All Topics  
Chemical synthesis

 

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

Chemical synthesis
 
 
  Topics Chemical synthesis Topic Home

In chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
s in order to get a product
Product (chemistry)

A product is a substance that forms as a result of a biological- or chemical reaction. While the end product of some chemical reactions may be the result of a relatively rapid reaction, nanoseconds to seconds, chemical equilibrium in complex systems may require years or even centuries to be established....
, or several products. This happens by physical
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
 and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory
Laboratory

A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which science research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. The title of laboratory is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories....
 usage, this tends to imply that the process is reproducible, reliable, and established to work in multiple laboratories.

A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 that are known as reagent
Reagent

A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a chemical reaction. Solvents and catalysts, although they are involved in the reaction, are usually not referred to as reactants....
s or reactants.






Discussion
Ask a question about 'Chemical synthesis'
Start a new discussion about 'Chemical synthesis'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Encyclopedia


In chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
s in order to get a product
Product (chemistry)

A product is a substance that forms as a result of a biological- or chemical reaction. While the end product of some chemical reactions may be the result of a relatively rapid reaction, nanoseconds to seconds, chemical equilibrium in complex systems may require years or even centuries to be established....
, or several products. This happens by physical
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
 and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory
Laboratory

A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which science research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. The title of laboratory is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories....
 usage, this tends to imply that the process is reproducible, reliable, and established to work in multiple laboratories.

A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 that are known as reagent
Reagent

A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a chemical reaction. Solvents and catalysts, although they are involved in the reaction, are usually not referred to as reactants....
s or reactants. Various reaction types can be applied to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel such as a chemical reactor
Chemical reactor

In chemical engineering, chemical reactors are vessels designed to contain chemical reactions. The design of a chemical reactor deals with multiple aspects of chemical engineering....
 or a simple round-bottom flask
Round-bottom flask

Round-bottom flasks are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware, mostly for chemistry or biochemistry work. They are typically made of glass for chemical inertness; and in modern days, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass....
. Many reactions require some form of work-up
Work-up

In chemistry, work-up refers to the series of manipulations required to isolate and purify the product of a chemical reaction.Typically, these manipulations include:...
 procedure before the final product is isolated . The amount of product in a chemical synthesis is the reaction yield
Yield (chemistry)

In chemistry, yield, also referred to as chemical yield and reaction yield, is the amount of substance of Product obtained in a chemical reaction....
. Typically, chemical yields are expressed as a weight in gram
Gram

The gram , ; symbol g, is a Physical unit of mass.Originally defined as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre, and at the temperature of melting ice" , a gram is now defined as one one-thousandth of the SI base unit, the kilogram, or Scientific notation kg, which itself is...
s or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity of product that could be produced. A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that diminishes the yield of the desired product.

The word synthesis in the present day meaning was first used by the chemist Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe
Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe

Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was a Germany chemist. He never used the first two of his given names, preferring to be known simply as Hermann Kolbe....
.

Strategies

Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that go beyond converting reactant A to reaction product B. In cascade reaction
Cascade reaction

A cascade reaction or tandem reaction or domino reaction is a consecutive series of intramolecular organic reactions which often proceed via highly reactive intermediates....
s multiple chemical transformations take place within a single reactant, in multi-component reaction
Multi-component reaction

In chemistry, a multi-component reaction is a chemical reaction where three or more Chemical compounds react to form a single product.Examples of three component reactions:...
s up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and in a telescopic synthesis one reactant goes through multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates.

Organic synthesis


Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis

Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic_chemistry molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely Inorganic_chemistry compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most im...
 is a special branch of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of organic compound
Organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered Inorganic compound....
s. In the total synthesis
Total synthesis

In principle a total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex Organic compound molecules from simpler pieces, usually without the aid of biological processes....
 of a complex product it may take multiple steps to synthesize the product of interest, and inordinate amounts of time. Skill in organic synthesis
Organic synthesis

Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic_chemistry molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely Inorganic_chemistry compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most im...
 is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as Robert Burns Woodward
Robert Burns Woodward

Robert Burns Woodward was an United States organic chemistry. He made many significant contributions to modern organic chemistry, especially in the synthesis and structure determination of complex natural products, and worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on theoretical studies of chemical reactions....
 the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new, it is a purely synthetic process. If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to a new compounds, the synthesis is described as a semisynthetic
Semisynthetic

"Semisynthesis" or partial chemical synthesis is a type of chemical synthesis that uses compounds isolated from natural sources as starting materials....
 process.

Other meanings

The other meaning of chemical synthesis is narrow and restricted to a specific kind of chemical reaction, a direct combination reaction
Combination reaction

A Combination Reaction or a Synthesis Reaction is a general category of a chemical reaction , in which two or more reagents are chemical bond together to produce a single product ....
, in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product. The general form of a direct combination reaction is:
A + B ? AB
where A and B are element
Chemical element

A chemical element is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical Chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons....
s or compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
s, and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include:

2Na
Sodium

Sodium is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" ....
 + Cl
Chloride

The chloride ion is formed when the chemical element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−....
2 ? 2 NaCl
Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine....
 (formation of table salt)
S
Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant Valence non-metal....
 + O2
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 ? SO2
Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula SO2. It is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide....
 (formation of sulfur dioxide)
4 Fe
Iron

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron is a Group 8 element and period 4 element. Iron is lustrous and silvery in color....
 + 3 O2
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 ? 2 Fe2O3 (iron rusting)
CO2
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
 + H2O
Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
 ? H2CO3
Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid has the Molecular formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water , which contain small amounts of H2CO3....
 (carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
 dissolving and reacting with water
Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
 to form carbonic acid
Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid has the Molecular formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water , which contain small amounts of H2CO3....
)


4 special synthesis rules:
metal-oxide + H2O ? metal(OH)
non-metal-oxide + H2O ? oxi-acid
metal-chloride + O2 ? metal-chlorate
metal-oxide + CO2 ? metal(CO3)


See also

  • Chemical engineering
    Chemical engineering

    Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science , with mathematics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms....
  • Organic synthesis
    Organic synthesis

    Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic_chemistry molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely Inorganic_chemistry compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most im...
  • Total synthesis
    Total synthesis

    In principle a total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex Organic compound molecules from simpler pieces, usually without the aid of biological processes....
  • Peptide synthesis
    Peptide synthesis

    In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, which are organic compounds in which multiple amino acids are linked via peptide bonds which are also known as amide bonds....
  • Methods in Organic Synthesis
    Methods in Organic Synthesis

    Methods in Organic Synthesis is a fully searchable online, text and graphical database that is updated weekly with the latest developments in organic synthesis....
  • Beilstein database
    Beilstein database

    The Beilstein database is one of the largest Chemical databases in the field of organic chemistry, in which compounds are uniquely identified by their Beilstein Registry Number....


External links