan...

, was also released for the MSX2. Musha Aleste (titled M.U.S.H.A. in the US) was released on the Mega Drive in 1990. The game takes place in a unique Japanese futuristic setting. Super Aleste
Super Aleste
Super Aleste is a vertical-scrolling shooter video game, published by Toho and part of the Aleste series by Compile. In a traditional fashion, the player pilots a space ship through a variety of locales crawling with enemy squadrons to shoot down, though the story in the Japanese version is...

came out in 1992 for the Super Famicom

Super Nintendo Entertainment System

and was retitled Space Megaforce in North America. Aleste is now available on cellular phones, courtesy of Aiky.

Gunhed

Gunhed for the PC Engine

TurboGrafx-16

(known as Blazing Lazers
Blazing Lazers
Blazing Lazers, known in Japan as , is a shoot 'em up video game developed by Hudson Soft and Compile. It was released in Japan on for the PC Engine, and it was released in North America in November 1989 for the TurboGrafx-16. It was later released on the Wii's Virtual Console in North America on...

in the USA) was released in 1989 and soon became a showpiece for NEC's console.

Spriggan

Developed jointly by Compile and Naxat Soft

Naxat Soft

Kaga Create Co.,Ltd. is a Japan-based video game developing and publishing division of Kaga Electronics.The company initially released games for the PC Engine...

under the common label Nazac, Seirei Senshi Spriggan and Spriggan Mark 2 were respectively released in 1991 and 1992 for the PC Engine

TurboGrafx-16

CD-ROM system. Spriggan Mark 2 has the distinctive honour of being the only horizontal shooter from Compile.

Other games

Although they focused on shooters and Puyo Puyo games, Compile was quite prolific in other areas as well. Started in 1989, the Madō Monogatari
Madou Monogatari
Madou Monogatari is a series of first-person dungeon crawler RPGs by Compile. The first game was released in 1989 for MSX and NEC PC-9801. The characters of this series would later be used in the puzzle game Puyo Puyo.-Gameplay:Gameplay is traditional RPG with some unique twists...

games are simple role-playing dungeon crawl

Dungeon crawl

A dungeon crawl is a type of scenario in fantasy role-playing games in which heroes navigate a labyrinthine environment, battling various monsters, and looting any treasure they may find...

ers featuring characters that would appear in Puyo Puyo
Puyo Puyo
is the inaugural game in the Puyo Puyo series originally released in 1991 by Compile for the MSX2. Since its creation, it uses characters from . It was created by Masamitsu "Moo" Niitani, the founder of Compile, who was inspired by certain elements from the Tetris and Dr...

games, such as Arle. Golvellius
Golvellius
Golvellius is an action adventure video game for the Japanese MSX home computer system. It was developed by Compile and released in .Sega licensed the franchise in 1988 and released their own remake of the game for the Sega Master System , featuring enhanced graphics and entirely different...

, which was released on the MSX

MSX

MSX was the name of a standardized home computer architecture in the 1980s conceived by Kazuhiko Nishi, then Vice-president at Microsoft Japan and Director at ASCII Corporation...

as well as the Master System, is an action-adventure game

Action-adventure game

An action-adventure game is a video game that combines elements of the adventure game genre with various action game elements. It is perhaps the broadest and most diverse genre in gaming, and can include many games which might better be categorized under narrow genres...

. Rune Master is a board game style RPG. They also developed a series of influential pinball

Pinball

Pinball is a type of arcade game, usually coin-operated, where a player attempts to score points by manipulating one or more metal balls on a playfield inside a glass-covered case called a pinball machine. The primary objective of the game is to score as many points as possible...

games, such as Alien Crush
Alien Crush
Alien Crush is a pinball video game developed by NAXAT Soft for the TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine. It was released in 1988. It was later re-released on the Wii Virtual Console and on the PlayStation Network....

and Devil's Crush
Devil's Crush
Devil's Crush is a pinball video game developed by NAXAT Soft for the TurboGrafx-16. The second installment in the Crush Pinball series after Alien Crush, the game has an eerie occult theme with skulls, skeletons, and demons. It was later followed by Jaki Crush and Alien Crush Returns...

on the TurboGrafx-16

TurboGrafx-16

(PC Engine) system.

Games by Compile

A.E.
Adventures of Arle
Aleste
Aleste
is the first game in the Aleste series of shoot 'em up video games. Developed by the Japanese developer Compile and released in 1988, it has been seen on the MSX and Sega Master System....
Aleste 2
Aleste 2
Aleste 2 is a scrolling shooter video game for the MSX 2. It is a sequel to Aleste and was released by Compile in 1989, exclusively in Japan...
Aleste Gaiden
Alien Crush
Alien Crush
Alien Crush is a pinball video game developed by NAXAT Soft for the TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine. It was released in 1988. It was later re-released on the Wii Virtual Console and on the PlayStation Network....
Blazing Lazers
Blazing Lazers
Blazing Lazers, known in Japan as , is a shoot 'em up video game developed by Hudson Soft and Compile. It was released in Japan on for the PC Engine, and it was released in North America in November 1989 for the TurboGrafx-16. It was later released on the Wii's Virtual Console in North America on...
Blitz Runner (racing/platformer for PCs, Japan only)
Borderline
Borderline (game)
Borderline is a 1981 arcade game by Compile. The player controls a Jeep and has to destroy enemy refineries. There are four stages with different gameplay. The first stage plays very much like a vertical shooter...

(SG-1000
SG-1000
The SC-3000 was the computer equivalent of the SG-1000.The SC-3000 sold for ¥29,800 in 1983 and was marketed as a computer for beginners...

conversion)
C-So
Championship Lode Runner
Championship Lode Runner
is the champion's version of Lode Runner and its sequel. The game may also be found on a pirate NES cartridge under the names Super Load Runner or Load Runner 2. This game shares the same status with the Ultima and Wizardry games which had sizeable spin-offs in Japan that were mostly unknown in...
Choplifter
Choplifter
Choplifter is a 1982 Apple II game developed by Dan Gorlin and published by Brøderbund. It was ported to other home computers and, in 1985, Sega released a coin-operated arcade game remake, which in turn received several home ports of its own...
Devil's Crush
Devil's Crush
Devil's Crush is a pinball video game developed by NAXAT Soft for the TurboGrafx-16. The second installment in the Crush Pinball series after Alien Crush, the game has an eerie occult theme with skulls, skeletons, and demons. It was later followed by Jaki Crush and Alien Crush Returns...
E.I. - Exa Innova
Final Justice
Final Justice
Final Justice is a 1984 film starring Joe Don Baker and directed by Greydon Clark. It follows the exploits of a Texas sheriff who overturns a Maltese city to find the mobster who killed his partner...
Godzilla: Gojira-Kun
Ghostbusters
Golvellius: Valley of Doom
Gun Nac
Gun Nac
Gun Nac is a video game made for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was released, September 1, 1991, developed by the Compile company, and published by the Nexoft Corporation.-Plot:...
Guardic
Guardic
is a shoot 'em up video game for the MSX computer. It was created and developed by Pac Fujishima while working for Compile, the creators of other shoot 'em up games such as Zanac, The Guardian Legend, and Blazing Lazers....
Gulkave
Guru Logi Champ
Guru Logi Champ
is a puzzle game by the Japanese developer Compile. The game was released in 2001 for the Game Boy Advance handheld game system. "Guru Logi" is an abbreviation of "Guru-guru Logic", "guru-guru" being Japanese onomatopoeia for a rotating motion....
The Guardian Legend
The Guardian Legend
The Guardian Legend, known in Japan as , is a hybrid action-adventure/shoot 'em up video game developed by Compile for the Nintendo Entertainment System . It is the sequel to the 1986 MSX game Guardic, and was published and released in Japan by Irem in 1988, in North America by Brøderbund in 1989,...
Hustle Chumy
Jagur 5
Jaki Crush
Jaki Crush
Jaki Crush is a pinball video game for the Super Famicom that was originally released in 1992 in Japan.-Summary:This video game is the third in the Crush Pinball series, and was preceded by Alien Crush and Devil's Crush...
Loderunner
Lunar Ball
Madou Monogatari 1-2-3
Madou Monogatari A.R.S
Madou Monogatari: Hanamaru Dai Youchienji
Madou Monogatari: Hanamaru Dai Youchienji
is a console role-playing game for the Super Famicom released in Japan on January 12, 1996.Hanamaru Dai Youchienji is one of the series, the characters of which were used in Puyo Puyo.-Gameplay:...
Madou Monogatari
Madou Monogatari
Madou Monogatari is a series of first-person dungeon crawler RPGs by Compile. The first game was released in 1989 for MSX and NEC PC-9801. The characters of this series would later be used in the puzzle game Puyo Puyo.-Gameplay:Gameplay is traditional RPG with some unique twists...
M.U.S.H.A.
M.U.S.H.A.
M.U.S.H.A. is a 1990 vertically scrolling shooter developed by Compile and released by Toaplan in Japan and Seismic in the United States. It is part of the Aleste series. The game instantly became popular among scrolling shooter fans...
Mystic Arts
Nazo Puyo
Nazo Puyo 2
Parlour Games
Power Strike
Power Strike series
The Power Strike series is a video game series of vertically scrolling shooters, produced by Compile, for the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear. Except for one title, all of the games are actually localized Aleste games.-Power Strike:...
Power Strike II
Power Strike series
The Power Strike series is a video game series of vertically scrolling shooters, produced by Compile, for the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear. Except for one title, all of the games are actually localized Aleste games.-Power Strike:...
Puyo Puyo Tsu
Puyo Puyo Tsu
is the second instalment of the Puyo Puyo games; the sequel to Puyo Puyo, made in 1994 by Compile. Compile put more thought into this game after its predecessor became successful, but never knew how much of a turnaround the game would bring. Due to its highly acclaimed success, it became the most...
Puyo Puyo SUN
Puyo Puyo SUN
is the third installment of the Puyo Puyo games series, and the sequel to Puyo Puyo Tsu, made in 1996 by Compile. After the highly acclaimed success of its predecessor, Compile took a slightly more retro approach, so players had a more original feel to the game over that of Tsu.The name of Puyo...
Puyo Puyo~n
Puyo Wars
R-Type
R-Type
is a side scrolling shoot-em-up arcade game produced by Irem in 1987. The player controls a space fighter named R-9a "Arrowhead" to defend humanity against a mysterious but powerful alien life-form known as "Bydo", which was later discovered to be not entirely alien in origin...

(Sega Mark III conversion)
Randar no Bouken (1989)
Randar II: Revenge of Death (1989)
Randar no Bouken III: Yami ni Miserareta Majuts...
Robo Aleste
Robo Aleste
Robo Aleste is a vertically scrolling shooter video game and the last in the Aleste series. Developed by Compile Ltd...
Rogue Hearts Dungeon
RuneMaster
Runemaster
A runemaster or runecarver is a specialist in making runestones.Most early medieval Scandinavians were probably literate in runes, and most people probably carved messages on pieces of bone and wood. However, it was difficult to make runestones, and in order to master it one also needed to be a...
RuneMaster II
RuneMaster: War among Three Empires
Rude Breaker
Seirei Senshi Spriggan
Shadowrun (for Mega-CD)
Sonic Classics
Spriggan Mark 2
Super Aleste
Super Aleste
Super Aleste is a vertical-scrolling shooter video game, published by Toho and part of the Aleste series by Compile. In a traditional fashion, the player pilots a space ship through a variety of locales crawling with enemy squadrons to shoot down, though the story in the Japanese version is...

(Space Megaforce in the U.S.)
Super Nazo Puyo 2: Ruruu no Tetsuwan Hanjyouki
Super Nazo Puyo: Ruruu no Ruu
Swing
Swing (video game)
Swing is a computer puzzle game, released for the PlayStation and PC, developed in Germany by the now defunct Software 2000.In the USA, a similar game was released under the name "Marble Master"...
Tales of the Float Land
Wander Wonder
Zanac
Zanac
is an arcade-style shoot 'em up video game designed by Compile and published in Japan by Pony Canyon and in North America by FCI.It was released for the MSX computer, the Family Computer Disk System, the Nintendo Entertainment System, and for the Virtual Console. It was reworked for the MSX2...
Zanac X Zanac

External links

Compile page
Alky page
Compile Station Compile portal by D4 Enterprise,inc.
Milestone official website - The official web site of Milestone, a game design firm founded by former Compile employees (Japanese)
Mono Omou Ishi (Thinking Stone) - Milestone's official English-language web log (no longer updated)
Compile Heart official home page - The official web site of Compile Heart, a game design firm founded by former Compile employees
Kelesis Home Page: COMPILE SHOOTING GAME HISTORY - It's all translated from French so the writing's a little awkward, but there's a complete history of everything Compile, and tons of pictures.
SHMUPS! - Has features on Aleste 1 and 2, MUSHA, and others. Best all around shooter site on the Internet too.
Complete Aleste Shrine - Mostly devoted to MUSHA.
Arcane Lore - Homepage of shooter fan Zach Keene, has an extremely indepth FAQ for Zanac X Zanac.

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.